Responding to the Global Food Crisis:
Three Perspectives
global
food
E S S A Y S
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right Track • Joachim von Braun
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities • Josette Sheeran
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa • Namanga Ngongi
pricesprices
The dramatic rise and volatility of food prices over the last year have shaken the global food system. Governments and the international development
community generally have responded to various
aspects of the food crisis, but questions remain about
whether the right actions are being pursued, how best
to respond, and what the future holds.
The three essays here by Namanga Ngongi, president
of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa,
Josette Sheeran, executive director of the World Food
Programme, and Joachim von Braun, director general
of the International Food Policy Research Institute,
respond to these critical questions. They point to the
dangers and pitfalls of misguided policies, but also to
the very real opportunities for responding in a way
that prevents future crises and assures food security
now and in the long term.
1
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right Track
How effective will these responses be in
actually ameliorating the food and agriculture
crisis? Are they likely to move the world closer
to or farther from a resilient and sustainable
food system that can supply the food needs
of all people? After all, the point is not just to
do something, but to do the right thing. So far,
however, although some sound actions have
been taken in response to high food prices to
mitigate the crisis, many others appear likely
to exacerbate it and further distort the fair
and efficient functioning of the food system.
But crises can also offer opportuni-
ties by causing a rethinking of basic issues
and assumptions. There is no doubt that the
crisis in food and agriculture poses tremen-
dous risks and hardships for poor people. At
the same time, it also has the potential to
stimulate changes that will improve the func-
tioning of the global food system for years to
come, although it is important to be aware of
the potential cynicism of seeing “opportuni-
ties” in crises that hurt many. Careful policy
action can alleviate the current crisis while
also reducing the chances of another such
crisis in the future and in fact helping reduce
poverty and hunger overall.
Agriculture trAnsformed
by new forces
Over the past century, the world has seen
only three major spikes in food prices: one
occurred after World War II, the second took
place in the 1970s, and the third is underway
now. Otherwise, international food prices have
generally followed a slow decline since the
1870s. At the same time huge fluctuations
have occurred at country and regional levels,
especially in Africa.
Now, the world’s farmers are operating
in a context where new forces ar ...
The document discusses the global food crisis that affects nearly 1 billion people. It argues that lasting solutions require investment in agriculture, fair trade policies, redistribution of resources, and action on climate change. However, hungry people need immediate assistance. Governments and aid agencies must provide emergency aid and long-term support to vulnerable populations to protect them from shocks like drought and market volatility. They must also implement comprehensive policies to ensure access to food and social protection, especially for those in extreme poverty.
The document summarizes a presentation about food subsidies in Egypt given the current challenges of high food prices, currency devaluation, and inflation. It discusses:
1) Current food price trends in Egypt and globally, with domestic food inflation over 50% recently.
2) The crucial role subsidies play during food crises in stabilizing prices, protecting vulnerable populations, reducing poverty, and improving health when targeted effectively.
3) Egypt's Takaful and Karama social protection program which provides assistance to over 5 million households, with recent benefit increases, as well as food ration cards and other measures in response to the economic situation.
Summary of recommendations on rural agriculture development in moldova nov10 08ARMEN MEHRABYAN
The document discusses the global food crisis and its impact on Moldova. It recommends immediate actions to support rural agriculture development, including (1) increasing investments to support sustained agricultural growth, and (2) regulating commodity markets and speculation while building shared public grain stocks to stabilize prices. Long-term recommendations focus on supporting smallholder farming, agroecology, and food sovereignty.
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages EssayWhitepaper on Food SecurityThekarinorchard1
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages Essay
Whitepaper on Food Security
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I.
Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
Investing in country-specific recovery plans
Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are discussed next.
Inadequate Foo ...
Global food security aims to ensure everyone has access to nutritious food every day. However, poverty and population growth pose challenges. Over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day and nearly 1.5 billion live on less than $1.25, while 20,000 people starve daily. The global population is expected to grow from 7 billion in 2010 to over 11 billion by 2100. Meeting the predicted 50% increase in food demand by 2030 and 70% by 2050 requires making food accessible to all. Foodborne illnesses also negatively impact public health and economies. Addressing these issues can help governments invest in infrastructure to improve lives.
One of the most controversial aspects of our food system is the role of genetically engineered crop varieties. While proponents argue GE crops can increase yields to feed a growing population, critics warn that reliance on this single technological solution cannot address the root causes of global hunger. The problems with our food system lie deeper than issues of production, as evidenced by the paradox of food waste amidst hunger even in countries like the US where GE crops are most widely used. True solutions require addressing inefficiencies and inequalities across the entire food system through sustainable, locally-adapted policies and behaviors rather than promises of any single "golden ticket."
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityDue Week 7 and worth 11.docxursabrooks36447
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I. Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
1. Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
2. Investing in country-specific recovery plans
3. Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
4. Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are.
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityThe members of the Unit.docxursabrooks36447
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I. Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
1. Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
2. Investing in country-specific recovery plans
3. Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
4. Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are discussed next.
Inadequate Food.
The document discusses the global food crisis that affects nearly 1 billion people. It argues that lasting solutions require investment in agriculture, fair trade policies, redistribution of resources, and action on climate change. However, hungry people need immediate assistance. Governments and aid agencies must provide emergency aid and long-term support to vulnerable populations to protect them from shocks like drought and market volatility. They must also implement comprehensive policies to ensure access to food and social protection, especially for those in extreme poverty.
The document summarizes a presentation about food subsidies in Egypt given the current challenges of high food prices, currency devaluation, and inflation. It discusses:
1) Current food price trends in Egypt and globally, with domestic food inflation over 50% recently.
2) The crucial role subsidies play during food crises in stabilizing prices, protecting vulnerable populations, reducing poverty, and improving health when targeted effectively.
3) Egypt's Takaful and Karama social protection program which provides assistance to over 5 million households, with recent benefit increases, as well as food ration cards and other measures in response to the economic situation.
Summary of recommendations on rural agriculture development in moldova nov10 08ARMEN MEHRABYAN
The document discusses the global food crisis and its impact on Moldova. It recommends immediate actions to support rural agriculture development, including (1) increasing investments to support sustained agricultural growth, and (2) regulating commodity markets and speculation while building shared public grain stocks to stabilize prices. Long-term recommendations focus on supporting smallholder farming, agroecology, and food sovereignty.
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages EssayWhitepaper on Food SecurityThekarinorchard1
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages Essay
Whitepaper on Food Security
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I.
Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
Investing in country-specific recovery plans
Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are discussed next.
Inadequate Foo ...
Global food security aims to ensure everyone has access to nutritious food every day. However, poverty and population growth pose challenges. Over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day and nearly 1.5 billion live on less than $1.25, while 20,000 people starve daily. The global population is expected to grow from 7 billion in 2010 to over 11 billion by 2100. Meeting the predicted 50% increase in food demand by 2030 and 70% by 2050 requires making food accessible to all. Foodborne illnesses also negatively impact public health and economies. Addressing these issues can help governments invest in infrastructure to improve lives.
One of the most controversial aspects of our food system is the role of genetically engineered crop varieties. While proponents argue GE crops can increase yields to feed a growing population, critics warn that reliance on this single technological solution cannot address the root causes of global hunger. The problems with our food system lie deeper than issues of production, as evidenced by the paradox of food waste amidst hunger even in countries like the US where GE crops are most widely used. True solutions require addressing inefficiencies and inequalities across the entire food system through sustainable, locally-adapted policies and behaviors rather than promises of any single "golden ticket."
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityDue Week 7 and worth 11.docxursabrooks36447
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I. Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
1. Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
2. Investing in country-specific recovery plans
3. Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
4. Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are.
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityThe members of the Unit.docxursabrooks36447
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I. Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
1. Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
2. Investing in country-specific recovery plans
3. Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
4. Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are discussed next.
Inadequate Food.
GLOBAL HUNGER: Food Insecurity in an Age of AffluenceDaniel Drache
Global hunger persists despite record crop yields and globalized food systems. Several key factors contribute to this, including rising food and oil prices, diversion of crops to biofuels, and commodity speculation. Alternative approaches like food sovereignty promote small-scale sustainable agriculture and food as a human right. While humanitarian aid is essential, long term solutions require policy reform, addressing land grabs, and grassroots food justice movements in both the global North and South.
