The document is a report submitted by four students on their integrated farming system project. It includes summaries of three production units: a mushroom unit, dairy unit, and fishery/pearl unit. For the mushroom unit, it describes the species grown, materials and process used, costs, income generated, and market analysis. Similarly, it provides details on the cow species in the dairy unit, feeding, health, products made, costs, income, and market. Finally, it summarizes the pond size, species farmed, feeding, harvesting, and SWOT analysis for the fishery/pearl unit. The overall project aims to generate additional income through an integrated approach to farming different activities.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
Integrated Farming System-A Holistic Approach for Food and Livelihood Securitynaveen kumar
The document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) as a holistic approach for food and livelihood security. Key points:
- IFS aim to maximize productivity and income through complementary enterprises like crops, livestock, fisheries.
- Research shows IFS can increase incomes 2-3 times over traditional systems through higher yields and employment.
- Models for marginal rainfed farms combining crops, 2 bullocks, 1 cow, 10 goats and poultry achieved highest returns.
- IFS appropriate for different agro-ecosystems like rainfed, irrigated, hilly regions through suitable enterprise combinations.
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
This document discusses the organic farming industry in India. It notes that while agriculture still contributes significantly to India's GDP, organic farming is growing. Demand for organic food is increasing, especially in major cities, due to greater health awareness. The M.P. Vindhya Jaivik Herbal Development Foundation was established to promote organic farming, reduce middlemen, develop export zones, and improve farmers' livelihoods and public health. There is significant market potential for organic foods in India given rising demand, government support, and opportunities for export and differentiation. However, challenges include a lack of farmer awareness, high costs, and competition.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
I Rajiv Kumar Patel, student of BSc Hons Agricultural Sciences at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India, presented my slide on Student READY Programme (SRP).
You can contact me through e-mail chlorophyllinhuman@gmail.com for any suggestion/claim.
Integrated Farming System-A Holistic Approach for Food and Livelihood Securitynaveen kumar
The document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) as a holistic approach for food and livelihood security. Key points:
- IFS aim to maximize productivity and income through complementary enterprises like crops, livestock, fisheries.
- Research shows IFS can increase incomes 2-3 times over traditional systems through higher yields and employment.
- Models for marginal rainfed farms combining crops, 2 bullocks, 1 cow, 10 goats and poultry achieved highest returns.
- IFS appropriate for different agro-ecosystems like rainfed, irrigated, hilly regions through suitable enterprise combinations.
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
This document discusses the organic farming industry in India. It notes that while agriculture still contributes significantly to India's GDP, organic farming is growing. Demand for organic food is increasing, especially in major cities, due to greater health awareness. The M.P. Vindhya Jaivik Herbal Development Foundation was established to promote organic farming, reduce middlemen, develop export zones, and improve farmers' livelihoods and public health. There is significant market potential for organic foods in India given rising demand, government support, and opportunities for export and differentiation. However, challenges include a lack of farmer awareness, high costs, and competition.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Role Of Cooperatives in AgriBusiness Developmentnikunjdobariya12
This document discusses the role of cooperatives in agribusiness development in India. It provides examples of successful cooperatives in different agribusiness sectors like dairy (Amul), fertilizers (IFFCO, KRIBHCO), fisheries (GFCCA), banking, and farming (TRIFED, NAFED). Cooperatives provide benefits like increased income for farmers, better access to supplies and markets, and community development. The cooperative model has helped India become a leading producer of milk globally and empowers small farmers. Overall, agribusiness cooperatives significantly contribute to the growth of the agriculture industry in India.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
- Farming systems integrate crop and livestock production to provide small farmers with year-round income, balanced nutrition, and sustainability.
- By combining crops, dairy, poultry, fisheries and more, farming systems can meet food and nutritional security needs while improving incomes and recycling resources efficiently.
- Higher productivity, profits and employment are generated through farming systems compared to traditional cropping alone. Integrating crops with livestock, fish, mushrooms and more provides synergies that boost yields and incomes.
1. The document discusses farming systems and sustainable agriculture. It defines farming systems and lists their advantages.
2. Key components of sustainable agriculture are discussed, including soil conservation, crop diversity, nutrient management, and integrated pest management.
3. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental, and social - are outlined. Benefits and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture are also provided.
This document presents information on integrated farming systems (IFS) models for high rainfall areas of India. It discusses the characteristics of high rainfall regions, examples of areas with the highest rainfall, and the need for IFS in these areas. Components of IFS are described, including crop, livestock, tree, fishery, and other elements. Specific IFS models are outlined, such as rice-fish farming, fish-cum-vegetable systems, and coconut-based IFS. Research on IFS models in different states is summarized through tables presenting production, income, employment effects. The conclusion emphasizes that IFS is important for sustainable resource management and improved rural livelihoods in high rainfall regions.
Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) are groups formed by agricultural producers to get better access to inputs, services and markets. FPOs allow smallholder farmers to aggregate their production and resources to achieve economies of scale. They provide members with financial services, input supply, marketing, technical support and networking opportunities. The document outlines the definition, structure, formation process, roles and importance of FPOs for supporting small farmers in India.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
Organic farming is not a new concept in India, as Indian farmers traditionally practiced only organic methods before the Green Revolution introduced chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the 1960s. While the Green Revolution initially increased food production and self-sufficiency, overuse of chemicals has led to declining soil fertility, environmental pollution, and other issues. Organic farming aims to maintain soil health through natural techniques like using organic manures and biofertilizers without synthetic inputs. It provides higher quality, nutritious food while preserving the environment for future generations.
1. The document describes Abhishek Kumar's activities during his RAWE program placement at Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Sabour, Bhagalpur under Bihar Agricultural University.
2. During orientation, he learned about the various activities and objectives of the program. He visited the IFS model farm and learned about integrated farming.
