The document analyzes a survey of construction contractors and consultants in Jordan to identify the most important causes of delays in construction projects using traditional contracts. The survey found that contractors and consultants agreed the top causes of delay were owner interference, inadequate contractor experience, financing and payment issues, labor productivity, slow decision making by owners, improper planning, and delays caused by subcontractors. The results aim to help improve project performance in Jordan's construction industry and provide international firms insight into that market.
The document discusses sustainable construction practices in Malaysia's construction industry. It outlines several key challenges to adopting sustainable practices, including higher upfront costs deterring developers and a general lack of awareness and knowledge. However, it also highlights some achievements and breakthroughs, such as the growing use of Industrialized Building Systems that reduce costs and environmental impacts, and the Tanarimba housing project that successfully used local and natural materials to minimize environmental harm. While progress has been made, the document suggests that broader adoption of sustainable practices in Malaysia still faces challenges from short-term economic priorities and a need for greater knowledge sharing across the industry.
Construction involves the building or assembling of infrastructure through a complex, multistep process. It requires effective planning and coordination between design teams, financial advisors, and contractors to ensure projects are completed safely, on budget, and meet environmental standards. There are two main types of construction - building construction which includes homes and commercial buildings, and industrial construction for specialized facilities. Large projects require managing numerous interdependent tasks and integrating input from various experts.
The document discusses key aspects of construction project management. It outlines the goals of construction projects as completing projects on time, within budget and meeting quality standards. It also describes different types of construction projects and important elements that go into managing a construction project successfully such as resources, logistics, financing, experience, professional development and consulting. Construction project management involves planning and executing all stages of a project from concept to implementation and operation.
Prospects of building information modeling (bim) in malaysian construction in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the prospects of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Malaysian construction industry as a conflict resolution tool. The construction industry faces many challenges, including delays, cost overruns, claims, and design changes. BIM involves creating a virtual 3D model of a building before physical construction. This allows issues to be identified and resolved earlier. The article argues that implementing BIM could help minimize conflicts between stakeholders in Malaysian construction projects by improving coordination and issue identification.
Practical Investigation of Factors Affecting Selection of Dispute Resolution ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors affecting the selection of dispute resolution methods in construction projects in India. It aims to identify key factors and examine their relative importance through a questionnaire survey. The study also compares the efficiency of current alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and dispute resolution boards. The document provides background on the objectives and methodology of the study, which involves collecting data through questionnaires, analyzing it using statistical software, and interpreting the results. It then reviews past literature on causes of disputes in construction projects and factors influencing conflict resolution.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACTOR’S PERFORMANCE IN LOWEST BID...IAEME Publication
Real estate sector in present scenario is going through a lean patch, many organisations are either running in loss or with a marginal profits. As in state government and central government departments contractors are facing huge problems that are in turn tending to decrease in contractor profits. The present study focuses on study of various factors that affect contractor’s performance who have been awarded projects on the basis of lowest bid awards. The study analyses various factors and their impacts on the basis of responses collected form a survey. On the basis of overall index and relative importance index factor causing a major impact on contractor’s efficiency have been identified.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait according to engineers working in Kuwait. The study identifies 40 potential causes of delays from literature. It then uses a questionnaire survey to collect views from key players in the Kuwait construction industry on the importance of each potential cause. The responses are analyzed using a relative importance index method to rank the causes. The top 10 causes of delays identified are related to issues like lowest price bidding, poor contractor/subcontractor performance, payment delays, labor shortages, and conflicts. The study aims to propose ways to prevent delays in future Kuwait construction projects based on the identified important causes.
The document discusses sustainable construction practices in Malaysia's construction industry. It outlines several key challenges to adopting sustainable practices, including higher upfront costs deterring developers and a general lack of awareness and knowledge. However, it also highlights some achievements and breakthroughs, such as the growing use of Industrialized Building Systems that reduce costs and environmental impacts, and the Tanarimba housing project that successfully used local and natural materials to minimize environmental harm. While progress has been made, the document suggests that broader adoption of sustainable practices in Malaysia still faces challenges from short-term economic priorities and a need for greater knowledge sharing across the industry.
Construction involves the building or assembling of infrastructure through a complex, multistep process. It requires effective planning and coordination between design teams, financial advisors, and contractors to ensure projects are completed safely, on budget, and meet environmental standards. There are two main types of construction - building construction which includes homes and commercial buildings, and industrial construction for specialized facilities. Large projects require managing numerous interdependent tasks and integrating input from various experts.
The document discusses key aspects of construction project management. It outlines the goals of construction projects as completing projects on time, within budget and meeting quality standards. It also describes different types of construction projects and important elements that go into managing a construction project successfully such as resources, logistics, financing, experience, professional development and consulting. Construction project management involves planning and executing all stages of a project from concept to implementation and operation.
Prospects of building information modeling (bim) in malaysian construction in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the prospects of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Malaysian construction industry as a conflict resolution tool. The construction industry faces many challenges, including delays, cost overruns, claims, and design changes. BIM involves creating a virtual 3D model of a building before physical construction. This allows issues to be identified and resolved earlier. The article argues that implementing BIM could help minimize conflicts between stakeholders in Malaysian construction projects by improving coordination and issue identification.
Practical Investigation of Factors Affecting Selection of Dispute Resolution ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors affecting the selection of dispute resolution methods in construction projects in India. It aims to identify key factors and examine their relative importance through a questionnaire survey. The study also compares the efficiency of current alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and dispute resolution boards. The document provides background on the objectives and methodology of the study, which involves collecting data through questionnaires, analyzing it using statistical software, and interpreting the results. It then reviews past literature on causes of disputes in construction projects and factors influencing conflict resolution.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACTOR’S PERFORMANCE IN LOWEST BID...IAEME Publication
Real estate sector in present scenario is going through a lean patch, many organisations are either running in loss or with a marginal profits. As in state government and central government departments contractors are facing huge problems that are in turn tending to decrease in contractor profits. The present study focuses on study of various factors that affect contractor’s performance who have been awarded projects on the basis of lowest bid awards. The study analyses various factors and their impacts on the basis of responses collected form a survey. On the basis of overall index and relative importance index factor causing a major impact on contractor’s efficiency have been identified.
IRJET - Causes, Effects and Minimizing Methods of Construction Projects D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several previous studies on causes and effects of construction project delays in different countries. The top ten most common causes of delay identified are poor coordination, lack of experienced staff, contractor financial issues, insufficient planning, poor government supervision, client changes, payment delays, late materials procurement, design changes, and inadequate site study. The main effects are cost overruns, schedule overruns, disputes, arbitration, litigation and abandonment. While most studies examined causes or effects, the goal of this research is to identify methods to minimize construction project delays in Afghanistan.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait according to engineers working in Kuwait. The study identifies 40 potential causes of delays from literature. It then uses a questionnaire survey to collect views from key players in the Kuwait construction industry on the importance of each potential cause. The responses are analyzed using a relative importance index method to rank the causes. The top 10 causes of delays identified are related to issues like lowest price bidding, poor contractor/subcontractor performance, payment delays, labor shortages, and conflicts. The study aims to propose ways to prevent delays in future Kuwait construction projects based on the identified important causes.