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityDue Week 7 and wort.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I.
Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
Investing in country-specific recovery plans
Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but i.
The document discusses global and South African issues related to food security and agriculture. Globally, food prices have risen significantly in recent years, pushing more people into hunger. Key challenges to ensuring global food security include poverty, conflicts, climate change, and the increasing use of food crops for biofuels. In South Africa, while the country produces enough food overall, many people still lack reliable access to adequate nutrition. High unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and historical inequalities continue to undermine food security. Government policies aim to address these challenges and transform the agricultural sector, but more support is needed, particularly for small-scale and women farmers through improved access to resources and markets.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
The Global Nutrition Report's emphasis on nutritional well-being for all, particularly the most vulnerable, has a heightened significance in the face of this new global threat. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent.
Role of Agriculture Techniques in Eradication of World Hunger And Achieving F...Naveen Bind
The document discusses the role of advanced agricultural techniques in eradicating world hunger and achieving food security. It notes that three quarters of the world's hungry population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture. Increasing agricultural productivity in poor countries, through techniques like conservation agriculture, is critical to reducing hunger by boosting food supply and farmer incomes. However, aid alone is not enough - trade reforms and domestic policy reforms are also needed. The document outlines several challenges to achieving food security, including climate change, lack of access in remote areas, and conflicts, as well as India's specific food security concerns like high levels of malnutrition and undernutrition.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
The document discusses the challenges facing the agriculture industry and the potential for technology to address these challenges. The key challenges are rising population increasing food demand, stressed natural resources, climate change reducing productivity, and food waste. New technologies like precision agriculture, robotics, and vertical farming have the potential to produce food more efficiently and sustainably. Governments will need to play a role in facilitating innovation through targeted programs and public-private partnerships.
Shaping Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition: Im...ExternalEvents
This document discusses the need to transform food systems globally in order to address malnutrition. It notes that malnutrition is rising worldwide and affecting over 30% of people. If no changes are made, malnutrition could affect 50% of the global population by 2035. While the ICN2 framework provides a starting point, bolder actions are needed to fully implement evidence-based nutrition interventions, redirect agricultural subsidies toward nutritious foods, refocus agriculture research, and incentivize industry and consumers toward healthier options. Metrics and data on global diet quality also need improvement to guide policies and ensure accountability.
Former Senator Richard G. Lugar's remarks for the 2009 BASIS Conference on "Escaping Poverty Traps: Connecting the Chronically Poor to the Economic Growth Agenda."
Deadly diets geographical reflections on the global food.docxpoulterbarbara
Deadly diets: geographical reflections on the global food system
Author(s): E. M. Young
Source: Geography, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 60-69
Published by: Geographical Association
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Geography Vol 95 Part 2 Summer 2010 @ Geography 2010
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
E.M. Young
ABSTRACT: This article considers the contemporary
food system and suggests that it is deadly in several
respects. The most blatant failure of the current
system is that it fails to feed approximately one
billion people adequately each year yet manages to
overfeed approximately 800 million people
worldwide. This binare contradiction, or 'Our Big Fat
Contradiction' (Patel, 2007, p. 1), is detailed at the
outset The system also fails to protect the
environment upon which we all depend for
sustainable food production; the second deadly
drawback the article considers. The final deadly
trend lies at the production and distribution end of
the food chain. Here power is being concentrated,
poor people are being marginalised and choice is
being eroded.
A?er detailing the most glaring problems the article
examines how the food system is organised, and
what ideologies and structures help sustain and
promote its diffusion across the globe. The core
question is, given its multiple failings, why is the
contemporary system of food production not
challenged more successfully and changed? The
answer points to the powerful vested interests that
profit from its operations, a few of which are also
considered. The article concludes that the system is
ethically suspect and unsustainable, and closes with
an evaluation of the efforts made by various
individuals and communities to implement a more
enlightened food system.
Introduction
and perhaps worst of all, our food is increasingly
bad for us, even dangerous' (Walsh, 2009, p. 1).
In August 2009, Time magazine, not noted for
its radical politics or environmentalism, ran a
cover story about the problems associated with
the global food system. In recent years, popular
and academic boo.
Deadly diets geographical reflections on the global food.docxgertrudebellgrove
Deadly diets: geographical reflections on the global food system
Author(s): E. M. Young
Source: Geography, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 60-69
Published by: Geographical Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20789350
Accessed: 07-05-2020 19:54 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geographical Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to Geography
This content downloaded from 132.174.254.116 on Thu, 07 May 2020 19:54:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geography Vol 95 Part 2 Summer 2010 @ Geography 2010
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
E.M. Young
ABSTRACT: This article considers the contemporary
food system and suggests that it is deadly in several
respects. The most blatant failure of the current
system is that it fails to feed approximately one
billion people adequately each year yet manages to
overfeed approximately 800 million people
worldwide. This binare contradiction, or 'Our Big Fat
Contradiction' (Patel, 2007, p. 1), is detailed at the
outset The system also fails to protect the
environment upon which we all depend for
sustainable food production; the second deadly
drawback the article considers. The final deadly
trend lies at the production and distribution end of
the food chain. Here power is being concentrated,
poor people are being marginalised and choice is
being eroded.
A?er detailing the most glaring problems the article
examines how the food system is organised, and
what ideologies and structures help sustain and
promote its diffusion across the globe. The core
question is, given its multiple failings, why is the
contemporary system of food production not
challenged more successfully and changed? The
answer points to the powerful vested interests that
profit from its operations, a few of which are also
considered. The article concludes that the system is
ethically suspect and unsustainable, and closes with
an evaluation of the efforts made by various
individuals and communities to implement a more
enlightened food system.
Introduction
and perhaps worst of all, our food is increasingly
bad for us, even dangerous' (Walsh, 2009, p. 1).
In August 2009, Time magazine, not noted for
its radical politics or environmentalism, ran a
cover story about the problems associated with
the global food system. In recent years, popular
and academic boo.
A WFP and ODI joint report showing food security risks in the Middle East and North Africa from climate change, as well as other vulnerability interactions, e.g. with population growth, urbanisation, and conflict.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
To support governments as they develop national food and nutrition plans and targets, we have produced a new policy brief in collaboration with NCD Alliance.
TOWARDS THE FUTURE WE WANT: End hunger and make the transition to sustainabl...Dr Lendy Spires
This document from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization discusses the need to transition food and agricultural systems towards sustainability. It makes three main points: 1) Ending hunger is essential to achieving sustainable development. 2) Food consumption and production must be more efficient. 3) Governance of food/agriculture must change and transition costs/benefits shared equitably. National governments should establish resource rights, incentivize sustainable practices, promote fair markets, reduce risks to vulnerable groups, and invest in innovation/infrastructure. The FAO calls on countries to commit to accelerating hunger reduction, using guidelines on food security and tenure rights, and supporting sustainable agricultural development.
This document from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization discusses the need to transition food and agricultural systems towards sustainability. It makes three main points:
1. Ending hunger and malnutrition is essential to achieving sustainable development. Fair access to resources, employment, income and social protection programs are needed.
2. Both food consumption and production must be more sustainable and use fewer resources. This requires encouraging sustainable consumption, reducing food waste, adopting climate-smart agriculture, and sustainably intensifying production.
3. Fundamental changes are needed in governance and sharing costs/benefits equitably during the transition to sustainability. National policies should establish resource rights, incentivize sustainable practices, promote fair markets, increase resilience, and invest
Sustainable Development with respect to Population GrowthIrfan Ansari
The document discusses sustainable development with respect to population growth. It notes that meeting future needs depends on balancing social, economic, and environmental factors. Population growth impacts food supply, water availability, climate change, and biodiversity as population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically. To promote sustainable development, efforts are needed to slow population growth through improved access to family planning and reproductive health services. This would allow countries to invest in their economies and citizens' living standards while reducing environmental pressures from resource use and consumption. The conclusion stresses that sustainable development requires managing population growth along with other factors like resource conservation and cleaner technologies.