3. He participated in training programs for farmers on topics like soil and water conservation practices and vermicomposting. He also helped conduct awareness drives on nutrition and COVID-19 prevention.
4. The placement helped him gain practical experience in areas like crop cultivation, nursery management, and extension activities.
The document summarizes India's Soil Health Card scheme. The scheme aims to provide every farmer with a soil health card every 3 years containing information on soil parameters and fertilizer recommendations. It will strengthen soil testing labs and promote balanced fertilizer use. Key components include distributing soil health cards, training lab technicians, and providing farmers subsidies for applying recommended nutrients. The goal is to improve soil health nationwide and encourage sustainable nutrient management practices.
This document summarizes information collected from a village called Gund Brath in Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. It provides details about the village population, literacy rates, main occupations, agriculture and horticulture practices, livestock, and recommendations provided to farmers. The village adopted has a population of around 1,000 people with the majority engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock rearing. Apple and rice cultivation are the main agricultural activities. Issues and suggestions related to improving crop yields are also discussed.
The document discusses opportunities for promoting entrepreneurship and rural agro-processing in India. It notes that food processing accounts for 32% of India's total food market and is expected to employ 9 million people by 2024. Value addition through processing, packaging, and marketing can benefit farmers through higher returns, consumers through better prices and new products, and the economy through new business opportunities. The document outlines various schemes and initiatives by the government to promote rural agro-processing, including support for food product clusters, individual and cooperative micro processing units, common infrastructure development, and seed capital for self-help groups. Case studies show the financial benefits achieved by various agro-processing projects.
The document discusses value chain focused agro enterprise development. It defines value chain as the series of activities that add value to raw materials culminating in a finished product for end users. Developing value chains can benefit farmers through higher returns and yields, consumers through better access and prices, and the economy through new business and employment. The document then outlines various opportunities for value chain management in agro processing like contract farming, grading, standardization and rural warehouses. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the food processing sector in India. Finally, it discusses the needs and desires of consumers and challenges facing the market.
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
Role Of Cooperatives in AgriBusiness Developmentnikunjdobariya12
This document discusses the role of cooperatives in agribusiness development in India. It provides examples of successful cooperatives in different agribusiness sectors like dairy (Amul), fertilizers (IFFCO, KRIBHCO), fisheries (GFCCA), banking, and farming (TRIFED, NAFED). Cooperatives provide benefits like increased income for farmers, better access to supplies and markets, and community development. The cooperative model has helped India become a leading producer of milk globally and empowers small farmers. Overall, agribusiness cooperatives significantly contribute to the growth of the agriculture industry in India.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
- Farming systems integrate crop and livestock production to provide small farmers with year-round income, balanced nutrition, and sustainability.
- By combining crops, dairy, poultry, fisheries and more, farming systems can meet food and nutritional security needs while improving incomes and recycling resources efficiently.
- Higher productivity, profits and employment are generated through farming systems compared to traditional cropping alone. Integrating crops with livestock, fish, mushrooms and more provides synergies that boost yields and incomes.
1. The document discusses farming systems and sustainable agriculture. It defines farming systems and lists their advantages.
2. Key components of sustainable agriculture are discussed, including soil conservation, crop diversity, nutrient management, and integrated pest management.
3. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental, and social - are outlined. Benefits and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture are also provided.
This document presents information on integrated farming systems (IFS) models for high rainfall areas of India. It discusses the characteristics of high rainfall regions, examples of areas with the highest rainfall, and the need for IFS in these areas. Components of IFS are described, including crop, livestock, tree, fishery, and other elements. Specific IFS models are outlined, such as rice-fish farming, fish-cum-vegetable systems, and coconut-based IFS. Research on IFS models in different states is summarized through tables presenting production, income, employment effects. The conclusion emphasizes that IFS is important for sustainable resource management and improved rural livelihoods in high rainfall regions.
Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) are groups formed by agricultural producers to get better access to inputs, services and markets. FPOs allow smallholder farmers to aggregate their production and resources to achieve economies of scale. They provide members with financial services, input supply, marketing, technical support and networking opportunities. The document outlines the definition, structure, formation process, roles and importance of FPOs for supporting small farmers in India.
FARM PLAN MODELS Of INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM For Small and Marginal FarmersSubham Dwivedi
This document describes an integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers. The model incorporates crop production, dairy farming, horticulture, fisheries, apiary, and vermicomposting on a 1.5 hectare plot of land. The system aims to maximize productivity and profitability through efficient utilization and recycling of resources between the different enterprises. Byproducts from one component are used as inputs for others to minimize waste and optimize resource use. The integrated approach helps farmers meet their food, fodder, and income needs throughout the year in a sustainable manner.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
Organic farming is not a new concept in India, as Indian farmers traditionally practiced only organic methods before the Green Revolution introduced chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the 1960s. While the Green Revolution initially increased food production and self-sufficiency, overuse of chemicals has led to declining soil fertility, environmental pollution, and other issues. Organic farming aims to maintain soil health through natural techniques like using organic manures and biofertilizers without synthetic inputs. It provides higher quality, nutritious food while preserving the environment for future generations.
1. The document describes Abhishek Kumar's activities during his RAWE program placement at Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Sabour, Bhagalpur under Bihar Agricultural University.
2. During orientation, he learned about the various activities and objectives of the program. He visited the IFS model farm and learned about integrated farming.
3. He participated in training programs for farmers on topics like soil and water conservation practices and vermicomposting. He also helped conduct awareness drives on nutrition and COVID-19 prevention.
4. The placement helped him gain practical experience in areas like crop cultivation, nursery management, and extension activities.