The document provides an overview of the construction industry, including definitions of construction management, an explanation of construction technology and administration, and descriptions of the key players involved in a construction project. It discusses the nature and composition of the construction industry, challenges it faces, and its future direction. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the main participants in a construction project: the architect, owner, and construction manager.
Disputes Impact in Pakistan Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Study of R...IJMREMJournal
The road construction works have tendency to build strong variances among the stakeholder which involved in
projects, they can turn quickly into disputes and become difficult to resolve them. All developing countries are
increasing their economic growths, Pakistan is one of them which rapidly growing its resources spending on
construction projects effectively. Road construction disputes are one the major issues which will affect the
successful completion of the projects. This research aim to analyze the causes and impacts of disputes in roads
construction projects of Pakistan construction industry. This study is undertaken to identify the causes, impacts
and remedial measures/appropriate suggestion to overcome from disputes. The construction claims are
considered as one of the most unpleasant and disruptive event of a construction project, which will effects intern
of costs overrun, time overrun and dynamic nature of projects. This study is limited to determination of causes
and Impacts of disputes as observed by Clients, contractors and consultants working in road construction projects.
Get a path way to manage disputes from informed, selection of remedial measures. The data were collected from
respondents which are concerned in road construction, after analysis of the data, concluded that incomplete
documentation, inappropriate contract system, unrealistic price of tenders, errors in design and overstated claims
are the major Causes of disputes in construction projects. Mediation and negotiation were identified the common
desired method to manage disputes.
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
Management of government funded construction projects in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the causes of delays in construction projects funded by the Ghanaian government. The researchers conducted a literature review to identify potential causes of delays. They developed a questionnaire to gather stakeholders' perspectives on how common various delay factors are in Ghana's public sector construction industry. 36 stakeholders responded, including clients and professionals. The results suggest the major causes of delays are long bureaucratic processes for approving payment certificates and changes, cash flow problems, lackadaisical decision making, inefficient plant/equipment, and limited liquidity. The researchers conclude the client is often responsible for delays.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
20141016 recruitment of engineers in romaniaFreddy Jacobs
All organizations need to recruit outside personnel from time to time and have two main options - doing it themselves or outsourcing to recruitment professionals. Factors like volume of hires needed, difficulty finding candidates, urgency to fill positions, and risk of bad hires determine the best approach. Recruitment is time-consuming, expensive and risky, so outsourcing support may provide benefits. Civil engineering graduates in Romania have opportunities in major cities with multinational firms for those with language skills and specialist expertise who are suited for the recovering but still vulnerable economy. Common industries include electricity, textiles, machinery, energy, metals, chemicals and construction materials.
Green Building Effect in Commercial Building vivatechijri
This document discusses the benefits of implementing green building techniques in commercial buildings. It describes several green building strategies used in the project building, including green roofing, rainwater harvesting, an HVAC system, glass facades, and a greywater reuse system. With all the green features, the project building achieved a 33.76% energy improvement over the baseline building. The maximum recycled water generated inside the building was 157.3 KL/month, saving 53.85% of freshwater. Some advantages of green buildings are environmental benefits, reduced emissions and costs, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and lack of skilled workers.
This document provides an introduction to cost control in construction projects. It discusses the purpose of cost control, which includes limiting a client's expenditures, achieving balanced design costs, and providing value for money. The importance of cost control is also outlined, such as the need to avoid cost overruns and redesign, meet complex client requirements, and improve accountability. Finally, the terms cost, price, and value are defined in the construction context.
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIESMuizz Anibire
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIES
ICCEPM2020, HONG KONG, 7-8 DEC, 2020
The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
This document summarizes research on the causes of claims in construction projects. It reviews literature that has identified factors such as design changes, incomplete or inaccurate design information, weather conditions, and differences between site conditions and land investigations as common causes of contractor claims for additional time and costs. The review found that the primary drivers of claims are design changes by the project owner and delays in approving designs. Claims can be resolved through various methods outlined in contracts such as engineering judgement, negotiation, arbitration, or litigation. Managing risks and understanding contract terms can help reduce claims issues.
This document discusses dispute resolution mechanisms for construction projects. It begins by defining what a dispute is and some common causes of disputes, such as late or non-payment, inaccurate cost valuations, and delays. It then outlines several alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms that are commonly used in the construction industry, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, dispute review boards, arbitration, and litigation. For each ADR mechanism, it provides a brief overview of the process and how it works.
The document discusses various concepts related to project identification and management. It defines project management as the application of knowledge, skills, and tools to meet stakeholder needs and expectations. Project identification is the process of assessing project ideas and selecting those with the highest priority. Some tools used in project identification include situational analysis, SWOT analysis, problem and opportunity studies, and resource analysis. Situational analysis involves understanding how a company relates to its external environment. SWOT analysis is used to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Problem and opportunity studies aim to identify favorable positions or areas for advancement. Resource analysis examines a firm's tangible and intangible assets.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to architecture and the construction industry. It defines terms like trade, business, profession, doctrine, liabilities, duties, responsibilities, code, etiquette, ethics, negligence, tender, contract, and incompetence. It also summarizes the roles and services of architects, including consultation, design, construction documentation, construction phase oversight, and post-construction services. The types of fees charged by architects are outlined, generally ranging from 4-10% of a project's cost depending on its size and scope. Architects must comply with regulations from the Council of Architecture, which oversees the registration and standards of architects in India.
BARRIERS TO GOOD OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY (OHS) PRACTICES BY SMALL CONSTR...Sagar Kaptan
Occupational health and safety (OHS) relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
OHS includes the laws, standards, and programs that are aimed at making the workplace better for workers, along with co-workers, family members, customers, and other stakeholders.
The document discusses various aspects of conducting feasibility studies for sound industrial development projects in underdeveloped countries. It addresses (1) identifying potential investment opportunities through studying imports, local materials, available skills etc., (2) criteria for evaluating projects based on factors like employment generation, foreign exchange benefits, and commercial viability, and (3) key considerations in technical, economic, and market feasibility studies like availability of inputs, production technology, demand forecasting and market analysis.
Este documento resume 10 artículos de prensa publicados el 13 de enero de 2017 en 4 periódicos de la provincia de Gerona: Diari de Girona, El Punt Avui, L'Esportiu y El Punt Avui edición de Girona. Se detallan las secciones, páginas, autores, valor publicitario, área y número de lectores de cada artículo.
Physiochemical characterization of starch from different sorghum varietiesAlexis Prillhart
This was an investigation of techniques to isolate chemical properties of several sorghum starch sample. The morphology, gelatinization, swelling power, and solubility were determined so that results could provide evidence to support the use of sorghum starch in food products.