Addressing Chronic Food Insecurity in the Horn of AfricaFrederic Mousseau
This document summarizes a report on addressing chronic food insecurity in the Horn of Africa. It finds that while promising new approaches have been tried, limitations remain. The Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has helped many, but questions remain around its sustainability and ability to promote graduation from food insecurity. Disaster risk reduction efforts by donors and governments are fragmented and not well integrated with humanitarian responses. Food aid reform is also needed to allow more appropriate and cost-effective responses, such as local procurement and cash transfers. Overall, while innovations show potential, a lack of coordination, commitment and follow-through remains an obstacle to fully addressing the region's food insecurity challenges.
This document summarizes a presentation on food security and nutrition in the southern Mediterranean region. It provides an overview of the food security situation, highlighting structural issues like food deficits, high unemployment, and declining natural resources. It also examines case studies from the occupied Palestinian territory, Egypt, and Tunisia to illustrate household-level food insecurity challenges. The summary concludes that poverty is a core challenge, unemployment is high, and social protection programs will be increasingly important for resilience in the vulnerable context. It also identifies policy options like natural resource management and reforming social safety nets.
Ethical Case Study 2Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent li.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study 2
Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent living community. While walking through a hallway, she noticed the door of a resident’s apartment was left open, which was unusual. She stepped in to check on Louis, and quickly realized that he was on the phone in his living room. As she turned to leave, she over heard him saying that he had stopped taking all of his medications because he was ready to die. She could tell that the person that he was speaking with was trying to reason with him. Gloria knows that Louis has a very loving and involved daughter that visits him every Saturday. She left the room determined that she would tell his daughter what she heard when she saw her on Saturday.
You have to answer all the questions below
What issues are facing Gloria? Discuss the possible ethical principles at play and your recommendation to Gloria.
Hint: Confidentiality, Beneficence, Self-determination
.
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especial.docxdebishakespeare
The document discusses the importance of considering a patient's ethnic and cultural background when providing nursing care, especially for patients with type 2 diabetes. It describes a Hispanic patient who was hospitalized for complications of type 2 diabetes and a chronic foot ulcer. His cultural beliefs about diabetes and fatalism impacted his self-management. The nurse considered his ethnicity and ensured culturally competent care by understanding his perspectives on diabetes causation and remedies.
More Related Content
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GLOBAL HUNGER: Food Insecurity in an Age of AffluenceDaniel Drache
Global hunger persists despite record crop yields and globalized food systems. Several key factors contribute to this, including rising food and oil prices, diversion of crops to biofuels, and commodity speculation. Alternative approaches like food sovereignty promote small-scale sustainable agriculture and food as a human right. While humanitarian aid is essential, long term solutions require policy reform, addressing land grabs, and grassroots food justice movements in both the global North and South.
Assignment 2 Whitepaper on Food SecurityDue Week 7 and wort.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Whitepaper on Food Security
Due Week 7 and worth 110 points
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I.
Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
Investing in country-specific recovery plans
Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but i.
The document discusses global and South African issues related to food security and agriculture. Globally, food prices have risen significantly in recent years, pushing more people into hunger. Key challenges to ensuring global food security include poverty, conflicts, climate change, and the increasing use of food crops for biofuels. In South Africa, while the country produces enough food overall, many people still lack reliable access to adequate nutrition. High unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and historical inequalities continue to undermine food security. Government policies aim to address these challenges and transform the agricultural sector, but more support is needed, particularly for small-scale and women farmers through improved access to resources and markets.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
The Global Nutrition Report's emphasis on nutritional well-being for all, particularly the most vulnerable, has a heightened significance in the face of this new global threat. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent.
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The document discusses the role of advanced agricultural techniques in eradicating world hunger and achieving food security. It notes that three quarters of the world's hungry population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture. Increasing agricultural productivity in poor countries, through techniques like conservation agriculture, is critical to reducing hunger by boosting food supply and farmer incomes. However, aid alone is not enough - trade reforms and domestic policy reforms are also needed. The document outlines several challenges to achieving food security, including climate change, lack of access in remote areas, and conflicts, as well as India's specific food security concerns like high levels of malnutrition and undernutrition.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
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This document discusses the need to transform food systems globally in order to address malnutrition. It notes that malnutrition is rising worldwide and affecting over 30% of people. If no changes are made, malnutrition could affect 50% of the global population by 2035. While the ICN2 framework provides a starting point, bolder actions are needed to fully implement evidence-based nutrition interventions, redirect agricultural subsidies toward nutritious foods, refocus agriculture research, and incentivize industry and consumers toward healthier options. Metrics and data on global diet quality also need improvement to guide policies and ensure accountability.
Former Senator Richard G. Lugar's remarks for the 2009 BASIS Conference on "Escaping Poverty Traps: Connecting the Chronically Poor to the Economic Growth Agenda."
Deadly diets geographical reflections on the global food.docxpoulterbarbara
Deadly diets: geographical reflections on the global food system
Author(s): E. M. Young
Source: Geography, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 60-69
Published by: Geographical Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20789350
Accessed: 07-05-2020 19:54 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geographical Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to Geography
This content downloaded from 132.174.254.116 on Thu, 07 May 2020 19:54:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geography Vol 95 Part 2 Summer 2010 @ Geography 2010
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
E.M. Young
ABSTRACT: This article considers the contemporary
food system and suggests that it is deadly in several
respects. The most blatant failure of the current
system is that it fails to feed approximately one
billion people adequately each year yet manages to
overfeed approximately 800 million people
worldwide. This binare contradiction, or 'Our Big Fat
Contradiction' (Patel, 2007, p. 1), is detailed at the
outset The system also fails to protect the
environment upon which we all depend for
sustainable food production; the second deadly
drawback the article considers. The final deadly
trend lies at the production and distribution end of
the food chain. Here power is being concentrated,
poor people are being marginalised and choice is
being eroded.
A?er detailing the most glaring problems the article
examines how the food system is organised, and
what ideologies and structures help sustain and
promote its diffusion across the globe. The core
question is, given its multiple failings, why is the
contemporary system of food production not
challenged more successfully and changed? The
answer points to the powerful vested interests that
profit from its operations, a few of which are also
considered. The article concludes that the system is
ethically suspect and unsustainable, and closes with
an evaluation of the efforts made by various
individuals and communities to implement a more
enlightened food system.
Introduction
and perhaps worst of all, our food is increasingly
bad for us, even dangerous' (Walsh, 2009, p. 1).
In August 2009, Time magazine, not noted for
its radical politics or environmentalism, ran a
cover story about the problems associated with
the global food system. In recent years, popular
and academic boo.
Deadly diets geographical reflections on the global food.docxgertrudebellgrove
Deadly diets: geographical reflections on the global food system
Author(s): E. M. Young
Source: Geography, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 60-69
Published by: Geographical Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20789350
Accessed: 07-05-2020 19:54 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geographical Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to Geography
This content downloaded from 132.174.254.116 on Thu, 07 May 2020 19:54:45 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Geography Vol 95 Part 2 Summer 2010 @ Geography 2010
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
Deadly diets:
geographical
reflections on
the global food
system
E.M. Young
ABSTRACT: This article considers the contemporary
food system and suggests that it is deadly in several
respects. The most blatant failure of the current
system is that it fails to feed approximately one
billion people adequately each year yet manages to
overfeed approximately 800 million people
worldwide. This binare contradiction, or 'Our Big Fat
Contradiction' (Patel, 2007, p. 1), is detailed at the
outset The system also fails to protect the
environment upon which we all depend for
sustainable food production; the second deadly
drawback the article considers. The final deadly
trend lies at the production and distribution end of
the food chain. Here power is being concentrated,
poor people are being marginalised and choice is
being eroded.
A?er detailing the most glaring problems the article
examines how the food system is organised, and
what ideologies and structures help sustain and
promote its diffusion across the globe. The core
question is, given its multiple failings, why is the
contemporary system of food production not
challenged more successfully and changed? The
answer points to the powerful vested interests that
profit from its operations, a few of which are also
considered. The article concludes that the system is
ethically suspect and unsustainable, and closes with
an evaluation of the efforts made by various
individuals and communities to implement a more
enlightened food system.