The document summarizes India's Soil Health Card scheme. The scheme aims to provide every farmer with a soil health card every 3 years containing information on soil parameters and fertilizer recommendations. It will strengthen soil testing labs and promote balanced fertilizer use. Key components include distributing soil health cards, training lab technicians, and providing farmers subsidies for applying recommended nutrients. The goal is to improve soil health nationwide and encourage sustainable nutrient management practices.
This document summarizes information collected from a village called Gund Brath in Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. It provides details about the village population, literacy rates, main occupations, agriculture and horticulture practices, livestock, and recommendations provided to farmers. The village adopted has a population of around 1,000 people with the majority engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock rearing. Apple and rice cultivation are the main agricultural activities. Issues and suggestions related to improving crop yields are also discussed.
The document discusses opportunities for promoting entrepreneurship and rural agro-processing in India. It notes that food processing accounts for 32% of India's total food market and is expected to employ 9 million people by 2024. Value addition through processing, packaging, and marketing can benefit farmers through higher returns, consumers through better prices and new products, and the economy through new business opportunities. The document outlines various schemes and initiatives by the government to promote rural agro-processing, including support for food product clusters, individual and cooperative micro processing units, common infrastructure development, and seed capital for self-help groups. Case studies show the financial benefits achieved by various agro-processing projects.
The document discusses value chain focused agro enterprise development. It defines value chain as the series of activities that add value to raw materials culminating in a finished product for end users. Developing value chains can benefit farmers through higher returns and yields, consumers through better access and prices, and the economy through new business and employment. The document then outlines various opportunities for value chain management in agro processing like contract farming, grading, standardization and rural warehouses. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the food processing sector in India. Finally, it discusses the needs and desires of consumers and challenges facing the market.
- Small-scale household and community-level biogas projects in India convert cattle waste into renewable energy and fertilizers. At the household level, biogas is used for cooking while the biogas slurry output is sold as fertilizer. At the community level, larger centralized digesters produce biogas for vehicles or electricity while also creating multiple types of bio-fertilizers for sale. These projects help address waste management while generating income for farmers and providing natural alternatives to reduce chemical fertilizer use and costs. The document proposes scaling such projects across India through partnerships between various government departments.
- Small-scale household and community-level biogas projects in India convert cattle waste into renewable energy and fertilizers. At the household level, biogas is used for cooking while the biogas slurry output is sold as fertilizer. At the community level, larger centralized digesters produce biogas for vehicles or electricity while also creating multiple types of bio-fertilizers for sale. These projects help address waste management while generating income for farmers and providing natural alternatives to reduce chemical fertilizer use and costs. The Indian government aims to expand such projects nationwide through partnerships and funding from various schemes.
1. This document describes a visit to a poultry farm owned by Santosh Kumar Jaysingh. The farm was established in 2011 and has an area of 3 acres with 8000 birds. Total investment in the farm is 30 lakhs.
2. The document then describes the various activities involved in operating the poultry farm, including house preparation, brooding management, floor space requirements, chick arrival preparation, and vaccination schedules. It also includes details on feed management, water requirements, and litter management.
3. Financial details provided show a production cost of Rs. 4203500 annually and total selling price of Rs. 8686200 annually, giving a benefit-cost ratio of 2.1.
Natural resource management approaches can help achieve sustainable development goals. These include watershed development projects that implement soil and water conservation techniques, improve water availability, and increase agricultural productivity. Watershed projects in India increased crop yields by 20-66%, benefited over 4.75 million farmers, and generated $353 million in net benefits. Other approaches include crop diversification, vegetable cultivation, fruit tree planting, and biofortification to address malnutrition. Integrating natural resource management, new technologies, and partnerships can significantly contribute to achieving development targets like ending poverty and hunger.
Project proposal for mushroom unit (blossom) in tura, meghalayaAjit Majumder
OBJECTIVE
1. To produce 120 beds of paddy straw mushroom with a production of 120 kg/ month during summer and rainy season and 225 bags of oyster mushroom producing 450 kg in winter season @ 2 kg/ bag.
2. To earn profit at low cost of maintenance.
This document provides a business plan for a dairy farming operation. It outlines how dairy farming can provide supplemental income and employment for small/marginal farmers. The plan then discusses the mission statement, which is to produce high quality milk and byproducts through organic farming practices. It also describes the various products that will be produced from the dairy such as milk, fertilizers from cow dung and urine. Finally, it presents budgets, financial projections, and a SWOT analysis for the viability and sustainability of the dairy business.
This document provides information on various methods of value addition for agricultural products in India to enhance nutritional security. It discusses the need for value addition given India's large agricultural output and discusses technologies like osmotic dehydration to make pineapple candy, ready-to-eat mixes from millets and mustard, rice-soy tempeh, and meat products. The production processes, economics, and potential contacts for equipment are summarized for several of these low-cost value addition methods.
In this I have described about how can we use ruminants in sustainable agriculture. The drafting power of a cow and also how to use byproducts of ruminants to gain sustainable agriculture. Also here I have described about sekkuwa the sinhala oil expellar and Biodynamics. And making of BD 500 fertilizer.
Opportunities and Scope for Value addition in Rice based Products for MFEs in...Dr. Poshadri Achinna
Paddy (Rice) Value addition in Telangana.
Webinar related organised by Telangana State Food Processing Society, Hyderabad Under the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PM-FME) Scheme for Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav (India@75) initiative
The document describes two models of cattle fattening in Laos - in shelters and in pastures. The shelter model involves cutting and carrying improved forages to feed cattle over 3-6 months. Each family can fatten 3-5 heads per year. The pasture model utilizes 10-15 hectares of improved forage areas to fatten cattle over 6 months with less labor. Both models aim to increase cattle weight and profit from sales but the pasture model has challenges with animal health if vaccines and deworming are not regularly applied. The document provides details on market analysis, investment needs, technologies used, and flexibility to climate change for each model.