Nicholas' Poems is a collection of 4 short poems and stories. The first poem is about a basketball going "swish" through the hoop. The second describes the crunchy and sizzling qualities of bacon. The third poem expresses missing a friend named Riley. The final story describes coming across an antique object half buried in the forest and wondering who left it there and why.
This document provides guidance for product managers working with designers. It emphasizes understanding the context of the design work, sharing information and iterating with designers, defining clear business and user goals, identifying constraints, and providing constructive feedback rather than solutions. The overall message is that collaboration, open communication, and iteration are key to successful partnerships between product managers and designers.
The document provides an overview of the construction industry, including definitions of construction management, an explanation of construction technology and administration, and descriptions of the key players involved in a construction project. It discusses the nature and composition of the construction industry, challenges it faces, and its future direction. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the main participants in a construction project: the architect, owner, and construction manager.
Disputes Impact in Pakistan Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Study of R...IJMREMJournal
The road construction works have tendency to build strong variances among the stakeholder which involved in
projects, they can turn quickly into disputes and become difficult to resolve them. All developing countries are
increasing their economic growths, Pakistan is one of them which rapidly growing its resources spending on
construction projects effectively. Road construction disputes are one the major issues which will affect the
successful completion of the projects. This research aim to analyze the causes and impacts of disputes in roads
construction projects of Pakistan construction industry. This study is undertaken to identify the causes, impacts
and remedial measures/appropriate suggestion to overcome from disputes. The construction claims are
considered as one of the most unpleasant and disruptive event of a construction project, which will effects intern
of costs overrun, time overrun and dynamic nature of projects. This study is limited to determination of causes
and Impacts of disputes as observed by Clients, contractors and consultants working in road construction projects.
Get a path way to manage disputes from informed, selection of remedial measures. The data were collected from
respondents which are concerned in road construction, after analysis of the data, concluded that incomplete
documentation, inappropriate contract system, unrealistic price of tenders, errors in design and overstated claims
are the major Causes of disputes in construction projects. Mediation and negotiation were identified the common
desired method to manage disputes.
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
Management of government funded construction projects in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the causes of delays in construction projects funded by the Ghanaian government. The researchers conducted a literature review to identify potential causes of delays. They developed a questionnaire to gather stakeholders' perspectives on how common various delay factors are in Ghana's public sector construction industry. 36 stakeholders responded, including clients and professionals. The results suggest the major causes of delays are long bureaucratic processes for approving payment certificates and changes, cash flow problems, lackadaisical decision making, inefficient plant/equipment, and limited liquidity. The researchers conclude the client is often responsible for delays.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
This document discusses construction delays and time and cost overruns in infrastructure projects in India. It finds that about 57% of Indian construction projects experience time overruns. Major causes of delays include changes in plans, payments issues, improper planning, inexperienced contractors, and coordination problems. These delays contribute to projects exceeding initial time and cost estimates. Analysis of mega projects worth over 1000 crore from 2011-2012 found irregular increases in percentage time and cost overruns in 2012 compared to 2011. Some projects experienced over 200 months of delay and over 700% increases in projected costs. Addressing delays in land acquisition, equipment issues, payments, and changes in scope could help reduce overruns.
20141016 recruitment of engineers in romaniaFreddy Jacobs
All organizations need to recruit outside personnel from time to time and have two main options - doing it themselves or outsourcing to recruitment professionals. Factors like volume of hires needed, difficulty finding candidates, urgency to fill positions, and risk of bad hires determine the best approach. Recruitment is time-consuming, expensive and risky, so outsourcing support may provide benefits. Civil engineering graduates in Romania have opportunities in major cities with multinational firms for those with language skills and specialist expertise who are suited for the recovering but still vulnerable economy. Common industries include electricity, textiles, machinery, energy, metals, chemicals and construction materials.
Green Building Effect in Commercial Building vivatechijri
This document discusses the benefits of implementing green building techniques in commercial buildings. It describes several green building strategies used in the project building, including green roofing, rainwater harvesting, an HVAC system, glass facades, and a greywater reuse system. With all the green features, the project building achieved a 33.76% energy improvement over the baseline building. The maximum recycled water generated inside the building was 157.3 KL/month, saving 53.85% of freshwater. Some advantages of green buildings are environmental benefits, reduced emissions and costs, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and lack of skilled workers.
This document provides an introduction to cost control in construction projects. It discusses the purpose of cost control, which includes limiting a client's expenditures, achieving balanced design costs, and providing value for money. The importance of cost control is also outlined, such as the need to avoid cost overruns and redesign, meet complex client requirements, and improve accountability. Finally, the terms cost, price, and value are defined in the construction context.
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIESMuizz Anibire
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIES
ICCEPM2020, HONG KONG, 7-8 DEC, 2020
The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
This document summarizes research on the causes of claims in construction projects. It reviews literature that has identified factors such as design changes, incomplete or inaccurate design information, weather conditions, and differences between site conditions and land investigations as common causes of contractor claims for additional time and costs. The review found that the primary drivers of claims are design changes by the project owner and delays in approving designs. Claims can be resolved through various methods outlined in contracts such as engineering judgement, negotiation, arbitration, or litigation. Managing risks and understanding contract terms can help reduce claims issues.
This document discusses dispute resolution mechanisms for construction projects. It begins by defining what a dispute is and some common causes of disputes, such as late or non-payment, inaccurate cost valuations, and delays. It then outlines several alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms that are commonly used in the construction industry, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, dispute review boards, arbitration, and litigation. For each ADR mechanism, it provides a brief overview of the process and how it works.
The document discusses various concepts related to project identification and management. It defines project management as the application of knowledge, skills, and tools to meet stakeholder needs and expectations. Project identification is the process of assessing project ideas and selecting those with the highest priority. Some tools used in project identification include situational analysis, SWOT analysis, problem and opportunity studies, and resource analysis. Situational analysis involves understanding how a company relates to its external environment. SWOT analysis is used to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Problem and opportunity studies aim to identify favorable positions or areas for advancement. Resource analysis examines a firm's tangible and intangible assets.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to architecture and the construction industry. It defines terms like trade, business, profession, doctrine, liabilities, duties, responsibilities, code, etiquette, ethics, negligence, tender, contract, and incompetence. It also summarizes the roles and services of architects, including consultation, design, construction documentation, construction phase oversight, and post-construction services. The types of fees charged by architects are outlined, generally ranging from 4-10% of a project's cost depending on its size and scope. Architects must comply with regulations from the Council of Architecture, which oversees the registration and standards of architects in India.
BARRIERS TO GOOD OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY (OHS) PRACTICES BY SMALL CONSTR...Sagar Kaptan
Occupational health and safety (OHS) relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
OHS includes the laws, standards, and programs that are aimed at making the workplace better for workers, along with co-workers, family members, customers, and other stakeholders.