Introduction
and perhaps worst of all, our food is increasingly
bad for us, even dangerous' (Walsh, 2009, p. 1).
In August 2009, Time magazine, not noted for
its radical politics or environmentalism, ran a
cover story about the problems associated with
the global food system. In recent years, popular
and academic boo.
A WFP and ODI joint report showing food security risks in the Middle East and North Africa from climate change, as well as other vulnerability interactions, e.g. with population growth, urbanisation, and conflict.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
To support governments as they develop national food and nutrition plans and targets, we have produced a new policy brief in collaboration with NCD Alliance.
TOWARDS THE FUTURE WE WANT: End hunger and make the transition to sustainabl...Dr Lendy Spires
This document from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization discusses the need to transition food and agricultural systems towards sustainability. It makes three main points: 1) Ending hunger is essential to achieving sustainable development. 2) Food consumption and production must be more efficient. 3) Governance of food/agriculture must change and transition costs/benefits shared equitably. National governments should establish resource rights, incentivize sustainable practices, promote fair markets, reduce risks to vulnerable groups, and invest in innovation/infrastructure. The FAO calls on countries to commit to accelerating hunger reduction, using guidelines on food security and tenure rights, and supporting sustainable agricultural development.
This document from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization discusses the need to transition food and agricultural systems towards sustainability. It makes three main points:
1. Ending hunger and malnutrition is essential to achieving sustainable development. Fair access to resources, employment, income and social protection programs are needed.
2. Both food consumption and production must be more sustainable and use fewer resources. This requires encouraging sustainable consumption, reducing food waste, adopting climate-smart agriculture, and sustainably intensifying production.
3. Fundamental changes are needed in governance and sharing costs/benefits equitably during the transition to sustainability. National policies should establish resource rights, incentivize sustainable practices, promote fair markets, increase resilience, and invest
Sustainable Development with respect to Population GrowthIrfan Ansari
The document discusses sustainable development with respect to population growth. It notes that meeting future needs depends on balancing social, economic, and environmental factors. Population growth impacts food supply, water availability, climate change, and biodiversity as population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically. To promote sustainable development, efforts are needed to slow population growth through improved access to family planning and reproductive health services. This would allow countries to invest in their economies and citizens' living standards while reducing environmental pressures from resource use and consumption. The conclusion stresses that sustainable development requires managing population growth along with other factors like resource conservation and cleaner technologies.
Addressing Chronic Food Insecurity in the Horn of AfricaFrederic Mousseau
This document summarizes a report on addressing chronic food insecurity in the Horn of Africa. It finds that while promising new approaches have been tried, limitations remain. The Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has helped many, but questions remain around its sustainability and ability to promote graduation from food insecurity. Disaster risk reduction efforts by donors and governments are fragmented and not well integrated with humanitarian responses. Food aid reform is also needed to allow more appropriate and cost-effective responses, such as local procurement and cash transfers. Overall, while innovations show potential, a lack of coordination, commitment and follow-through remains an obstacle to fully addressing the region's food insecurity challenges.
This document summarizes a presentation on food security and nutrition in the southern Mediterranean region. It provides an overview of the food security situation, highlighting structural issues like food deficits, high unemployment, and declining natural resources. It also examines case studies from the occupied Palestinian territory, Egypt, and Tunisia to illustrate household-level food insecurity challenges. The summary concludes that poverty is a core challenge, unemployment is high, and social protection programs will be increasingly important for resilience in the vulnerable context. It also identifies policy options like natural resource management and reforming social safety nets.
Similar to Responding to the Global Food Crisis Three Perspectives .docx (20)
Ethical Case Study 2Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent li.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study 2
Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent living community. While walking through a hallway, she noticed the door of a resident’s apartment was left open, which was unusual. She stepped in to check on Louis, and quickly realized that he was on the phone in his living room. As she turned to leave, she over heard him saying that he had stopped taking all of his medications because he was ready to die. She could tell that the person that he was speaking with was trying to reason with him. Gloria knows that Louis has a very loving and involved daughter that visits him every Saturday. She left the room determined that she would tell his daughter what she heard when she saw her on Saturday.
You have to answer all the questions below
What issues are facing Gloria? Discuss the possible ethical principles at play and your recommendation to Gloria.
Hint: Confidentiality, Beneficence, Self-determination
.
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especial.docxdebishakespeare
The document discusses the importance of considering a patient's ethnic and cultural background when providing nursing care, especially for patients with type 2 diabetes. It describes a Hispanic patient who was hospitalized for complications of type 2 diabetes and a chronic foot ulcer. His cultural beliefs about diabetes and fatalism impacted his self-management. The nurse considered his ethnicity and ensured culturally competent care by understanding his perspectives on diabetes causation and remedies.
Ethical Competency Writing Assignment Description
PHI 108 Spring 2019
Dr. David M. DiQuattro
March 5, 2019
1 Basic Assignment Description
For your ethical competency writing assignment, you will write analyze a disagreement between two authors/viewpoints
that we discussed this semester. I am calling the assignment a critical disagreement analysis. Below I will
provide a number of examples of disagreements between the authors we discuss this semester. Your
paper will have the following components
1. Hone the disagreement
• I want you to start by taking my general statement of disagreement and providing your own clear specifics
that focus on particular claims or passages. Here you are taking my starting point, but providing your
own framing of the disagreement that will provide focus for your paper.
• You will hone your statement of the disagreement in a way that sets things up for the next parts of the
paper.
• For example:
– In number 2 below, you will identify a specific critique of Rawls from either Kittay or Noddings.
You need to explain where the disagreement is and set the stage for a fruitful dialogue to follow in
the paper.
• This part of the paper should be focused. You should discuss the two views in a way that sets the stage
for your objection and response.
• In the opening part of the paper you need to preview what is ahead - you may only write this part late
in the writing process, but you need to provide a clear preview of where the rest of the paper goes.
2. Provide the best objection from one point of view to another
• I want you to do more than just state the two sides of the issue in this paper. I want you to bring the
authors into dialogue. You will do this by articulating an objection to one position from the point of
view of the other, then responding to the objection.
– You want your objection to be more than just restating a point where the authors diagree. Here’s
what I mean by just restating, as an example:
1
Kant believes that there are absolute rules that should be followed without regard to conse-
quences. The strongest utilitarian objection to this is that Kant disregards the importance
of how an action affects overall happiness.
– The above is an example of what not to do. That way of stating things won’t get you far because
it is just a re-stating of a key difference between Kant and utilitarianism.
• You should look for an objection that raises a new question for the other point of view, or points out
an unforeseen implication of the view. In some way it should move discussion forward. I am not
asking you to discover something that has never been said about these issues. I just want
you to deepen your understanding of the two views by raising a serious objection to one
position, then responding to it.
– In some way the objection should force you to think in new ways about the position objected to.
• In this section you should explain as clearly as you can how the objection presents a proble.
Ethical Case StudyAn example of unethical treatment of participa.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study
An example of unethical treatment of participants was the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, who believed they were being treated for “bad blood”
“Bad blood”: A term used to describe problems like anemia, fatigue, and syphilis
Those in the control group were not given treatment for syphilis, and many died
Why would this research study not fall under the present ethical and legal restraint? Please support your answer with scholarly articles.
.
Ethical AwarenessDEFINITION a brief definition of the k.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Awareness
DEFINITION
:
a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.
SUMMARY
:
Summarize the article in your own words- this should be in the
150-200 word range
. Be sure to note the article's author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.
DISCUSSION
:
Using
300-350 words
, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected chapter Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to
add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts, and opinions
.
This is the most important part of the assignment.
REFERENCES
:
All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format.
Please follow the above format, No Plagiarism, APA format, add citations and references.
.