India has the largest livestock population in the world, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Livestock makes significant economic contributions, providing 25.6% of agricultural GDP and supporting the livelihoods of over two-thirds of rural people. However, livestock productivity is low compared to global averages, with much potential for improvement. Increased demand for animal products presents opportunities for the livestock sector, but challenges remain around feed, health, infrastructure, and market access. Addressing these challenges through policies, technology, and financing could further enhance livestock's role in poverty alleviation and the rural economy.
Income generation through live-stock based integrated fish farming system (pa...PrabalDubey2
Project on a village Shivpur, Mirzapur district situated nearby Ganga river.
To generate income from integrated farming system without any waste production.
To generate maximum output from minimum input.
Village induction, Niwai, Tonk, RajasthanVikram Rana
1. The document summarizes the village induction program conducted in Gudha Anandpura village from July 1-5, 2016.
2. Key details about the village's location, history, demographics, infrastructure, agriculture, livestock, self-help groups, and local economy were observed. Milk production, goat rearing, and camel use for transporting water are important livelihood activities.
3. The village has a population of around 450 people from various castes. Literacy rates are around 70% and the local economy relies heavily on agriculture and livestock. Self-help groups and local programs like Rajeevika aim to empower women and promote livelihoods.
Entrepreneurship opportunities in post harvest technologies of plantation cropsRamabhau Patil
This document discusses opportunities for entrepreneurship in post-harvest technologies for plantation crops in India. It notes that India is a major producer of foods but has low levels of processing. Agro-processing in production areas can shorten supply chains and increase farmer profits. The document promotes mechanization to substitute for scarce labor and lists various mechanized technologies for operations like digging, lifting, and dehusking coconuts. It also describes processing methods for commodities like copra, coconut products, spices, areca nuts, cashews, and cocoa. The document recommends establishing incubation facilities to provide hands-on training to upcoming entrepreneurs on these processing technologies.
The document provides recommendations for ideal fish feed production processes and feeding strategies to reduce feed costs. It suggests: 1) selecting suitable and locally available feed ingredients that meet nutrient requirements and are cost effective; 2) properly processing ingredients during manufacturing to improve nutrient utilization; and 3) using non-conventional protein sources like oil cakes to reduce costs. It also recommends: 4) following proper feeding schedules tailored to fish species and water conditions; 5) utilizing compensatory growth to reduce feeding during some periods; and 6) fertilizing ponds adequately to support plankton growth and reduce reliance on feed.
NIRMAN promotes more sustainable sugarcane cultivation practices through their Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI). SSI aims to improve smallholder farmers' livelihoods by increasing productivity while minimizing water usage and environmental impacts. Key practices include using fewer seedlings from nurseries, wider spacing, organic nutrient management, and intercropping. Farmers adopting SSI have experienced higher yields, reduced costs, and additional incomes from intercrops compared to traditional methods. However, issues remain around timely payments from mills and greater promotion of SSI is needed for wider adoption.
Nitrogenous fertilizers play a crucial role in agricultural production by supplying essential
nitrogen to plants. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient required for plant growth, development, and
the production of proteins, enzymes, and chlorophyll. Here's a brief overview of the
significance of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Agriculture cooperatives have been playing a significant role in stepping up to the growth of
agriculture production in the country through supply of farm inputs and other technical services
to the farmers. Cooperatives also provide post-harvest services for procurement, grading,
processing, storage and marketing of farmers’ surplus produce. These cooperatives are rendering
an equally useful service by maintaining the supply-line and distribution of consumer.
Storage cooperative societies in India play a crucial role in the agricultural sector by
providing storage facilities for farmers to preserve and safeguard their produce. These
societies are formed by a group of farmers or individuals involved in agricultural activities,
with the aim of collectively managing storage facilities for agricultural commodities such as
grains, fruits, vegetables, and other perishable goods. Here's an overview of the functioning
of storage cooperative societies in India.
Agribusiness entrepreneurship has a significant role in the economy to foster the development of a country. Most countries have strong potential for the development of agribusiness entrepreneurship due to prevailing food insecurity issues and high unemployment rates. Also, agribusiness entrepreneurship is one of the newest areas of research and also it is identified that there is an issue among the graduates to join the field as Agribusiness management entrepreneurs. This study is tried to investigate the major factors associated with entrepreneurship development in Agribusiness globally and how these factors are linked with the Indian context.
The Video Vault was a dominant video retailer in its local area, renting DVDs and VHS tapes. It had over 6,000 registered customers and 10,000 titles available. To improve, it needs to enhance security, scalability, accessibility and compatibility. It should expand its service offerings, improve the customer experience, and strengthen partnerships. Adopting new management tools around security, access control and automation could also help the company modernize its operations.
This content is totally institute driven case study analysis upon "Thudiyalur Co-operative Agriculture Services Limited (TUCAS), Coimbatore" is done...
(1) To conduct an assessment on company’s performance.
(2) To find out the core competence of TUCAS.
(3) To conduct a SWOT analysis upon TUCAS’s situation.
(4) To decentralize TUCAS’s business mission for crowning achievement and reinstate TUCAS’s eminence in every nook and corner.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
The word agriculture has been derived from a Latin word agriculture- ager means a field and
cultura means to cultivate. The term agriculture defines to cultivate the fields. The Longman,s
Modern English Dictionary defined the word agriculture as “ the science or the art or practice of
large scale oil cultivation in order to produce crops.”Mc Carty(1970) defines agriculture as “ the
purposeful tending of crops and live stocks.” Thus, the word agriculture includes not only
domestication of plants and animals useful to man but also many of the operation involved in
marketing them. It is revealed that real nature of agriculture is associated both individually and
collectively, with the farming occupation of man. In Mesolithic age about ten thousand years
ago, man began to cultivate land and produced food grains.