The document discusses various aspects of conducting feasibility studies for sound industrial development projects in underdeveloped countries. It addresses (1) identifying potential investment opportunities through studying imports, local materials, available skills etc., (2) criteria for evaluating projects based on factors like employment generation, foreign exchange benefits, and commercial viability, and (3) key considerations in technical, economic, and market feasibility studies like availability of inputs, production technology, demand forecasting and market analysis.
Este documento resume 10 artículos de prensa publicados el 13 de enero de 2017 en 4 periódicos de la provincia de Gerona: Diari de Girona, El Punt Avui, L'Esportiu y El Punt Avui edición de Girona. Se detallan las secciones, páginas, autores, valor publicitario, área y número de lectores de cada artículo.
Physiochemical characterization of starch from different sorghum varietiesAlexis Prillhart
This was an investigation of techniques to isolate chemical properties of several sorghum starch sample. The morphology, gelatinization, swelling power, and solubility were determined so that results could provide evidence to support the use of sorghum starch in food products.
Nicholas' Poems is a collection of 4 short poems and stories. The first poem is about a basketball going "swish" through the hoop. The second describes the crunchy and sizzling qualities of bacon. The third poem expresses missing a friend named Riley. The final story describes coming across an antique object half buried in the forest and wondering who left it there and why.
This document provides guidance for product managers working with designers. It emphasizes understanding the context of the design work, sharing information and iterating with designers, defining clear business and user goals, identifying constraints, and providing constructive feedback rather than solutions. The overall message is that collaboration, open communication, and iteration are key to successful partnerships between product managers and designers.
Este documento presenta un resumen de prensa de varios periódicos de la región de Gerona en Cataluña, España, con información sobre artículos publicados el 17 de enero de 2017. Incluye detalles como el nombre del periódico, sección, página, valor publicitario, autor y número de lectores. Los artículos cubren temas locales sobre varias ciudades como Gerona, Figueras y La Bisbal d'Empordà, así como cultura, economía y fútbol.
Esta aplicación permite a los usuarios solicitar y modificar citas médicas primarias de forma sencilla a través del Servicio Andaluz de Salud. Los usuarios pueden descargar la aplicación, registrarse e iniciar sesión para reservar citas eligiendo día, hora y médico. La aplicación también permite anular citas y añadirlas al calendario del dispositivo.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides backup power to devices when there is a disruption to the main power source. It consists of a rectifier that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), batteries that store the backup power, and an inverter that converts the stored DC power back to AC to power devices. UPS systems are available in various sizes, with small UPS providing power for a few minutes and large UPS able to power devices for several hours. The batteries determine how long the UPS can supply backup power. When the main power fails, the UPS seamlessly switches to the stored battery power to allow devices to shut down properly.
This document discusses building a community for a business. It defines community as a group of people who interact, get to know each other, and form relationships. The community for a toy company would include parents, children, educators, and others interested in toys and play. The document provides tips for talking to the community by meeting people where they are, listening to their needs, conducting play testing to ensure empathy and inclusiveness, and having a kind, positive, and curious approach.
This document discusses the rise of visual marketing and its impact on social media engagement. It notes that visuals are more engaging and memorable than text. As mobile technology and social platforms that emphasize images like Instagram and Pinterest grew in popularity, marketing shifted to be more visual. Short-form video on platforms like YouTube and Vine also became very popular. The document argues that authentic imagery from real people is more engaging than perfectly staged photos. It provides several examples of individuals and brands that have found success using visual content on platforms like Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube and Houzz.
An Investigation into the Delays in Road Projects in BahrainIJRES Journal
This research investigated the delays in road projects in Bahrain. It studied frequency and severity of delay’s causes, as well as frequency of delay’s effects in such projects. Forty seven causes were identified and classified by responsibility into six groups. A field survey was conducted through a questionnaire including 36 contractors, 24 consultants and 84 engineers working at Ministry of Works (MOW). The researcher concluded that there are many causes of delay related to contractors such as the improper planning and scheduling. One of the major causes related to the owner, i.e. MOW is delay in decision making. The main problems related to consultants are due to lack of experience. Moreover, cost and time overruns were two of the most frequent effects of delay.
FACTORS AFFECTING DELAYS ON PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Construction Delays is a major of concern in the private projects construction industry in Jordan. With the fact that construction delays are nothing but loss of time and money such study was conducted to identify the factors that causes the construction delays. Therefore three groups consist of consultants, contractors and owners were questioned, Shortage of manpower (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor), Delay in the approval of contractor submissions by the engineer, Shortage of materials, The relationship between different subcontractors’ schedules were the most important factors that cause delays in private projects sector in Jordan. Furthermore one way ANOVA analysis conducted to select factors that share agreement between the three groups.
The document discusses causes of delay in large construction projects. It identifies 73 potential causes of delay which are categorized into 9 groups: project, owner, contractor, consultant, design-team, materials, equipment, manpower, and external factors. The research methodology involved surveying 23 contractors, 19 consultants, and 15 owners using a questionnaire to evaluate the frequency, severity, and importance of each potential cause of delay. Statistical analysis was used to rank the causes based on these indices and determine the level of agreement between the different parties' rankings. The findings showed the top causes of delay differed between owners, contractors, and consultants.
A Critical Literature Review On Main Cause Of Delay In Construction ProjectsRick Vogel
This document provides a literature review on the main causes of delay in construction projects. It begins with definitions of key terms like delay, construction project, and reviews past studies that have identified various causes of delay. Major causes found include factors related to the project owner, design consultants, contractors, materials, workers, weather and other external factors. The literature review categorizes the causes identified in previous research into common groups such as project-related factors, consultant-related factors, contractor-related factors, and external factors. The goal of this literature review is to better understand the primary causes of delays based on past research findings.
IRJET-A Critical Literature Review on Main Cause of Delay in Construction Pro...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the main causes of delay in construction projects. It discusses several past studies that identified and categorized various factors that lead to delays. Commonly cited major causes of delay included issues related to financing, changes to project scope, poor planning and scheduling, disputes between project owners and contractors, delays in approvals and permits, weather conditions, and shortage of materials or labor. The literature review aims to synthesize past research to better understand the root causes of delays, which is important for improving project time management and reducing cost overruns in the construction industry.
The document discusses causes of construction delays in Ethiopian construction projects. It identifies 88 key delay factors which were evaluated through surveys and interviews with construction professionals. The top 10 most critical delay factors according to respondents were: 1) Difficulties financing projects for contractors, 2) Escalating material prices, 3) Ineffective project planning, 4) Scheduling/resource management issues, 5) Delayed progress payments, 6) Lack of skilled construction management professionals, and 7) Fluctuating labor availability. The study found that only 8.25% of projects were completed on schedule, with the rest delayed over 350% of the contractual time. Solutions are needed to reduce delays' impacts on construction projects in Ethiopia.