ETHICAL CHALLENGES
JOYCAROLYNE MUIGAI
NTC/302
5/26/2020
INTRODUCTION
Ethics in business is mainly concerned with the good or bad actions and behaviors that often take place in the world of business
Ethical challenges have often resulted from lack of a clear and distinctive description of norms that ought to be used
Business ethics hence help economists to think productively along moral dimensions on matters regarding policy problems
Ethics could be a complex aspect in business as it influences all aspect of business as it provides the most adequate action that ought to be taken. Ethics causes huge conflicts as morality may not be clearly definitive and situations in many cases greatly vary (Nuseir & Ghandour, 2019).
2
Ethics in intellectual property
Intellectual property rights is a socio-economic tool that create some form of monopoly for firms to charge a price for their innovations
For many innovative firms, it is a timely and expensive to come up with new innovations for the market yet other competitors in the market will attempt to copy new design of products launched.
Firms have however, taken advantage of intellectual property rights by asking for high prices for products
Intellectual property rights are a tool that protects innovators from losing their innovations to counter-feighting firms in the market. However many have leveraged this property rights to put high prices on their products to maximize their profits from their innovations (Sonderholm, 2018).
3
Policy statement on Ethics in intellectual property
To ensure easy and right access of new innovated products, it is important to come up with an ethical way to reduce exploitation by firms.
Firms can take up he differential pricing strategy that has in the past been articulated to be of great influence and guarantees the firm’s profitability
Through differentia; pricing, the protected innovation can be offered at different prices based on the socio-economic demographics of the area. A product can be offered at a cheaper price at a low-earning area while it is offered at different price at a different location (Sonderholm, 2018).
4
Corruption index
Corruption is seen as legal complication that is often manifested in the absence of controls over power
Corruption in business could come in many ways but it is always some grease payment paid to expedite decision or transactions
Connection are as well viewed as to have an effect on business processes as they have a negative connotation regardless of their informality.
In many business ventures, corruption has been indicated to grow over time and is often seen in terms of exchange of favors for the sake of expedition of certain process to take a shorter time without necessarily having to undergo the require stipulated process (Samuel, 2019).
5
Policy statement in corruption index
Transparency is key in business processes hence all actions need to be accounted for
As a way to reduce the corruption index and subsequ.
Ethical Conduct of Researchpower point from this document, 1.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Conduct of Research
power point from this document, 15 slides
Introduction
Depending on the context of the study, researchers often encounter ethical dilemmas that are associated with respect for privacy, establishment of honest and open interactions, and avoidance of misrepresentation. From an ethical standpoint, such challenging circumstances may surface if researchers are grappling with conflicting issues and have to choose between different methodological approaches in complex circumstances. In such circumstances, disagreements among different components including participants, researchers, researchers’ disciplines, the financing organization, and the society might be inevitable. Therefore, there are numerous ethical concerns that should be taken into account when undertaking studies that deal with human subjects. Understanding ethical principles can guide researchers to conduct studies that safeguard the wellbeing of human subjects.
Overview of the Research
In a research work titled
Resilience of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: a Phenomenological Study
, Kumboyono et al. (2018) observe that HIV/ AIDS is among the most prevalent and expanding communicable diseases on the planet. The number of individuals who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS continues to skyrocket every year in Indonesia and other parts of the world. According to Kumboyono et al. (2018), individuals who suffer from HIV/AIDS often plunge themselves into a series of crises, which indicate the challenges of living with the chronic pathological condition. As such, resilience is one distinct phenomenon that is common among persons living with the diseases Indonesia, a pattern that indicates the results of current health management and expectations of HIV/AIDS patients for better and improved health outcomes. In light of this concern, Kumboyono et al. (2018) undertook a study that sought to examine the mechanism of resilience in Indonesian people living with HIV/AIDS and the factors that influence their specific mechanisms.
Using qualitative phenomenological design, the researchers sampled a total of 27 people living with HIV/AIDS from a primary health care institution in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were selected from different socioeconomic, gender, and sexual orientations. The researchers informed participants about the conduct and processes involved in the study, resulting in their consent to participate in the interview process. The findings of the study indicated that the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS reflects the onset of psychological and social distress. Moreover, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) found that the spiritual response that follows diagnosis is a state that is characterized by crises. As a consequence, the coping strategies and understanding of life by HIV patients is a definite sign on resilience. Based on these findings, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) infer that HIV/AIDS is a chronic infection that has the potential to induce the unique .
Ethical Approaches
An Overview of:
(1)Consequential,
(2) Nonconsequential, and
(3) Virtue Ethics Theories
What is Ethics?
Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct,
including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.
Consequentialist Theoretical Approach:
-Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.
-It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.
1
Three (3) Types of Consequentialist Theories:
-Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in his/her own self-interest.
-Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness
for everyone.
-Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest
happiness for everyone.
Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories
-Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.
-Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the ends justifies the means).
2
Nonconsequentialist Theoretical Approach:
Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors
that are not related to consequences.
Two (2) Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:
-Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.
-Kant’s Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty,
and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be
treated as an end and not as a means.
Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories: Self-Challenge Question:
Question: What might prove a problem in a country so diverse as the U.S. with regards to
Nonconsequentialist theories?
When you are ready check the expert’s response.
3
https://kapextmediassl-a.akamaihd.net/business/CS125/1902c/ethics_challenge_expert1.pdf
Virtue Ethics Theoretical Approach:
-Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the
virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.
-Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and the Chinese
teacher and philosopher Confucius.
-Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with
Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.
Weaknesses of Virtue Theory
-Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues
-Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.
-Difficulty in applying it to specific situations
4
Example of all Three Theoretical Ethical Approaches:
Scenario: The air quality in a particular city Y is so polluted, people are getting physically ill and are on .
Ethical and Professional Issues in Group PracticeThose who seek .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical and Professional Issues in Group Practice
Those who seek to be professional group leaders must be willing to examine both their ethical standards and their level of competence. Among the ethical issues treated in this chapter are the rights of group members, including informed consent and confidentiality; the psychological risks of groups; personal relationships with clients; socializing among members; the impact of the group leader’s values; addressing spiritual and religious values of group members; working effectively and ethically with diverse clients; and the uses and misuses of group techniques. In my opinion, a central ethical issue in group work pertains to the group leader’s competence. Special attention is given to ways of determining competence, professional training standards, and adjuncts to academic preparation of group counselors. Also highlighted are ethical issues involved in training group workers. The final section outlines issues of legal liability and malpractice.
As a responsible group practitioner, you are challenged to clarify your thinking about the ethical and professional issues discussed in this chapter. Although you are obligated to be familiar with, and bound by, the ethics codes of your professional organization, many of these codes offer only general guidelines. You will need to learn how to make ethical decisions in practical situations. The ethics codes provide a general framework from which to operate, but you must apply these principles to concrete cases. The Association for Specialists in Group Work’s (2008) “Best Practice Guidelines” is reproduced in the Student Manual that accompanies this textbook. You may want to refer to these guidelines often, especially as you study Chapters 1 through 5.
The Rights of Group Participants
My experience has taught me that those who enter groups are frequently unaware both of their basic rights as participants and of their responsibilities. As a group leader, you are responsible for helping prospective members understand what their rights and responsibilities are. This section offers a detailed discussion of these issues.
A Basic Right: Informed Consent
If basic information about the group is discussed at the initial session, the participants are likely to be far more cooperative and active. A leader who does this as a matter of policy demonstrates honesty and respect for group members and fosters the trust necessary for members to be open and active. Such a leader has obtained the informed consent of the participants.
Informed consent is a process that begins with presenting basic information about group treatment to potential group members to enable them to make better decisions about whether or not to enter and how to participate in a group (Fallon, 2006). Members have a right to receive basic information before joining a group, and they have a right to expect certain other information during the course of the group. Discussing informed consent is not a one-t.
Ethical AnalysisSelect a work-related ethical scenario that .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis
Select a work-related ethical scenario that you (or someone close to you) have experienced. Organizations and names should be changed when identifying references in the assignment. Compose an essay that addresses the following requirements:
Identify the key positions, titles, and assigned responsibilities in the organization.
Discuss and illustrate the individual pressures faced and how the issues were handled or delegated to another position.
Describe how changing attitudes and behaviors evolved as the incidents occurred.