(1) The document presents a farm plan for cultivating 2 acres of French bean. It details the soil and climate requirements, recommended varieties, costs of cultivation such as seed, land preparation, fertilizers, pesticides, harvesting, and estimated profits.
(2) The total estimated cost of cultivating 2 acres of French bean is Rs. 1,37,148 with projected income of Rs. 3,08,000, resulting in an estimated net profit of Rs. 1,70,852.
(3) French bean cultivation is recommended as it fits well in crop rotations, adds nitrogen to soil, and provides good returns for farmers.
This document summarizes the cultivation practices for growing zinnia flowers. It discusses land preparation including weeding, adding fertilizer, transplanting seedlings on 30cm x 40cm spacing, pinching and deadheading to promote more flowering, irrigation every 2-3 days, and harvesting flowers when fully bloomed. Pests like aphids and diseases like powdery mildew are controlled through prevention methods like growing in sun, watering properly, and removing dead plant material. The goal is to have healthy, vigorously blooming zinnia plants.
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The global food market generated $8.66 trillion in revenue in 2022 and is expected to grow annually by 6.72% through 2027. Revenue increased year-over-year for most food categories between 2014-2022, with the largest increases in bread/cereals, confectionery/snacks, and fruits/nuts. Oils/fats saw a revenue decline from 2021-2022. The data was used to calculate both the dollar change and percentage change in revenue from year-to-year to analyze trends in the global food market.
Agricultural Development Associates Program(Krusi Unnat
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RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
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REPORT ON INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM.pdf
1. FINAL COPY
REPORT ON INTEGRATED FARMING
SYSTEM
Submitted to : Dr.Bibudha Parasar
Prepared by :
Jyoti Ranjan Das (1741901050)
Ashirbad Singh (1741901167)
Baishnabi Bhuyan (1741901198)
Soumyashree Priyadarshi (1741901240)
2. Acknowledgement
We would like to express our special thanks of
gratitude to our professors “Dr. Santosh Kumar Rout”
and “Dr. Bibudha Parasara” Sir for their guidance and
support in completing our project report on
“Integrated Farming System”
Date : 31st May, 2021 Jyoti Ranjan Das (1741901050)
Ashirbad Singh (1741901167)
Baishnabi Bhuyan (1741901198)
Soumyashree Priyadarshi (1741901240)
3. • Production Unit Name : (Maa Mangala Integrated
Farming System .)
Beneficiary Name Educational Qualification
Jyoti Ranjan Das B.Sc.Agriculture(Hons.)
Ashirbad Singh B.Sc.Agriculture(Hons.)
Baishnabi Bhuyan B.Sc.Agriculture(Hons.)
Soumyashree Priyadarshi B.Sc.Agriculture(Hons.)
• Experience :
Two months of Industrial attachment internship program
under Block Agriculture Office .
• Area Of Production Unit :
1. We have taken an area of 2 acre of our paternal
property as production unit
2. We have divided the production unit into 3 subunits.
(A) Mushroom Unit – 0.5 Acre
(B) Diary Unit – 0.5 Acre
(C) Fish And Pearl Unit- 1 Acre
• Initial Investment :
We have started the production unit by equal contributions
of 5 lakhs from each of the beneficiary without taking any
loan from banks. We have contacted the Block Agricultural
Office and Block Horticultural office for any subsidy and
timely availability of raw material and guidance .
4. MUSHROOM PRODUCTION UNIT
Product Description
1. Paddy straw mushroom-Volvariella volvacea
2. Yield potential-850-950g per bed.
Growing period
This mushroom usually take 9-10 days from spawning to harvest of first crop and
the first flush normally exist for 3 days, which constitute about 70 to 90% of the
expected mushroom yield.
Substrate
This mushroom can use wide range of cellulosic materials and we can easily grow
it on uncomposted substrates such as paddy straw . It prefers high cellulose, low
lignin containing substrate.
Spawn Unit
• First wheat is boiled then the product is kept in shade for 1-2 hrs. Direct
sunlight is not preferred.
• Also calcium carbonate is mixed to enhance the drying process.
• Then the product is bottled and sealed with cotton.
• Then the bottles are put into auto-clave for 2.5-3 hrs at about 2psi .
• Finally the bottles are sterilized and cultured.
• After 7-8 days the spawn is ready for commercial use.
Mushroom Unit
• First the straw is cut into 4 inch pieces, then soaked in water for 8-10hrs.
• Then the wet straws are air dried in a vertically manner.
• Then the beds were prepared and the spawns are mixed with besan and put on
straw bed in alternate manner.
• Within 6-8 days water was sprinkled on the beds.
• After 10-12 days first batch of mushroom was harvested and subsequent
harvesting continues.
5. SWOT Analysis
(a) Strength
• Availability of raw material from own field and village
• Sufficient place for infrastructure as per their capacity
• Availability of labour
• Proper marketing chain
• Government support and guidance by Horticulture officer
(b) Weakness
• Environmental factor
• Cattle damage in night time to temporary structure
• Lack of storage structure
(c) Opportunity
• Making storage structure
• Compost method of mushroom production by guidance of KVK
• Expanding production capacity
• Using residue for nutrient source
Financial Statement
Fixed Cost
Items Cost(in Rs.)
Structure 1,00,000
Autoclave(2) 1,00,000
Laminar air flow 55,000
Total 2,55,000
6. Variable Cost (300 working days)
Input Quantity Cost(in Rs.)
Bottling of
spawn@Rs10/bottle
120000(400/day) 1200000
Mushroom bed@Rs50/bed 12000(40beds/day) 6,00,000
Labour@Rs300/head 5 4,50,000
Electricity Rs2000/month 24,000
Total 22,44,000
(a) For spawn production the basic inputs required are bottle,culture
media,wheat,CaCO3 ,sterilizing agent.
