CSF and Cerebral Blood flow.pptx
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The CSF is produced primarily by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain at a rate of around 500 ml per day. It functions to provide mechanical protection to the brain, maintain a stable environment, remove waste products, and may convey messages. The choroid plexus actively transports ions like sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate from blood into the CSF, with water following by osmosis. CSF circulates from the ventricles through the brain and spinal cord before being reabsorbed into the venous blood via arachnoid villi.
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The document discusses antimycobacterial drugs used to treat tuberculosis and leprosy. It begins by outlining the challenges of treating infections caused by slow-growing mycobacteria, including their intrinsic resistance. It then describes the goals and principles of TB therapy, including using multi-drug regimens to prevent resistance. The first-line drugs for TB, including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are discussed in detail. Treatment regimens for both adults and children are provided. The document also covers definitions and treatment approaches for drug-resistant TB. Finally, it concludes with an overview of drugs used to treat leprosy such as dapsone, rifamp
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS RHI.pptx
This document discusses puberty, the menstrual cycle, and abnormal uterine bleeding. It begins by defining puberty and explaining the physiological changes and hormonal control of puberty onset. It then discusses the menstrual cycle in detail, explaining the ovarian, endometrial, and hormonal regulation of the cycle. Finally, it defines abnormal uterine bleeding and discusses various causes and treatments of menstrual disorders.
NEUROENDOCRINE MEDICINE.pptx
Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical state caused by inappropriately high levels of thyroid hormones in the body. It can be caused by Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis, or excess thyroid hormone replacement. The excess thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and tissue thermogenesis, leading to symptoms like weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves testing thyroid hormone levels which will be high and TSH levels which will be low. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to reduce thyroid hormone production. Complications can include heart and bone issues if left untreated.
DOC-20230301-WA0023..pptx
The document discusses drugs used for pain and inflammation management. It begins by defining inflammation, analgesics, NSAIDs, and antipyretics. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol are described in more detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Specific concerns for NSAID use in pregnancy and risks of overdose like Reye's syndrome and hepatitis are also summarized. The document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy options for pain and fever treatment.
Antimicrobials -3 final.pptx
This document summarizes several classes of antimicrobial drugs, including sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, azoles, oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects of specific drugs within these classes like sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, metronidazole, linezolid, vancomycin, and imipenem. The document provides detailed information on the properties and use of these antimicrobial agents in treating various bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections.
Z-L5-B227-Anaemia & Haemoglobinopathies.pptx
This document discusses anaemia and haemoglobinopathies. It defines anaemia and classifies it based on haemoglobin levels. The physiology of haemopoiesis is explained. Different types of haemoglobin are described. Causes of anaemia are outlined for newborns, children and adults, including haemolytic, haemorrhagic and diminished red blood cell production causes. Clinical features and complications of iron deficiency anaemia are highlighted. Investigations for identifying the cause of anaemia are mentioned.
4 Bone Metabolism.pptx
Bone is continuously remodeled by the actions of osteoclasts which resorb bone and osteoblasts which form new bone. This remodeling is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by acting on bones, kidneys and intestines. It stimulates bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. PTH levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop with calcium. Diseases are associated with abnormal PTH levels and bone remodeling.
antimicrobials -1.pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial therapy and antibiotics. It provides an overview of general principles of antimicrobial use and resistance. It then focuses on different classes of antibiotics including beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins. Several penicillin derivatives are examined in depth, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, dosages and side effects. The document emphasizes prudent antibiotic use to prevent further development of resistance.
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- 1. BCM II NERVOUS SYSTEM CSF PHYSIOLOGY
- 2. CSF Functions provide mechanical protection maintain a stable extracellular environment for the brain Remove some waste products nutrition Convey messages? (hormones/releasing factors/neurotransmitters)
- 3. CSF Production 70 % CSF produced in choroid plexuses of lateral, third and fourth ventricles produced at rate of 500 ml/day or approximately 20ml/hour (0.3-0.5 ml/kg/hr) eliminated by being absorbed into the arachnoid villi --> dural sinus --> jugular system The secretion of fluid by the choroid plexus depends on the active Na+-transport across the cells into the CSF. The electrical gradient pulls along Cl-, and both ions drag water by osmosis. The CSF has lower [K+], [glucose], and much lower [protein] than blood plasma, and higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl-. The production of CSF in the choroid plexuses is an active secretory process, and not directly dependent on the arterial blood pressure.
- 4. CSF Production • Other sources of CSF production from capillary ultrafiltrate (Virchow-Robin spaces) • Additionally some produced from metabolic H2O production
- 5. CSF PRODUCTION- Choroid Plexus
- 6. CSF PRODUCTION- Choroid Plexus
- 7. Ependymal Cell Membrane Transport
- 8. CSF Production CSF secretion involves the transport of ions ( Na+, Cl¯ and HCO3¯) across the epithelium from blood to CSF Basolateral Apical H20, Na+, HCO3¯, Cl¯ Secretion can occur because of the polarized distribution of specific ion transporters in the apical or basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.
- 9. CSF Production ANP receptors found in choroid plexus ANP decreases CSF production Choroid plexus epithelial cells express receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide that when stimulated increase cGMP levels and inhibit cerebral spinal fluid production Aquaporin-AQP1 channels are thought to be involved in the production of cerebral spinal fluid
- 11. CSF Circulation lateral ventricles--> foramen of Monro third ventricle --> aqueduct of Sylvius --> fourth ventricle --> foramina of Magendie and Luschka -- > subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord --> reabsorption into venous sinus blood via arachnoid granulations
- 12. CSF Absorption