Compare and contrast the behaviors in the scenario with the philosophical theories of ethical decision-making that are referenced in Unit II. Examples may include Utilitarianism or Deontology application.
Illustrate any mishandling of the decision-making process that resulted in lessons learned.
Summarize what you have learned from an analysis of this event.
Your response should be at least 500 words in length (not including the references page) in APA style. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citation.
.
Ethical (Moral) RelativismIn America, many are comfortable describ.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical (Moral) Relativism
In America, many are comfortable describing ethics as follows: “Well, what’s right for me is right for me and what’s right for you is right for you. Let’s just agree to disagree.” This is an affirmation of what philosophers call
individual
or
subjective moral relativism
. In this understanding of relativism, morality is a matter of individual feelings and personal preference. In individual moral relativism, the determination of what is right and wrong in a situation varies according to the individual. Moral relativists do not believe in natural law or universal truths.
Cultural moral relativism
puts culture at the forefront of relative ethical decision-making. It says the individual must include the precepts of his or her culture as a prominent part of the relativistic moral action.
Lawrence
Kohlberg,
a prominent psychologist known for recognizing moral stages of development, takes it a step farther saying cultural relativists are persons stuck in the “
Conventional
Stage” of ethical development
.
In your paper, please define individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism in detail, noting how they differ from each other, their strengths and weaknesses, and give your position on Kohlberg’s stance on ethical relativism.
What aspects of ethical relativism do you identify and agree with? What aspects do you disagree with? Give a personal example that illustrates your stance on ethical relativism, describing how you made a moral decision in an ethical dilemma. Include at least two references to support your thoughts.
Post a 500-word paper to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by due
Wednesday, April 9, 2014
. All written assignments and responses should follow proper citation rules for attributing sources. Please use Microsoft Word spelling/grammar checker. Be mindful of plagiarism policies.
.
Ethical Analysis on Lehman Brothers financial crisis of 2008 , pleas.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis on Lehman Brothers financial crisis of 2008 , please include bibliography and footnotes and answer the questions below.
It must be between 5-7pgs.
1. What was the case about?
2. Who was (were) the individual(s) and company (ies) involved?
3. When did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. How did it come to the attention of the media?
6. What was the outcome of the case?
7. How could this case been avoided?
8. What can we learn from the case?
.
Ethical Analysis on Merrill lynch financial crisis of 2008 , please .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis on Merrill lynch financial crisis of 2008 , please include bibliography and footnotes and aswer the questions below.
It must be between 5-7pgs.
1. What was the case about?
2. Who was (were) the individual(s) and company (ies) involved?
3. When did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. How did it come to the attention of the media?
6. What was the outcome of the case?
7. How could this case been avoided?
8. What can we learn from the case?
.
ETHC 101
Discussion Board Reply Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content 70%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
Word Count
15 points
Word count is between 500 and 600 words.
11 to 14 points
Word count exceeds 600 words.
1 to 10 points
Word count is less than 500 words.
0 points
Not present
Style
10 points
Reply offers constructive feedback to a classmate in a manner that is polite, rationally argued, and not overly emotional.
7 or 9 points
Reply offers constructive feedback to a classmate but with some deficiency of politeness, reasonableness, and/or dispassion.
1 to 6 points
Reply offers little to no constructive feedback, and/or is strongly impolite, and/or is very emotional.
0 points
The post is not a reply (it is off-topic).
Understanding
10 points
Reply utilizes many of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class in a manner that demonstrates accurate understanding.
7 to 9 points
Reply utilizes some of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class in a manner that demonstrates accurate understanding.
1 to 6 points
Reply utilizes some of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class but sometimes in ways that suggest that they are not correctly understood.
0 points
Reply does not utilize the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class.
Structure 30%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
Spelling, Punctuation, and Grammar
10 points
Reply is written in paragraph form and is devoid of spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors.
7 or 9 points
Reply is not written in paragraph form and/or has occasional spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors.
1 to 6 points
Reply is not written in paragraph form and has numerous spelling, punctuation, and grammar problems.
0 points
Not present
Turabian formatting
5 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present and are cited using footnotes in current Turabian format.
4 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present but are cited otherwise than using footnotes in current Turabian format.
1 to 3 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present but the sources are not cited. (Note: if plagiarism is present, that requires additional corrective action.)
0 points
No direct references and/or allusions to outside resources are present.
Total
/50
Instructor's Comments:
Page 1 of 1
For this untimed, open-resource essay exam, answer each question thoroughly and clearly, and ground it in course reading material. Essay answers must be more than 3 or 4 brief sentences, but kept within the bounds of an essay exam (4 - 6 paragraphs). All your writing must be in your own words. Paraphrase (restate what you read) rather than copying material from the course textbook or the Internet. No copying is permitted in this course and doing so will result in zero points on th.
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global HealthChapter Fou.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global Health
Chapter Four
Chapter four: Ethical and human rights concerns in global health.
As with any area of health, global health is affected by the issues of ethics and right for sound health outcome. In this chapter we will explore ethical and human rights concerns, some of the central treaties and conversions related to human rights, some historically significant cases in human subject research and key principles for making critical decisions in health research.
1
Failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health
Health research with human subjects puts people at risk for the sake of other people’s health
Health investments must be made in fair ways since resources are limited
The Importance of Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Global Health
Access to the health care is human right and failure to respect this right might causes harm for health. For example, the stigma associated with HIV, TB and leprosy makes it difficult for the patient to obtain necessary health care, it not only cause harm to individual health but as a whole community health even. For example, if a TB patient remains untreated by the health care workers, then that individual could be a source of infection for other people.
Health research with human subject in particular in low income countries where study participants may not have other option to obtain the medication might become a proxy of clinical trial for other people .Lastly, fair decision in health investment is critical because in low income countries where health resources are scare difficult decisions need to be made depending on the priority and severity of disease.
2
The Foundations for Health and Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other legally binding multilateral treaties
Governments are obliged to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights they state
International Bill of Human Rights is the cornerstone for human rights. This bill include couple of documents including the Universal declaration of human rights that was officially declared in 1948, that place obligation on Government to respect , protect, and fulfill the rights of the state.
3
Selected Human Rights
The Rights-Based Approach
Assess health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights
Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health
Prioritize the fulfillment of human rights
In considering human right, first we are going to examine the issue of right based approach. Some global health advocates argue that this approach, which thinks that fulfillment of people’s human right is conducive to their health, should be followed in global health. This means we need to assess health policies, programs or practices in terms of its impact on human right and analyze the health impacts from the perspective of violation of human rights
.
Ethical & Legal Aspects in Nursing WK 14Please answer the .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical & Legal Aspects in Nursing WK 14
Please answer the following Discussion Question. Please be certain to answer the four questions on this week DQ and to provide a well-developed and complete answer to receive credit.
Case Study, Chapter 23, Professional Identity and Image
Nursing care is frequently perceived by the public as simple and unskilled. Many male nurses live in fear of how their caring actions might be interpreted. Many nurses hold that stereotypes about the profession are true, just as the general public does. Public identity and image has been a struggle for nurses for a long time. The greater public clearly does not understand what professional nursing is all about, and the nursing profession has done a poor job of correcting long-standing, historically inaccurate stereotypes.
1. What are the common nursing stereotypes?
2. What was the role of the Center for Nursing Advocacy? Discuss the role of Truth about Nursing in addressing inaccurate or negative portrayals of nursing in the media and the process they use to raise public and professional awareness of the issues surrounding nursing public image?
3. What are some of the ways of changing nursing’s image in the public eye?
4. One of the most important strategies needed to change nursing’s image is to change the image of nursing in the mind of the image makers. What are some of the key ways for nurses to interact with the media?
INSTRUCTIONS:
APA FORMAT
IN TEXT CITATIONS WITH 3 REFERENCES NO LESS THAN 5 YEARS
.
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Ethanolv.DrizinUnited States District Court, N.D. Iowa, Eastern .docxdebishakespeare
Ethanolv.Drizin
United States District Court, N.D. Iowa, Eastern DivisionFeb 7, 2006
No. C03-2021 (N.D. Iowa Feb. 7, 2006) Copy Citation
No. C03-2021.