(b)For mushroom production basic input are straw,spawn,polythene
sheet,besan, CaCO3 ,sterilizing agent
Income(Per Year)
Items Quantity Cost (in Rs.)
Mushroom@1.2/bed 14,400 kg 17,28,000(Rs120/kg)
Spawn@Rs.15/bottle 1,20,000 18,00,000
Total 35,28,000
Benefit Cost Ratio
Year
Total Cost
(in Rs.)
Total
return (in
Rs.)
Discount
Factor
@12%
Present worth
of cost (in Rs.)
Present worth
of return
(in Rs.)
1 24,99,000 3528000 0.892 2229108 3146976
2 22,44,000 3528000 0.797 1788468 2811816
3 22,44,000 3528000 0.711 1595484 2508408
7. 4 22,44,000 3528000 0.635 1424940 2240280
5 22,44,000 3528000 0.567 1272348 2000376
Total 8310348 12707856
B C Ratio =
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 (𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐬.)
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 (𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐬.)
=
𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟔
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟖
= 1.53
Key Market Segments
By Type
• Button
• Shiitake
• Oyster
• Others
By Form
• Fresh
• Processed
By End Use
• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
By Distribution Channel
• Hypermarkets & Supermarkets
• Convenience Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Online Sales Channel
8. Step We Followed To Promote Our Mushroom
Business?
1) We Interacted with vendors, potential clients, employees and dispense
business cards to demonstrate professionalism.
2) We Joined industry groups, stores and relevant partners to extend your
networking. It will help to get more business leads for your business.
3) We Participate in fairs, shows or exhibitions and offer a free gifts and
discount to increase the sale.
4) We Put up signs, board, decorate store counter and display windows to
catch the attention of visitors.
9. Target Customer Of Our UNIT
This is the very first and important part of the marketing of our business because
when we start a business, the first thing we should know are our target
customers, what they do and how they can be helped to serve them in a better
way.
1. House hold and local populations .
2. Hotels and restaurants in our locality .
3. Exporting Mushroom to other location.
4. Processing Industries .
5. Mushroom Mandi / Mushroom Wholesalers .
10. DAIRY FARM UNIT
COW SPECIES
Red Sindhi-This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and Sindhi and Mahi.
1. Originated in Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan) regions of undivided India
and also reared in certain organized farms in our country.
2. Colour is red with shades varying from dark red to light, strips of white.
Lactation period
A. Under good management conditions the Red Sindhi averages over 1700 kg
of milk after suckling their calves but under optimum conditions there have
been milk yields of over 3400 kg per lactation.
B. The average age at first fertile service, age at first calving, lactation milk
yield, lactation length, gestation period, dry period, service period and inter-
calving period were 1006 days, 1311 days, 2429 kg, 318 days, 290 days, 100
days, 81 days and 389 days respectively.
FOR FEED
• On a daily basis each cow consumes 6kg feed and almost 15kg grass. Also it
can be replaced with 30 kg grass and 3-4kg feed.
• the cows are also fed with wheat chokada, roughly grinded maize and peanut
by-products for extra nutritional benefits.
• For better quantity and quality of the milk,mineral mixture about 50g per head
is added at daily basis.
• Also he has grown napier grass as well as para grass besides his farm for
feeding purpose.
DISEASES OF COW
• Mastitis (symptoms-swelling of odour tissues)
• Gynaecological problems
• Theileriosis(symptoms- enlargement of local lymph gland)
11. VACCINATION OF COW
• It is done in each 6 months.
• Health and hygiene is maintained after every milking.
PANEER AND GHEE PREPARATION
• For its preparation there is machine which separates fats of milk from it.
• Afterwards,the milk and fat are collected and from that ghee and paneer are
prepared.
• All the instruments are properly washed and sanitized before their operation.
SWOT Analysis
(a)Strength
• Mortality rate is low.
• Use of FYM in fields and also helps in composting.
• Regular income to the farmer.
• Biogas preparation for domestic use
(b)Weakness
• Food availability for cattle is not adequate throughout the year
• Animal health care is not adequate from government
• Lack of storage facilities
(c) Opportunities
• Growing demand for quality diary products
• Improved export potential
• Increase in farmers income by exploiting high demand
• Creating own brand of diary product with higher quality
(d)Threats
• Limited infrastructure
• Lack of supply chain
• Small scale market
• Perishable nature of milk & milk products
12. Financial Statement
Fixed Cost
Items Quantity Total Cost (in Rs.)
Cows(Rs.25,000 per
cow)
28 7,00,000
Other Cost (construction
of structure)
1,00,000
Total 8,00,000
Variable Cost(per year)
Items Quantity Total Cost (in Rs.)
Feed@Rs.21/kg 6kg/day 12,87,720
Mineral Mixture
@Rs.170/kg
50g/per cow/daily 86,870
Care & Maintenance 28 cows + 14 calves 30,000
Labour@Rs300/day 5 5,40,000
Electricity 1000/month 12,000
Total 19,56,590
Total Cost= 19,56,590+8,00,000=Rs.27,56,590
Total income(per year)
Items Quantity Costs(in Rs.)
Milk@Rs.35/l 150L/day 16,01,205
Paneer@Rs.280/kg 20kg/day 17,08,000
Ghee@Rs.400/kg 7kg/month 33,000
Total 33,42,205
13. Benefit Cost Ratio
Year
Total Cost
(in Rs.)
Total
return
(in Rs.)
Discount
Factor
@12%
Present worth
of cost (in Rs.)
Present worth
of return
(in Rs.)