This literature review aims to identify the nature, causes, and impacts of extensions of time (EOT) on the performance of construction projects in Nepal. It analyzes facts and figures related to EOT in the context of Nepalese construction industries. The main findings are that eligibility for an EOT claim is usually due to client, contractor, consultant, contractual documents, materials, labor, equipment, latent conditions, force majeure or external factors. Adherence to contracts is important to ensure smooth project management and success of any contractual claims without disputes. These findings can help identify areas for further improvement in managing EOT.
IRJET- To Study the Causes and Effects of Delays in Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers that studied the causes and effects of delays in construction projects. It discusses how delays can negatively impact projects by increasing costs and damaging relationships. The literature review identifies common causes of delays including poor planning, lack of coordination between project participants, miscommunication, weather issues, material shortages, and equipment problems. The document examines research from India and other countries that analyzed major factors contributing to delays through surveys and analysis of construction stakeholders. The conclusion categorizes types of delays and reiterates that scheduling and quality management techniques can help minimize delays in construction projects.
Stakeholders’ Perception of the Causes and Effect of Construction Delays on P...IJMER
Indian Construction industry is large, volatile, and requires tremendous capital outlays. Typically, the work offers low rates of return in relation to the amount of risk involved. A unique element of risk in the industry is the manner in which disputes and claims are woven through the fibre of the construction process. Delay is generally acknowledged as the most common, costly, complex and risky problem encountered in construction projects. Because of the overriding importance of time for both the Owner and the Contractor, it is the source of frequent disputes and claims leading to lawsuits. The growing rate of delays is adversely affecting the timely delivery of construction projects. Presently construction industries are facing a lot of problems, considering that a paper assess construction stakeholder’s perception to the causes of delays and its effects on project delivery. And also one case study is considered in this paper to elicit responses from construction stakeholders. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the perceptions of the different parties regarding causes of delays, the allocation of responsibilities and the types of delays, and method of minimizing the construction delays
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IRJET- Case Study on Budget and Schedule Overrun During the Construction Phas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on budget and schedule overruns during the construction phase of projects in India. It identifies several key factors that can lead to schedule and budget overruns based on a review of past studies. For schedule overruns, it finds that lack of equipment maintenance, poor procurement planning, and external factors like strikes are critical influencing factors. For budget overruns, it determines that delays in handing over sites, low labor productivity, and contractor delays in material/equipment delivery are important causes. Price inflation is also identified as a major contributor to cost overruns. The study aims to evaluate factors leading to time and cost overruns on construction projects in India in order to improve project success rates.
Investigating the Factors Affecting Delays in Infrastructure ProjectsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Time and expense overruns are regular occurrences in the construction industry all around the world but these are a major concern in developing countries such as India, and their consequences can be extremely harmful when public infrastructure projects are concerned. In India as per the MoS & PI report, as of October 2019, there were 552 delayed construction projects, and the mean time overrun in these 552 delayed projects is29.07 months. Many studies in the literature review previously, have concentrated on a variety of infrastructure risk management issues but there have only been a few studies that have looked into the overall dynamics of infrastructure and how a project's timeline can be affected by changing risk interactions. This article aids in the investigation of the variables and causes of construction delays in infrastructure projects.
This document analyzes the causal factors of delays in government construction projects in Karo and Medan, Indonesia. The author identifies 46 potential risk factors for delays and surveys 181 owners and contractors to determine the most important factors. The top five factors identified are adverse weather, too short project duration, incomplete project specifications and drawings, material price increases, and contractor financial problems. The survey finds that owners and contractors have different perceptions of which factors cause delays, but agree on how to allocate risks between the parties.
IRJET-Factors influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Road Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on factors influencing time and cost overruns in road construction projects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It begins with an introduction on the importance of the construction industry to a country's economy. It then reviews literature on definitions of key terms like time overrun, cost overrun, and causes of overruns. The review found that common causes of overruns in Ethiopia included slow site clearance, contractor financial problems, inflation, payment delays, inaccurate cost estimation, and delays in project commencement. Several studies on specific road projects in Addis Ababa found time overruns ranging from 25-264% and cost overruns from 4-135%. The document concludes that identifying the main causes of
IRJET- Effects of Project Cost Analysis and Factors Affecting InflationIRJET Journal
This document discusses project cost overruns in the construction industry in India. It analyzes the key factors that can lead to delays and cost overruns, such as contractor planning and management issues, subcontractor problems, material and labor shortages, and payment delays. The document also presents a case study that calculates the estimated costs, anticipated costs, excess amounts, and savings for different elements of a construction project in India. It finds the largest excess amounts and estimated amounts were for plastering work and miscellaneous work. Overall, the document examines the causes and impacts of cost overruns on construction projects in India.
Study on the analysis and evaluation of delays in public sector construction ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the analysis and evaluation of delays in public sector construction projects in Kerala, India. A questionnaire survey was conducted with project owners, contractors, and designers to identify the main causes of delays. The data collected through questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software. The results showed that the top causes of delays included changes to the project by the owner, delayed financing and payments by the owner, delays related to subcontractors' work, shortage of construction materials, and weather effects. The study aims to help minimize and control delays in public construction projects in Kerala by identifying the key reasons for delays.
This document discusses causes of variation orders in the construction of hydropower projects in Pakistan. It summarizes previous research that identified 20 main factors leading to variation orders. A survey was conducted of stakeholders in 15 hydropower projects to rank these factors. The top five factors identified were: change of scope, errors and omissions in design, change in design, change of project schedule, and discrepancies between contract documents. The results were compared to previous studies in other countries that also found change of scope to be a leading cause of variation orders. Recommendations are provided to address the top causes.
Disputes Impact in Pakistan Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Study of R...IJMREMJournal
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This document provides background information on the School of Architecture, Building and Design at Taylor's University. It discusses the history of the school, originally established in 1998 as the School of Built Environment, offering diploma programs in architectural technology, quantity surveying, and building technology and management. The document outlines key developments, including partnerships formed with the University of Melbourne in 2000 and 2001 to provide degree pathways for diploma graduates. It also notes the relocation of the school to the main Taylor's campus in 2012 to accommodate its increased size and programs.
This document provides a history of the School of Architecture, Building and Design (SABD) at Taylor's University. It details the establishment and evolution of SABD and its programmes over time, including achieving accreditation from various professional bodies. Key developments include launching diploma programmes in 1998, establishing partnerships with overseas universities, receiving full accreditation for programmes, renaming and expanding the scope of SABD, and introducing degree programmes culminating in a Master of Architecture programme in 2013. The history shows SABD's growth from initially offering diploma courses to becoming a school providing a full suite of built environment programmes up to postgraduate level.
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Here are some common communication ways that project managers and site supervisors in the construction industry use:
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- Two-way radios to communicate with workers across loud work sites.