February 7, 2006
Be a better lawyer. Casetext is legal research for lawyers who want do their best work.
ORDER
JOHN JARVEY, Magistrate Judge
This matter comes before the court pursuant to trial on the merits which commenced on January 23, 2006. The above-described parties have consented to jurisdiction before a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). The court finds in favor of the plaintiff and awards compensatory damages in the amount of $3,800,000 and punitive damages in the amount of $7,600,000.
In this case, the plaintiff brings numerous theories of recovery against defendant Jerry Drizin arising out of the misappropriation of escrow funds that were to serve as security for financing for the construction of an ethanol plant in Manchester, Iowa. The plaintiff contends that defendant Drizin, in concert with others, knowingly converted funds from an escrow account that were not to have been spent on anything without the plaintiff's prior written permission. Defendant Drizin contends that his only client and only duty of loyalty was to a Nigerian citizen living in Munich who caused the funds to be sent to bank accounts controlled by Defendant Drizin. The court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.
In 2000 in Manchester, Iowa, farmer and President of the local Co-op, Douglas Bishop, began meeting with representatives of the United States Department of Agriculture to explore the feasibility of building an ethanol plant in the Manchester area. The idea was to assist farmers in the area in getting more value for their crops. An ethanol plant produces ethanol and feed grain which can be sold at a profit exceeding that associated with the mere sale of grain.
A series of 40 local meetings culminated in a membership drive. The Plaintiff, Northeast Iowa Ethanol, L.L.C., was later formed in order to sell 2500 shares of stock in the L.L.C. to raise funds for the financing of the plant. The construction of the plant was expected to cost $21 Million. It would have a capacity for producing 15 million gallons of ethanol per year. Through the meetings, Mr. Bishop and others raised $2,365,000. The average investor purchased two shares.
The membership drive ended in September 2001. The original plan was to begin construction in the fall of 2001 and have the plant operating by the fall of 2002. However, the issue of financing for the plant was more problematic than plaintiff had anticipated. Traditional lenders (banks) demanded that the plaintiff raise forty percent of the construction costs. It was clear that the plaintiff could not raise $8 Million. Plaintiff's proposed marketing partner, Williams Ethanol Services, agreed to invest $1 Million in the project. The contractor anticipated to build the facility, North Central Construction from North Dakota,.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Responding to the Global Food Crisis Three Perspectives .docx
1. Responding to the Global Food Crisis:
Three Perspectives
global
food
E S S A Y S
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track • Joachim von Braun
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities •
Josette Sheeran
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa • Namanga
Ngongi
pricesprices
The dramatic rise and volatility of food prices over the last year
have shaken the global food system. Governments and the
international development
community generally have responded to various
aspects of the food crisis, but questions remain about
whether the right actions are being pursued, how best
to respond, and what the future holds.
The three essays here by Namanga Ngongi, president
of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa,
Josette Sheeran, executive director of the World Food
2. Programme, and Joachim von Braun, director general
of the International Food Policy Research Institute,
respond to these critical questions. They point to the
dangers and pitfalls of misguided policies, but also to
the very real opportunities for responding in a way
that prevents future crises and assures food security
now and in the long term.
1
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track
How effective will these responses be in
actually ameliorating the food and agriculture
crisis? Are they likely to move the world closer
to or farther from a resilient and sustainable
food system that can supply the food needs
of all people? After all, the point is not just to
do something, but to do the right thing. So far,
however, although some sound actions have
been taken in response to high food prices to
mitigate the crisis, many others appear likely
to exacerbate it and further distort the fair
and efficient functioning of the food system.
But crises can also offer opportuni-
ties by causing a rethinking of basic issues
and assumptions. There is no doubt that the
crisis in food and agriculture poses tremen-
dous risks and hardships for poor people. At
the same time, it also has the potential to
stimulate changes that will improve the func-
tioning of the global food system for years to
come, although it is important to be aware of
3. the potential cynicism of seeing “opportuni-
ties” in crises that hurt many. Careful policy
action can alleviate the current crisis while
also reducing the chances of another such
crisis in the future and in fact helping reduce
poverty and hunger overall.
Agriculture trAnsformed
by new forces
Over the past century, the world has seen
only three major spikes in food prices: one
occurred after World War II, the second took
place in the 1970s, and the third is underway
now. Otherwise, international food prices have
generally followed a slow decline since the
1870s. At the same time huge fluctuations
have occurred at country and regional levels,
especially in Africa.
Now, the world’s farmers are operating
in a context where new forces are pushing
agricultural prices upward—this context
appears likely to persist. Demand for agri-
cultural products has risen rapidly owing
to climbing incomes in many developing
responding to the world food crisis
Getting on the Right Track
Joachim von braun
Rising prices have a way of shining a bright light on any
sector, no matter how
overlooked previously. The rapid run-up in food prices is no
exception. Food may be
4. an essential good, but when food prices spent decades moving
downward, the food
sector held little interest for policymakers and investors. Now,
with the doubling
and tripling of the prices of some food grains in the past two
years, the world has
snapped to attention. Faced with rising food insecurity, social
unrest, and accelerated
inflation driven to a large extent by food prices, developing and
developed countries
and international governmental and nongovernmental
organizations have begun
responding to the rapid rise in food prices with a new sense of
urgency.
2
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
countries, especially in Asia, and to the
surging appetite for biofuels in Europe and
the United States. At the same time, droughts
have constricted supply in Australia and
Ukraine, major wheat exporters. Farmers who
are connected to world markets are therefore
benefiting from the higher prices, but they
also face much higher costs. With oil prices
well above US$120 a barrel and predicted to
stay there for the foreseeable future, farmers
find the cost of cultivating and fertilizing
their land and transporting their inputs and
products reaching new levels. Looking ahead,
it seems likely that farmers will face the task
of meeting the food and energy needs of a
growing world population while coping with
5. increasingly scarce water supplies and more
variable and extreme weather caused by
global climate change.
Policy resPonses
The current food price crisis is a short-term
emergency for millions of people, but it also
signals longer-term failures in the functioning
of the world food system. Responses to the
crisis therefore must accomplish two tasks.
They must address the immediate food needs
of poor people priced out of food markets,
and they must begin to correct previous
failures in agricultural policy by investing in
agriculture and food production, setting up
reliable systems for assisting the most vulner-
able people in a timely way, and establishing
a fair global trading system and a conducive
investment environment.
The following are high-priority policy
actions both to cope with immediate needs for
food and to build a stronger food system that
can respond to future challenges:
1. expand emergency responses and humani-
tarian assistance to food-insecure people
and invest in social protection;
2. undertake fast-impact food production
programs in key areas and scale up invest-
ments for sustained agricultural growth;
6. 3. eliminate agricultural export bans and
export restrictions and complete the Doha
Round of World Trade Organization (WTO)
negotiations;
4. change biofuel policies by freezing biofuel
production at current levels, reducing it, or
imposing a moratorium on biofuels based
3
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track
on grains and oilseeds until prices come
down to reasonable levels; and
5. calm markets with the use of market-ori-
ented regulation of speculation, innovative
virtual shared public grain stocks, and
strengthened food-import financing.
All of these actions should be undertaken
immediately, but some will have short-term
impact, whereas others are designed to have
impact in the medium and longer term.
The United Nations, multilateral agencies,
and national governments all acknowledge the
urgent need for action and are taking steps.
So how well do their actions square with the
steps recommended by IFPRI? How effective
are their responses likely to be in alleviating
the food crisis in the short and long term?
7. Humanitarian Assistance and
Social Protection
The highest priority must be to protect the
food consumption levels of poor people,
which requires that national governments,
aid agencies, nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), and civil society organizations expand
food and cash transfers targeted to the
poorest and most vulnerable people. The most
effective interventions would focus on early
childhood nutrition, regions in distress, school
feeding with take-home rations, and food and
cash for work.
Indeed, emergency responses are
underway at international and national levels.
At the global level, the World Food Programme
(WFP), the United Nations agency responsible
for emergency food assistance, made a call
in spring 2008 for US$755 million in assis-
tance to help pay for the rising cost of food
to higher numbers of poor people and got the
requested support.
