CRJ 201-PolicingPolicing in a democracy Introduction.docx

CRJ 201-Policing
Policing in a democracy
Introduction
Discuss how public safety is organized in the U.S.
Differentiate between Federal, State, and Local law
enforcement.
Describe some challenges to U.S. law enforcement agencies
Public Safety Organization
Extremely complex and expensive undertaking
U.S. approach to law enforcement is unique
Federalist Structure-no national police force.
Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local
governments (local control)
Public Safety Organization
There are approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies in
the U.S. today.
Main Points:
LE in the U.S. is diverse and fragmented
LE in the U.S. is predominantly local
Many employment opportunities at different levels

Federal Law Enforcement
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
U.S. Marshals Service
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Firearms (ATF)
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
Customs and Border Protection
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Secret Service
TSA
FEMA
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network

Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Fish and Wildlife
U.S. Park Police
Bureau of Indian Affairs
State Law Enforcement
50 States-Each State decides how to operate their law
enforcement apparatus
Some are centralized, others are decentralized.
Lets look at New York State
New York State Law Enforcement
NYS Police (Troopers)
NYS Park Police
NYS Department of Environmental Conservation

Local Law Enforcement
County Sheriff
County Police
City Police
Town Police
Village Police
Local Police
COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT
Patrolled by a sheriff’s department
Duties of a county sheriff’s office vary
In larger counties there is often a county police department (e.g.
Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, etc.)
Issues Affecting Police
Diversity
Resources-most police departments in the U.S. are very small
Budgets
Drug Interdiction
Lack of back-up for small jurisdictions
Anti-Terrorism
Immigration enforcement
Accountability
Training
Recruitment

Responding to emotionally disturbed individuals
International Policing
Interpol
International Criminal Police Organization
Worldwide organization established for the development of
cooperation among nations regarding common police problems
Police officials of any member country may initiate a request
for assistance on a case that extends beyond their country’s
jurisdiction.
Next
Police Management and Organization
Chapters 5 & 6
Assignment 2: Poverty and Food Security
The members of the United Nations appreciated the content you
provided on population growth. Now they are asking you to
expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it
relates to population growth and poverty. Read the Case Study
and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
(For a brief list of resources for this assignment, please see the
end of the course guide.)
Overview
We can view global food security as the effort to build food
systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by
improving food quality and promoting nutritional agriculture.[1]
That said, there are certain practices that can advance this

project:
1. Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
2. Investing in country-specific recovery plans
3. Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the
UN and the World Bank
4. Developed countries making sustained financial commitments
to the success of the project
We must bear in mind that more than three billion people,
nearly one-half of the global population, subsist on as little as
$2.50 a day and that nearly 1.5 billion are living in extreme
poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health
Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies,
about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the
world every day, for a total of about seven million people a
year.
In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the
United States) do not have access to clean drinking water,
meaning that some one million people die every year from
diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The population of Earth is expected to grow from 7 billion in
2010 to 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by
the end of the 21st century.[2] If the demand for food is
predicted to grow by 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real
problem is not necessarily growing that much food. Rather, it is
making that amount available to people.
Moreover, foodborne illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600
million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These
affect mainly children, but also negatively impact the livelihood
of farmers, vendors, trade associations and, ultimately, the
Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These
issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and
fiscal costs on countries Addressing them allows governments
to devote more resources to making desperately needed
improvements in infrastructure that raise the quality of life for
everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available.

Policies that focus exclusively on food production can
exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for
quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the systemic internal conditions creating
it inside a country are the unmistakable driving factors behind
keeping adequate food resources from reaching people. It is
only one factor of several, however. Others include the
following:
Inadequate Food Distribution: The reality is that there is more
than enough food in the world to feed its people. The primary
cause of famines is not poor weather conditions as much as it is
getting the needed amount of food to the people who need it
most. Quite often causes result from political instability and
poor infrastructure, often involving a country’s port facilities,
transportation availability and quality of road networks.
Paradoxically, although the population is going to increase in
the coming decades, the amount of food potentially available
will increase along with it. This is due mostly to advances in
bio agricultural engineering and increased seed immunity to
molds.
Writing in the late 18th century, Thomas Malthus warned that
global population would exceed the capacity of Earth to grow
food, in that while population would grow exponentially, food
production would grow only arithmetically. Although this
theory has been proven invalid, the unfortunate result of its
propagation has been for some governments to rationalize
political choices that avoid helping the poverty-ridden and
starving.
Political-Agricultural Practices: The widespread use of
microbiological, chemical, and other forms of pesticides in food
continues to be a serious issue throughout the global food chain.
Widespread use of fertilizers also causes illness in millions of
people every year, not only from the food itself, but from run-
off into streams and rivers, contaminating entire water supplies.
The human, social, and economic costs of such practices impede

improvements being made not only in the raising of crops, but
in their distribution. Added to this, the rising demand in
developed countries for biofuels, currently refined mostly from
corn and soy beans, reduces the amount of arable land devoted
to producing food.
The failure of many farmers in the developing world to rotate
their crops harms the replenishing of nutrients necessary to
continue growing crops. In addition, the repeated use of
agricultural land without allowing it to lie fallow in order to
replenish needed soil nutrients thereby increasing fertility and
maximizing crop yield results in reduced agricultural output and
insufficient crop yields.
Economic Issues: The fact is, government policies that focus on
growing cash crops, for example, are designed solely to export
them to earn foreign exchange. This may be fine for the
government in its efforts to earn money, but the result is that
farmers end up growing for foreign markets and not domestic
ones. This leads to shortages of necessary staples.
Consequently, the poorest of the population are frozen out of
the local markets because they cannot afford the food that
remains to be sold.[3]
Civil Strife: Civil war can interrupt the flow of food from
gathering depots, such as ports, to distribution centers where it
can be handed out to people. During the 1990s, Somalia was
particularly hard hit by their civil war, as clans fought for
control of the main port at Mogadishu. This affected the flow of
food to the rest of the population. In this case, as with many
civil wars, whoever controls the supply of food controls the
country. In failed and failing states like Zimbabwe, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Haiti, South Sudan, Yemen, and Libya, food
very often is another weapon used by one segment of the
population against another.
II. Case Assessment
The issue is not the lack of food in the world, but the access to
food. Simply put, food is not getting to where it needs to be in
time. In developing countries, the food shortage is due to

governmental control over food. These governments maintain
their control and preference for certain groups by limiting
access of nutritious food to certain other groups. The result is
the weaponizing of food.
In this second part of your whitepaper, research the impact of
poverty on global food security and the technology available
potentially to remedy this situation. Write a minimum of four
pages assessing the impact, citing at least five credible sources
in your research. Refer specifically to the role these issues have
had in the developing country of your choice. In this
assessment, please include:
· A cover page with your name, title of the course, date, and the
name of your instructor
· A one-half page introduction
· A middle section that is numbered and divided into three one-
page sections. Each of these sections should answer one of the
following questions:
1.
1. What is food insecurity and what role does population growth
play in it?
2. What factors specifically interrupt the flow of food from the
source to the people in the developing country you selected?
3. What forms of technology can be used to reduce hunger and
improve food security? Explain how these technical solutions
can do that.
· A one-half page conclusion
· Cite at least five credible sources excluding Wikipedia,
dictionaries, and encyclopedias for your assessment.
· For a brief list of resources for this assignment, please see the
end of the course guide.
This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards
(SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University
courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS
documentation for details. (Note: You will be prompted to enter
your Blackboard login credentials to view these standards.)
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this

assignment are:
· Propose a plan to address the issue of global food security in
underdeveloped countries that considers the impact of prior
solutions.

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