1 2756590 3342205 0.892 2458878.28 2981246.86
2 1956590 3342205 0.797 1559402.23 2663737.39
3 1956590 3342205 0.711 1391135.49 2376307.76
4 1956590 3342205 0.635 1242434.65 2122300.18
5 1956590 3342205 0.567 1109386.53 1895030.235
Total 7761237.18 12038622.40
B C Ratio =
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 (𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐬.)
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 (𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐬.)
=
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟎
𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟏𝟖
= 1.55
Factors affecting milk production
The amount of milk a cow produces depends largely on the environment it’s in. It’s
all about comfort: The more comfortable the cow, the more milk it will produce.
The less comfortable the cow, the less productive it is. Environmental factors
include:
1) Weather, climate and geography :
Temperate climates with milder seasons put less stress on cows than
climates with more extreme weather.. Heat and humidity are the factors
with largest impact. If night time temperatures cool, cows get a chance for
cover even in hot seasons. However, if they don’t have a chance to cool
down, they will eat less feed and produce less milk.
14. 2) Feed:
Weather and climate can also affect the abundance and quality of feed, which
translates to quantity and quality of milk produced. Feed prices and
availability can have a large impact on what farmers can use.
3) Accommodations:
When cows have comfortable places to rest, space to graze and farmers who
work to keep everything clean, they’re more productive.
4) Species :
Different cow breeds naturally produce different quantities (and qualities)
of milk.
5) Age:
Younger cows generally produce more milk than older ones. Farmers
constantly face the decision of letting a cow give milk versus when it’s
economically better to slaughter for beef and let a younger cow replace it.
6) Milking frequency :
Farmers are very precise about how frequently cows are milked. The
amount of milkings per day adds to labour and equipment costs. But waiting
too long between milkings means quantity and quality will suffer.
7) Health:
Sick cows produce less milk and poorer quality milk (which is discussed
below)than healthy ones.
8) Dry period:
How long a cow is allowed to be “dry” in between calvings impacts how
much milk it will give during lactation.
Target Customer
(a) Local market
(b) Hotel and restaurants
(c) Omfed
(d) Processing industries
(e) Temples
(f) Bakery industry
15. Marketing strategy
1) We have appointed some employee to sell our product in local market
common house hold and temples .
2) Retailer and wholesaler are their to supply milk to hotels and restaurants and
processing industries .
3) We have also our employee to directly supply milk to other locality .
16. FISHERY AND PEARL PRODUCTION UNIT
Pearl + Fishery Unit
• Size of pond : 1 acre
• Water level is maintained about 6 ft. for pearl farming
• In the same pond fish like Rohu, Meena has been cultured.
• The parameters of water quality should be checked in every 3 days, so also
mortality of the shells to avoid further damage (pH-7, TDS-125)
• If the quality set bad for amendment CaCO3 should be added, more easy
option water should be pumped for better oxygen supply.
Feed
For feeding mustard pidia + DAP 800g is mixed with non iodine containing salt
and after 15 days mineral mixture(Agromin) 150g is fed in rotation manner.
Harvesting
• Pearl harvesting should be done after 1 year.
• From one shell 2 pearls are harvested
• Fishes are also harvested after the pearls.
SWOT Analysis
(a) Strength
• Higher return per year
• High demand
• Export potential is high
(b) Weakness
• Rate of pearl mortality is nearly 40%
• Maintaining of water quality on regular basis is difficult
• Lack of marketing facility in local market
(c) Opportunities
• Growing demand for pearl
• Improved export potential
• Increase in farmers income by due high demand
17. (d) Threats
• Mortality rate high
• Improper pH of water
• Loss is high due to improper management
Financial Statement
Fixed Cost
Items Quantity Cost(Rs.)
Pond construction 1 40,000
Variable Cost (Per year)
Items Quantity Cost(Rs.)
Shell Rs. 40 each 3000 1,20,000
Labour for culture Rs 60
per shell &
miscellaneous
4 2,00,000
Fish spawn @ Rs.140/kg
(100g/spawn)
140Kg(350kg/acre) 19,600
Feed (Pearl+fish) 29,280
Mineral mixture
@Rs.110/kg
0.8kg/month 1,056
Total 3,40,965
Total Cost = Fixed cost+variable cost
= 40,000+3,40,965
= 3,80,965/-
18. Selling
1) For Pearl:-
3,000 shell after 40% mortality = 1200
No. of shell remaining= 1800
No. Of pearl = 1800x2=3600
Selling price of pearl= 3600x100=3,60,000
2) For fish(in 6 months)
Total no. Of fish =1400
After 10% mortality=1260
Per fish weigh=0.8kg
1260 fish weigh= 1260x0.8=1008kg
1kg fish = Rs.150
Total cost= 1008x150=Rs.1,51,000/-
Items Quantity Cost(in Rs.)
Shell (after 40%
mortality)
1800 (2pearl each) 3,60,000
Fish (after 10%
mortality)
1260 1,51,000
Total 5,11,000
Total Profit= 5,11,000-3,40,000=1,71,000
Benefit Cost Ratio=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
=
5,11,000
3,40,000
= 1.50
19. Market potential in Pearl
The potential for a pearl farming business has contributed to many of its
determinants and has opened a wide market for itself. Pearl farming is one the
best acquculture businesses.The increased disposable income, improving standard
of living, importance of social status in the society has contributed to the growing
demand of pearls today with the cultured pearls making it affordable
Licenses required
The licenses require to set up a pearl farming business would be:
• Certificate from the Central institute of Freshwater Acquaculture (CIFA)
• Permissions from the Fishermen’s Cooperative society
• PAN and Aadhar card details
• GST registration
• Land and lease agreements
Target consumers
The target existing and potential consumers of your pearl farming business are as
follows:
• Jewellery Industry
• High-end decorative stores
• High end interior stores
• Apparel industry
• Footwear industry
20. MARKET SEGMENT
Based on the fish type, the market has been segmented as inland fishes, marine
fishes, shrimps and scampi. Currently, inland fishes dominate the market, holding
the largest share. Based on the product type, the market has been segmented as
fresh, frozen, canned and others.