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CSCM Causes of project delay
1. Causes of construction delay: traditional contracts
Abdalla M. Odeh a,
*, Hussien T. Battaineh b
a
Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
b
College of Engineering and Applied Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
Abstract
Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimates. In addition to imparting the eco-
nomic feasibility of capital projects, extensive delays provide a fertile ground for costly disputes and claims. This paper presents the
®ndings of a survey aimed at identifying the most important causes of delays in construction projects with traditional type contracts
from the viewpoint of construction contractors and consultants. Results of the survey indicate that contractors and consultants
agreed that owner interference, inadequate contractor experience, ®nancing and payments, labor productivity, slow decision mak-
ing, improper planning, and subcontractors are among the top ten most important factors. It is hoped that these ®ndings will guide
e€orts to improve the performance of the construction industry, and will be useful to international engineering and construction
®rms seeking a share in the Jordanian and the regional markets. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Construction management; Construction in Jordan; Construction delays
1. Introduction
The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed
schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment [1]. To the dislike of owners,
contractors and consultants, however, many rojects
experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial
time and cost estimates. This problem is more evident in
the traditional or adversarial type of contracts in which
the contract is awarded to the lowest bidder Ð the
awarding strategy of the majority of public projects in
developing countries including Jordan.
Although the construction industry in the Middle
East has su€ered ever since the Gulf war, recent events in
the region coupled with the restructuring of economies,
joining regional and global free trade organizations, and
attracting foreign investments are expected to yield an
unprecedented growth in the construction activities. The
region is in desperate need for development projects in
many areas, especially in the ®elds of water collection
and distribution, tourism and housing. As a result, an
unprecedented number of large-scale projects are currently
under construction and in the planning and contract
awarding stages. In Jordan, for example, the volume of
construction projects awarded in 1998 was 944 million
Jordanian Dinar1
(JD) of which 155 millions went to
international contractors [2]. These projects include
three dams with contract values of over 87.7 million JD.
Another dam with an estimated cost of 200 million JD
is in the contract award phase. A major water transport
pipeline extending over 300 km with an estimated cost
of 100 million JD is in the ®nal design stage.
Unfortunately, the construction industry in Jordan is not
adequately prepared for the project management problems
accompanying the anticipated boom in construction activ-
ities and the increasing complexity of projects. Recent
®ndings [3,4] revealed that delays in public projects in
Jordan are extensive and warrant further investigation. It
is imperative to understand the underlying causes of such
delays for any corrective actions to be e€ective.
2. Related work
Leishman [5] presented the legal consequences of
delays in construction. Herbsman et al.[6] studied the
e€ect of delays on cost and quality. Yates [7] developed
a decision support system for construction delay analy-
sis called (DAS). The main categories of delays in DAS
0263-7863/01/$20.00 # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.
PII: S0263-7863(00)00037-5
International Journal of Project Management 20 (2002) 67±73
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman
1
1 JD=$1.424, the rate of exchange on 1 June 2000.* Corresponding author.
2. include engineering, equipment, external delays, labor,
management, material, owner, subcontractors, and
weather.
Ogunlana et al. [8] studied the delays in building project
in Thailand, as an example of developing economies. They
concluded that the problems of the construction industry
in developing economies can be nested in three layers:
(1) problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry
infrastructure, mainly supply of resources; (2) problems
caused by clients and consultants; and (3) problems
caused by incompetence of contractors. Kumaraswamy et
al. [9] surveyed the causes of construction delays in Hong
Kong as seen by clients, contractors and consultants, and
examined the factors a€ecting productivity. The survey
revealed di€erences in perceptions of the relative sig-
ni®cance of factors between the three groups, indicative
of their experiences, possible prejudices and lack of
e€ective communication. Mans®eld et al. [10] studied
the causes of delay and cost overrun in construction
projects in Nigeria. The results showed that the most
important factors are ®nancing and payment for com-
pleted works, poor contract management, changes in site
conditions, shortage of material, and improper planing.
Assaf et al. [11] studied the causes of delay in large
building construction projects in Saudi Arabia. The
most important causes of delay included approval of
shop drawings, delays in payments to contractors and
the resulting cash problems during construction, design
changes, con¯icts in work schedules of subcontractors,
slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in the
owners' organizations, design errors, labor shortage and
inadequate labor skills. Mezher et al. [12] conducted a
survey of the causes of delays in the construction
industry in Lebanon from the viewpoint of owners,
contractors and architectural/engineering ®rms. It was
found that owners had more concerns with regard to
®nancial issues, contractors regarded contractual relation-
ships the most important, while consultants considered
project management issues to be the most important
causes of delays.
Battaineh [3] evaluated the progress reports of 164
building and 28 highway projects constructed during the
period 1996±1999 in Jordan. The results indicate that
delays are extensive: the average ratio of actual com-
pletion time to the planned contract duration is 160.5%
for road projects and 120.3% for building projects.
Al-Momani [4] conducted a quantitative analysis of
construction delays by examining the records of 130
public building projects constructed in Jordan during
the period of 1990±1997. The researcher presented
regression models of the relationship between actual
and planned project duration for di€erent types of
building facilities. The analysis also included the reported
frequencies of time extensions for the di€erent causes of
delays. The researcher concluded that the main causes
of delay in construction projects relate to designers, user
changes, weather, site conditions, late deliveries, eco-
nomic conditions, and increase in quantities. However,
such conclusion can be misleading. First, they included
causes which are limited to those for which contractors
are entitled to time extension. The analysis does not
cover causes of delay for which the contractor is
responsible, such as those related to labor and equipment,
planning and site management, construction methods,
adequacy and capability of contractor. Second, they are
based on the reported number of time extensions not on
the extent of delay attributed to the di€erent causes of
delay. Despite the moderate weather in Jordan, for
example, it was ®gured among the major causes of delay
because a time extension was granted for all public
projects under construction in the winter of 1991 as a
result of an unprecedented severe storm that had a very
low probability of occurrence. Third, they are drawn
from records of public building projects and one would
question their validity to other types of construction
projects such as industrial facilities, water collection
treatment and distribution, and highway construction.
3. Research design and objectives
The objective of this research is to identify the major
causes of delay in the construction industry and to
assess the relative importance of these causes for the
traditional adversarial type of contracts from the viewpoint
of construction contractors and consultants. First, a survey
questionnaire was developed to assess the perceptions of
contractors and consultants of the relative importance of
construction delay causes. Second, the questionnaire
was distributed to a random sample of contractors and
consultants working on large projects in Jordan. Responses
to the questionnaire were then collected and analyzed.
The analysis included ranking the di€erent causes
according to the relative importance indexes for both
contractors and consultants responses. The Spearman's
rank correlation coecient was then used to test associa-
tion between the contractors and consultants ranking.
4. Causes of delay
The survey is based on 28 well recognized causes of
delay to which participants were asked to indicate their
level of importance of each cause. These causes were
categorized into the following 8 major groups:
1. Client related factors include ®nance and pay-
ments of completed work, owner interference, slow
decision making and unrealistic contract duration
imposed by owners.
