This presentation explains in detail the definition, pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, management, and prognosis of intestinal obstruction, ileus, and volvulus.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, or
long-lasting, disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the
inner lining of the large intestine, which includes the colon and the
rectum—the end part of the colon.
UC is one of the two main forms of chronic
inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, called inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD). The other form is called Crohn’s disease.
Normally, the large intestine absorbs water
from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid. In UC, the inflammation
causes loss of the lining of the colon, leading to bleeding, production of pus,
diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.
This presentation explains in detail the definition, pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, management, and prognosis of intestinal obstruction, ileus, and volvulus.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, or
long-lasting, disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the
inner lining of the large intestine, which includes the colon and the
rectum—the end part of the colon.
UC is one of the two main forms of chronic
inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, called inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD). The other form is called Crohn’s disease.
Normally, the large intestine absorbs water
from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid. In UC, the inflammation
causes loss of the lining of the colon, leading to bleeding, production of pus,
diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.
Ulcerative colitis explanation, management and therapyYuliaDjatiwardani2
A chronic, inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive tract.
Ulcerative colitis is usually only in the innermost lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Forms range from mild to severe. Having ulcerative colitis puts a patient at increased risk of developing colon cancer.
Symptoms include rectal bleeding, bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and pain.
Treatment includes medication and surgery.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. INTRODUCTION
• Crohn’s disease, chronic trans mural inflammatory disease
of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Although most commonly found in the terminal ileum,
may occur anywhere in the alimentary tract from the
mouth to the anus.
• It may be confined to the large bowel or there may be
involvement of both the small and large intestine.
3. It was called regional
ileitis because the disease
was first reported in the
terminal ileum.
4. Epidemiology
• ‘Crohn’s disease’ became
attached to a chronic
inflammatory disease of the
ileum by Burrill Crohn and
colleagues in 1932.
• Incidence in North America and
Northern Europe is 5 in 1L .
• Prevalence in UK 50 in 1L.
Women > Men
Caucasians ,
Jews > Asians,
Africans
Commonly
seen
(1st peak)
Young
patients
b/w the
ages of
25&40
years.
(2nd peak)
around the
age of 70
years.
5.
6. Aetiology
• The aetiology of Crohn’s
disease is exactly not known.
• But it is an complex interplay
of genetic & environmental
factors.
Infectious
agents
Immunologic
factors
Genetic
factors
Smoking
Race
7. • INFECTIOUS AGENTS:- No causative organism has ever
been demonstrated.
An intriguing similarity to Johne’s disease of cattle, a
chronic inflammatory enteropathy resulting from infection with
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, suggests that CD in man may
share a common aetiology.
• Immunologic factors:-Similar to UC, Focal ischemia due
to autoimmune reaction has also been considered.
8. • Genetic factors:-Mutations within the NOD2/CARD15
gene in chromosome 16q12 have recently been shown to be
associated with Crohn's disease.
• Race:- Relatively high incidence is found in Ashkenazi Jews
& Caucasians.
• Smoking:-It increases the risk of Crohn's disease threefold
unlike its protective effect against ulcerative colitis.
11. Defect in suppressor T cells
Granuloma formation with linear snake like ulcers
Cell-mediated inflammatory response
The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and TNF
Local and systemic inflammatory responses .
As in UC, it is thought to be an increased permeability of the
mucous membrane.
Increased passage of luminal antigens
15. Pain : can be mild or
severe in the abdomen,
joints, lower abdomen, or
rectum .
Gastrointestinal: bloating,
bowel obstruction,
diarrhoea, nausea,
Vomiting .
Whole body: fatigue,
fever, or loss of appetite.
20. INVESTIGATIONS
• Complete blood count (CBC): to rule out anaemia ( RBC),
infection ( platelet)
• C-reactive protein: looks for this protein, which is a sign of
inflammation.
• Iron and B12 levels: These can be low if your small
intestine isn’t absorbing nutrients like it should.
• Active inflammatory disease:- usually associated with In
albumin, magnesium, zinc and selenium.
21. Endoscopy
• Patchy inflammation.
• Inflamed mucosa that are
irregular and ulcerated,
with a mucopurulent
exudate.
• The earliest appearances are aphthous ulcers surrounded by
a rim of erythematous mucosa.
• These become larger and deeper with increasing severity of
disease.
• There may be structuring.
22.
23. Radiologic Tests
X-RAY:-
A barium X-ray where barium sulphate
suspension is ingested and fluoroscopic images
of the bowel are taken to check inflammation
and narrowing of the small bowel.
Identifying anatomical abnormalities when
strictures of the colon are too small for a
colonoscope to pass through, or in the
detection of colonic fistulae.
24.
25. Computerised Tomography:-
• CT is less sensitive than barium studies in detection of early
mucosal changes (i.e ulceration).
• CT is more sensitive than barium studies in detection of
extra luminal changes (mural or extra intestinal).
MRI :-
• MRI scanning for assessing complex perianal disease.
26. Treatment goals:-
• to reduce inflammation
• to relieve symptoms of pain, diarrhoea, and bleeding
• to eliminate nutritional deficiencies
MEDICAL TREATMENT:-
-Cessation of smoking
-Bed rest, protein and vitamin supplementations. Often
nasogastric tube nutrition is required.
Anti-inflammatory drugs:-Corticosteroids
(prednisone and budesonide) can help reduce inflammation &
induces remission of the disease in initial phase.
27. • Immunomodulatory agents (Azathioprine) - used for
maintenance therapy. It inhibits the cell mediated immunity.
• Monoclonal antibody (infliximab)- used in severe refractory
cases which act against TNF.
• Antibiotics (Metronidazole and ciprofloxacin)- useful in
controlling sepsis in fistula, colitis.
• Nutritional support:- Elemental diet or parenteral nutrition
can induce remission in up to 80 per cent of patients.
28. Indications for surgery
Surgical resection will not cure CD. Surgery therefore focuses on
the complications of the disease. These complications include:
• recurrent intestinal obstruction
• bleeding
• perforation
• failure of medical therapy
• intestinal fistula
• fulminant colitis
• malignant change
• perianal disease
29. • The main surgical principle is to preserve gut length and
maintain adequate function.
• Resection is not the aim of surgery but it may have to be
done in cases of obstruction, perforation, intra-abdominal
abscesses, internal fistulae, bleeding and malignancies.
30. • Laparoscopic surgery is possible for Ileocaecal or colonic resections.
• A great range of operations is performed for Crohn’s disease
depending on disease pattern – the most common are
Ileocaecal resection-most common type, removes the
terminal ileum and the caecum.
31. Colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis-surgical removal of
the colon & connecting terminal ileum to rectum.
32. Subtotal colectomy and ileocolonic anastomosis - resection
of part of the colon & damaged part of the ileum is removed and
the cut end are attached.
34. Temporary loop ileostomy- a loop of small intestine is pulled
out through a cut (incision) in abdomen. This section of intestine is
then opened up and stitched to the skin to form a stoma.
Proctocolectomy- surgical removal of the rectum and all or part
of the colon.