Element of marketing fish products
These are important components without which marketing of fish may not be
successful. Apart from processing, the major elements of marketing fish include
storage, sorting, grading, packaging, transportation and buying and selling.
1. Assemblage: This is the process by which a farmer or marketer gathers his
fish products from different sources together. In this case, the farmer or
buyer brings together all fish products to the same spot from different
sources that may or may not be of same species or products of fish.
2. Storage: This is the manner in which processed fish is kept and the
accommodation of such fish before sale. Dry fish products are better stored
in cool and dry environment. Fresh fish are kept in freezer to control the
temperature for the growth of spoilage organism in the fish. Large quantity
of fish is usually stored in very big freezer commonly known as “cold room”.
3. Sorting: This is the process of categorizing fish products into groups using
certain characteristics such as size, colour, specie, weight and so on.
4. Grading: This could be synonymous with fixing prices. It is the act of
allocating prices to the fish products especially sorted fish. The grading of
fish products is determined by the market demand and value.
5. Packaging: This is the process of putting and wrapping of fish products in a
certain materials or containers such as bag, cans, nylons, cartons and so on.
21. 6. Labeling: This is the act of attaching a piece of paper, fabric or plastic to a
bag, cans, nylons or cartons containing preserved fish to identify, describe or
give instructions about the content. The paper, fabric or plastic is known as
the label.
7. Storage: This is the act of keeping processed fish products especially dry fish
in a room or warehouse for sometime before supplying them for sale. It
involves the storage of fish products temporally before sales .
8. Transportation: This entails moving processed fish from farm or warehouse
to the middle men or consumers who may be at the farm gate or market.
Marketing channels of fish products
Marketing channels refer to means or outlet through which fish products pass from
the farmers to the final consumers. The marketing channels include:
1. Local market
2. Commission agents and brokers
3. Exporters
4. Vender
5. Retailer
6. Wholesaler
7. Fishermen cooperative society
Target Customer
1. Producers: These are farmers who supply fish products from either natural
or artificial ponds. They include those farmers who only harvest fish from the
natural waters such as stream, lagoon, river, ocean and sea and those who
supply fish from their artificially established ponds. The former group of
22. farmers is sometimes referred to as folk farmer but just like the early men
who are fruit gatherers and hunters, they are farmers. Their functions in the
channel are to harvest and supply fish products to buyers in the market.
Some of the fish farmers go to the extent of processing their products before
supplying them to the market. The problem of the producers is that they lack
processing, storage and transport facilities and may suffer increased loss of
fish especially in cultured fish.
2. Auctioneer: This is a person who offers goods such as fish products to buyers
for pricing and sells it to the highest bidder. The auctioneer is the first
intermediary in fish product marketing channel in most tropical countries.
The fisherman takes his catch to auctioneer, who auctions it to various
buyers/traders at the landing centre or along the road. The auctioneer
sometimes pays up front to the fisherman to secure the right to auction his
fish at any time of catch. Auctioneers, depending on the bargaining power of
the farmers, charge 5-10% of sales value as their commission from the
fishermen.
3. Fishermen cooperatives societies: These are group of fishermen who
combines or pool their resources together with the view of making profit
through marketing of fish products. Each of the members is qualified to
participate in the management of the society but the dividends are shared
according to the level of individual’s financial contribution. They buy fish
products in large quantity and make them available to the members and
other wholesalers or retailers for sale at reduced prices. They cushion the
effect of low capital, high cost of transportation services, inadequate storage
facilities and other market risks for the wholesalers and retailers as they
distribute fish to their members and sometimes on credit to be paid back by
instalment.
4. Wholesalers: These are group of agents who buy fish products in large
quantities from the producers (farmers) and sell it in small quantities to the
retailers or consumers. They buy fish in bulk from producers or auctioneers
and sell it to retailers or other traders. They also carry out value additions
23. such as processing, sorting, grading, cleaning, icing, packing, labelling,
transportation and storage of fish before sale.
5. Retailers: These agents buy fish products in large quantities from the
wholesalers or producers and sell it in small quantities directly to the
consumers, the end users. The retailers sell fish products directly to
consumers. They purchase fish products from the wholesalers based on the
level of local demand and their purchasing power. They carry out maximum
value addition such as grading, cleaning, icing, packaging, displaying and
dressing in line with the interest and demand of the consumers. The retailers
buy fish products mainly from the wholesaler, but in several cases, groups of
retailers participate in the auction process for buying fish products directly
from the auctioneer.
6. Vendors: These are mobile agents of fish marketing that sell fish directly at
the door steps of the consumers. They participate in auction directly in some
of the states in the tropics. This group of marketers saves consumers the
energy and cost of going to market to purchase fish but they may inflate the
price arbitrarily. They are forced to sell all the produce on a given day
because they don’t have the capacity to store or preserve the fish. The major
costs to vendors are on ice and transportation in addition to little capital
involvement.
24. SOCIO ECONOMIC BENEFIT
A. We are providing employment to the local people through the production
process and transportation and marketing .
B. We are ensuring timely availability and supply of products to the local market
with better quality .
C. We are buying raw materials frequently from the local people and local market
which ensure them a profitable production .
D. We are utilizing the used material for composting or other purpose to ensure
no pollutant is discarded to environment and efficient utilization of resources.
E. We are also targeting to expand our business to processing sector which will
create more job opportunity to the skilled Laboure .
F. We have created a supply chain management involving retailer, middle man,
exporter, distributors and market researcher for effective marketing. This
system ensures profitable return to everyone involved .