2. Contractor related factors include site manage-
ment, improper planning, inadequate contractor
68 A.M. Odeh, H.T. Battaineh / International Journal of Project Management 20 (2002) 67±73
3. experience, mistakes during construction, impro-
per construction methods and delays caused by
subcontractors. Delays caused by subcontractors
are included among the contractor's factors
because the latter is fully responsible for the delays
caused by his subcontractors.
3. Consultant related factors include contract man-
agement, preparation and approval of drawings,
quality assurance/control, and long waiting time
for approval of tests and inspections.
4. Material factors include quality and shortage.
5. Labor and equipment factors include labor supply,
labor productivity, and equipment availability and
failure.
6. Contract factors include changed orders and mis-
takes and discrepancies in contract documents.
7. Contractual relationships factors include major
disputes and negotiations during construction,
inappropriate organizational structure linking all
parties involved in the project, and lack of com-
munication between these parties.
8. External factors include weather conditions, chan-
ges in regulations, problems with neighbors and
site conditions.
Other signi®cant issues of concern such as political,
socio-economical and religious factors are dismissed
because it is felt that people in this part of the world are
very sensitive to these issues to a degree that might pre-
judice their responses.
5. Survey methodology
The scope of the research included large public and
private buildings, roads, and water and sewer projects in
Jordan. Given this scope, the questionnaire was dis-
tributed to a random sample of 100 contractors and 50
consultants representing the di€erent specialization of
contractors and consultants working on large projects
(contract value>1 million JD). Tables 1 and 2 show the
distribution of the population, sample, and respondents
among the di€erent specializations of contractors and
consultants classi®ed by the Ministry of Public Works
and Housing to take on large projects. The sample size
of each specialization is proportional to the distribution
of the population of the di€erent specializations. Given
the sample size, the samples were selected randomly
from the population in each specialization.
The respondents were asked to express their percep-
tion of the relative importance of each of the 28 causes
of delays as either: extreme, very, moderate, slight, or
not important. The questionnaire was personally handed
over to respondents, and an interviewer was available to
answer questions about the questionnaire and to ensure
that the questionnaire is administered by VPs or project
managers. This mode of follow-up communication led
to the return of 82 completed questionnaires: 63 con-
tractors and 19 consultants.
6. Analysis of responses
To determine the ranking of di€erent causes from the
point of view of contractors and of consultants, the
relative importance index (I) was computed as:
I ˆ
P5
iˆ1
WiXi
P5
iˆ1
Xi
where:
i =response category index=1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for
not-, slightly-, moderately-, very-, and extremely-
important, respectively.
Wi =the weight assigned to the ith response=0, 1, 2, 3,
4, respectively.
Xi =frequency of the ith response given as percentage
of the total responses for each cause.
The indexes were then ranked, and the results are
shown in Table 3. Calculating the average indexes of the
causes in each group gives the relative importance index
of the mean groups. The mean indexes and the ranking
of all groups are shown in Table 4. The Spearman's
correlation coecients of the ranking of contractors
and consultants for all the causes and for the main
Table 1
Distribution of population, sample and respondents of the di€erent
specializations of contractors
Specialization of contractors
Buildings Roads Water and sewer Total
Population 222 141 80 265
Sample 50 32 18 100
Respondents 39 27 16 82
Table 2
Distribution of population, sample and respondents of the di€erent
specializations of consultants
Specialization of consultants
Buildings Roads Water and Sewer Total
Population 42 22 16 80
Sample 26 14 10 50
Respondents 9 5 5 19
A.M. Odeh, H.T. Battaineh / International Journal of Project Management 20 (2002) 67±73 69
4. categories of delays are 0.789 and 0.762, respectively.
These correlation coecients are calculated for the
ranking shown in Tables 3 and 4 using the following
equation [13]:
rS ˆ 1 À
6
P
d2
N…N2 À 1†
where:
rS=Spearman's rank correlation coecient.
d =the di€erence in ranking between the contractors and
the consultants, and
N=the number of variables, equals to 28 and 8 for all the
causes and for the main categories of causes of delay,
respectively.
The somewhat high values of rank correlation coe-
cients indicate strong agreement between contractors
and consultants on the ranking of all the factors and of
the main groups of factors. This association between the
ranking of contractors and consultants is veri®ed by a
hypothesis testing at 95% signi®cance where Z ˆ
rS
N À 1
p
Table 3
Relative importance index and ranking of delay factors
Contractors Consultants
Category Factor Index Rank Index Rank
Client Finance and payments of completed work 3.30 4 3.32 2
Owner interference 3.51 2 3.21 4
Slow decision-making by owners 3.24 8 3.16 5
Unrealistic imposed contract duration 3.08 13 3.11 6
Contractor Subcontractors 3.21 9 3.26 3
Site management 3.29 5 2.58 13
Construction methods 3.29 5 2.37 17
Improper planning 3.14 10 2.95 8
Mistakes during construction 2.56 17 2.74 11
Inadequate contractor experience 3.37 3 3.37 1
Consultant Contract management 3.10 12 3.00 7
Preparation and approval of drawings 2.32 21 2.21 19
Quality assurance/control 2.06 25 2.11 21
Waiting time for approval of tests and inspections 2.46 18 2.47 15
Material Quality of material 1.75 26 2.00 23
Shortage in material 3.11 11 2.79 10
Labor and equipment Labor supply 2.63 16 2.63 12
Labor productivity 3.60 1 2.89 9
Equipment availability and failure 3.25 7 2.42 16
Contract Change orders 2.40 19 1.79 26
Mistakes and discrepancies in contract documents 3.05 14 2.05 22
Contractual relationships Major disputes and negotiations 2.94 15 2.16 20
Inappropriate overall organizational structure linking all parties to the project 2.27 22 2.26 18
Lack of communication between the parties 2.38 20 2.53 14
External factors Weather condition 2.19 23 1.95 24
Regulatory changes and building Code 1.70 27 1.16 28
Problems with neighbors 1.59 28 1.58 27
Unforeseen ground conditions 2.10 24 1.84 25
Table 4
Importance index and ranking of major delay categories
Contractors Consultants
Category Index Rank Index Rank
Client 3.28 1 3.20 1
Contractor 3.14 3 2.88 2
Consultant 2.48 6 2.45 4
Material 2.43 7 2.39 5
Labor and equipment 3.16 2 2.65 3
Contract 2.72 4 1.92 7
Contractual relationships 2.53 5 2.32 6
External factors 1.89 8 1.63 8
70 A.M. Odeh, H.T. Battaineh / International Journal of Project Management 20 (2002) 67±73
5. 7. Discussion of results
The ranking of the relative importance of the delay
factors, Table 3, shows that owner interference, inadequate
contractor experience, and ®nancing and payments of
completed work made the top ®ve signi®cant factors for
both contractors and consultants. Moreover, labor pro-
ductivity, site management, slow decision making, con-
struction methods, improper planning and subcontractors
are among the top ten ranked factors of both groups.
The following is a brief discussion of the ranking of
the relative importance of the groups of delay factors, as
deducted from Tables 3 and 4.
7.1. Client
The client related group of delay factors was the most
important group to both contractors and consultants.
This is mainly due to ®nancing issues and owner inter-
ference, which are considered very important by both
parties. It was interesting to ®nd out that slow decision
by owners and unrealistic contract duration are of more
importance to consultants than to contractors. This is
because contractors considered operational issues, such
as labor productivity and equipment availability and
failure, of more importance. Unlike contractors, however,
consultants considered the client related factors to be
more important than operational ones.
7.2. Contractor
Both contractors and consultants ranked this group
of causes very high. It is worth noticing that consultants
are mainly concerned with technical factors such as inade-
quate contractors experience, delays caused by subcon-
tractors, and improper planning, while contractors are
more concerned with managerial and operational factors
such as site management and construction methods.
Inadequate contractor experience was the most
important factor in this group. This can be attributed to
the contract awarding procedure where most projects
are awarded to the lowest bidder. Moreover, local con-
tractors, solely or through joint ventures, are being
awarded large and complex projects in which they have
little experience because such projects were virtually
limited to international contractors in the past.
Delays caused by subcontractors are also of high
importance to consultants. This can be attributed to
inadequate experience of subcontractors, the bid shopping
practice of general contractors, and to improper plan-
ning and coordination.
Improper planning is also troublesome to contractors
and consultants. Local contractors are reluctant to use
scheduling techniques and to update schedules on a
regular basis. Despite the fact that contractors are
required to provide work schedules on most projects,
the schedule is often a summary schedule that is hardly
updated during construction. This is substantiated by the
fact that only 8 of the 63 sampled contractors responded
positively to updating schedules on their projects.
Delays caused by improper construction methods are
more important to contractors than to consultants.
Fluctuation in the construction market and the seasonal
nature of the industry has forced many contractors towards
diversity. As a result, they do not focus on one line-of-work
and try to adopt advanced methods and techniques.
Site management is another important cause of delay to
contractors. This is due to the reluctance of contractors to
invest in planning and control and to the lack of pro-
fessional construction managers. The majority of site
managers are civil engineers with a good work experi-
ence but little training or education in management.
7.3. Consultants
Neither contractors nor consultants ranked this group of
factors high among the major groups of delay causing fac-
tors. Contrary to what is expected, consultants consistently
ranked each of these causes higher than contractors. The
highest ranked factor among these causes was contract
management. This could be attributed to the lack of
authority the owners are willing to delegate to consultants
enabling them to manage the contract e€ectively. This
®nding is consistent with the high ranking of owner
interference and the low ranking of factors over which the
consultants are usually granted authority. The latter factors
include preparation and approval of drawings, quality
assurance/control, and approval of tests and inspections.
7.4. Material
The group of material related causes received low
ranking by both contractors and consultants. Quality of
material was among the least important causes because
most of the available material is local with little variation
in quality, especially for cement, steel, and asphalt that
are produced by a limited number of producers. Shortage
of material received higher ranking than quality. This is
particularly true for imported material that may take a
considerable time to procure.
7.5. Labor and equipment
This group of causes were ranked high, second by
contractors and third by consultants. As expected, this
group of causes is more important to contractors than
to consultants. This was true for labor productivity and
for equipment availability and failure. While labor supply
is not that important considering the relatively inex-
pensive ¯ux of foreign and local laborers, the pro-
ductivity of the labor forces was the top ranked factor
for contractors. This may be attributed to lack of
A.M. Odeh, H.T. Battaineh / International Journal of Project Management 20 (2002) 67±73 71
6. incentives for higher productivity, lack of or improper
training, and absence of trade unions or associations
that regulate, train, and classify construction trades.
The high ranking of contractors of equipment avail-
ability and failure indicate problems associated with
ownership of new equipment, maintenance and repair,
and availability and reliability of the rental option.
7.6. External factors
External factors were the lowest ranked group of factors
by both parties. It seems that all parties are familiar with
these factors and are able to deal with them e€ectively
without causing any major delays. Of course, the moder-
ate weather conditions in Jordan coupled with low levels
of water tables in addition to well established regulations
and building code contribute to this low ranking.
7.7. Contract
This group of causes had more di€erence in ranking
than any other group. While it was considered important
and ranked fourth by contractors, it was unimportant
and ranked only seventh by consultants. Contrary to
contractors, consultants who are usually empowered to
issue changed orders and to correct mistakes and dis-
crepancies in contract documents are less critical of their
role in causing such delays.
7.8. Contractual relationships
This group of causes was ranked low by contractors and
consultants. Relatively, factors relating to organization
and communication were more important to con-
sultants than to contractors. Delays caused by disputes
and negotiations were more important to contractors,
especially for public projects in Jordan where arbitra-
tion is not allowed and where legal recourse through
courts takes a considerable time.
8. Conclusions and recommendations
According to contractors, labor productivity was the
most important delay factor. Inadequate contractor
experience, however, was the most important delay factor
to consultants. All parties generally agreed on the ranking
of the individual delay factors. They agreed that inade-
quate contractor experience, owner interference, and
®nancing of work were among the top ®ve most important
factors. Moreover, delays caused by subcontractors, slow
decision making by owners, improper planning, and
labor productivity were among the top ten most impor-
tant factors for both parties.
Operational factors such as labor productivity, con-
struction methods, site management, and equipment
availability and failure were more important to con-
tractors than to consultants. Contractors were also
more concerned with factors related to contract clauses
that may alter their contractual obligations and rights.
These factors include changed orders, mistakes and
discrepancies in contract documents and major disputes
and negotiations. However, factors dealing with sub-
contracting, planning, organizing and communicating
were more important to consultants than to contractors.
Delays are costly and often result in disputes and
claims, impair the feasibility for project owners, and
retard the development of the construction industry. To
improve the situation, the ®ndings of this research must
be addressed by a joint e€ort of all participants in the
construction industry. This calls for:
1. Enforcing liquidated damage clauses and o€ering
incentives for early completion.
2. Developing human resources in the construction
industry through proper training and classifying of
craftsmen. This calls for providing incentives such as
o€ering a tax deduction on money spent on training,
and for authorizing trade unions or other agencies to
regulate, follow-up on training, and classify trades.
Developing human resources also applies to construc-
tion engineers who usually lack adequate managerial
skills. There is an urgent need for o€ering training
courses in scheduling, time and cost control, inform-
ation systems, and management of human resources.
3. Adopting a new approach to contract award pro-
cedure by giving less weight to prices and more
weight to the capabilities and past performance of
contractors.
4. Adopting new approaches to contracting, such as
design-build and construction management (CM)
types of contracts. Such contracts reduce delays by
limiting owner interference, improving the design,
and improving the contractual relationships
among all parties to the project.
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