At the national level, countries are under-
taking distributions of food and cash targeted
to poor people affected by the food price
crisis. Across the world, governments have
revised their budgets upward to account for
increased spending on new and existing social
protection programs. The most common type
of program, especially in South and East Asia
and Latin America and the Caribbean, is the
sale of food to the poor at subsidized prices.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, protection measures
8. include increasing the salaries of teachers and
civil servants and urban food rationing. Across
the world, a few governments have also
introduced new employment programs, such
as India’s nationwide program, and school-
feeding and cash-transfer programs.
Yet the most widespread responses to the
current food crisis are general consumer price
controls, lowered taxes on staple foods, and
the sale of staples and fertilizer at subsi-
dized prices. These general measures are not
targeted at the most vulnerable and indirectly
hurt them by diverting scarce public resources
from pro-poor investments. Price controls also
discourage producers from increasing their
output of food by reducing their profits.
This range of responses signals the need
for better preparation for slow-onset food
emergencies like the current crisis. By carefully
monitoring the well-being of vulnerable
groups and adopting a series of triggers to
activate assistance to these groups, interna-
tional and national emergency agencies could
establish an effective and orderly system
of reaching the poorest people during food
emergencies.
Beyond emergency relief, countries should
invest in comprehensive social protection
measures that will both help mitigate the
risks of high food prices to poor people and
help prevent longer-term negative conse-
quences. Such measures would include cash
transfer programs, pension systems, employ-
9. ment programs, microfinance programs, and
4
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
preventive health and nutrition programs.
Countries that do not already have compre-
hensive social protection programs will find it
difficult to create them in the short term and
thus should focus on launching targeted cash
transfers to the poorest.
Trade Policies
When agricultural prices were low, many
countries focused their trade policies on
boosting agricultural exports and discourag-
ing imports. Policymakers sought to prevent
cheap agricultural imports from undercutting
their own farmers’ output. Now, with food
prices soaring and supplies tight, policymakers
in many countries have turned that strategy
on its head.
In an effort to maintain domestic supply,
many countries worldwide have banned
exports of certain staple foods. Other
countries have raised export duties or adopted
regulatory restrictions on exports.
National governments naturally wish to
care for their own citizens first, but restrictions
on exports are narrowing the food supplies
available on the world market while import
policies are putting further pressure on these
10. dwindling supplies. These policies thus drive
prices up even higher and are counterproduc-
tive even for the countries that adopt them,
yet removal of export restrictions by countries
acting individually is highly unlikely, given
countries’ focus on their own citizens. What
is needed, then, is an ad hoc forum of global
players, such as the Group of Eight + Five and
perhaps the other five main grain exporting
countries, that can negotiate for widespread
removal of export bans and restrictions.
Why should countries want to participate?
Removing export bans would make food prices
more stable and could have reduced price
levels by as much as 30 percent in 2007–08—
outcomes that are in every country’s favor.
Widening trade opportunities for agricultural
goods will also increase the incentives for
farmers worldwide to raise their output.
In the longer term, trade has the potential
to be a valuable tool for coping with regional
and national supply and price fluctuations,
responses by People
in the streets
It has long been recognized that social and political conflict
increases food inse-
curity, but food insecurity can also be a
source of conflict. The strong link between
food and political security has been often
underestimated in the current food crisis.
The trivial energy security gains due to the
biofuel production that has been one of the
causes of rising food prices have been largely
11. overwhelmed by broader losses in social and
political security triggered by the food-price
surge. From January 2007 to June 2008, food
protests—strikes, demonstrations, and riots
over food- or agriculture-related issues—
have occurred in more than 50 countries,
with some countries experiencing multiple
occurrences and a high degree of violence.
Food protests have not affected only poor
countries, but states with varying levels of
income and government effectiveness. Yet
food protests in high-income countries have
tended to be nonviolent, whereas protests
in low-income countries have often involved
the use of physical force or resulted in
casualties. Within countries, as food prices
increase, the middle class typically has the
ability to organize, protest, and lobby, but
the poor usually suffer silently for a while.
5
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track
but its effectiveness has been reduced by the
failure to implement fair and rule-based trade
for agriculture through the Doha Round of
negotiations. Ultimately, however, completion
of the Doha Round is key to creating a rule-
based system of trade. High prices may make
it easier for the developed countries to reduce
their domestic support and export subsidies
to farmers. So far, the European Union has
eliminated its applied tariffs on cereals, but
12. not its bound tariffs, whereas the United
States has made no moves to restrain support
to U.S. farmers. The food crisis has made the
environment for achieving trade agreements
more difficult—confidence in the world trading
system has been lost, and as a result some
developing countries may increase their focus
on food self-sufficiency. First-best means to
foster a supply response would include free
trade and responsive international finance
and banking that would channel capital to
agriculture. However, a new trend by cash-rich
countries to acquire land from poor, land-rich
countries in order to secure food supplies
indicates that confidence has been lost in
trade and that international financial markets
have failed to facilitate domestic investment
expansion. First-order policy distortions—
export bans and restrictions—are now leading
to second-order distortions, i.e. an attempt—
by those countries that can pay for it—to
secure supply lines by investing in foreign
farm land.
Food Production and
Sustainable Agricultural Growth
It has been said that the best cure for high
prices is high prices. For some farmers, higher
prices alone are helping to stimulate more
food production. The U.S. Department of
Agriculture has projected that global wheat
production in 2008–09 will rise 8.2 percent
over the previous year, with U.S. production
projected to rise by 15.7 percent. Projections
are not rosy for all crops, however. The USDA
13. projected that global maize production would
fall by 7.3 percent in 2008–09.
In many countries, farmers need better
access to seeds, fertilizers, and water if they
are to substantially ramp up production.
Farmers also need buyers, and procure-
ment programs offering farmers guaranteed
minimum prices that reflect long-term
6
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
international prices can help stimulate greater
production.
A few countries have begun to take such
steps. In an effort to raise agricultural produc-
tion quickly, China has increased subsidies for
seeds and other inputs. It has added to funds
for flood and drought preparedness and for
agricultural infrastructure. It has also raised
the minimum purchase prices for wheat and
rice and improved financial services available
to farmers. India and Russia have raised the
prices at which they procure grain for their
reserves as well.
The international community is also
jumping in with support to agriculture. The
World Bank has announced a US$1.2 billion
fast-track facility for dealing with the food
crisis that will include not only financing for
emergency food assistance, but also funding
14. for seeds and fertilizer, irrigation, and crop and
livestock insurance for small-scale farmers.
The bank will also increase its overall support
for agriculture from US$4 billion to US$6
billion between 2008 and 2009. In addition,
the European Commission has created a
one billion euro emergency fund to help
developing countries cope with high food
prices by raising agricultural production and
strengthening safety nets.
Fast-track food production programs to
improve farmers’ access to inputs and credit
should plan for a transition from initial “crash”
programs to market-based arrangements,
because the private sector can generally
supply inputs and credit more effectively than
the public sector. Involving the private sector
from the start would help ease the transition.
The food price crisis is a stark reminder
that in the long run much more investment is
needed to create a viable and healthy global
food system that can cope with shocks and
shifts like climate change. Substantial public
investments are needed in rural infrastructure,
services, agricultural research, and science and
technology. Such investments would not only
add to the global food supply, thereby helping
to control prices, but also improve livelihoods
in rural areas.
China and India have taken the lead
among developing countries in investing in
agriculture. In 2007 India announced a new
15. National Agricultural Development Plan,
7
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track
through which it will spend US$6.1 billion
in the next four years. The country is also
increasing spending on irrigation by about 80
percent in 2008–09. Under India’s National
Food Security Mission, it plans to raise
production of rice to 10 million metric tons,
wheat to 8 million tons, and pulses to 2 million
tons by 2011–12. Likewise, China increased
its budgetary spending on agriculture by
20 percent in 2008. In their 1999 Maputo
Declaration, African governments committed
themselves to spending 10 percent of their
budgets on agriculture, but to date only four
countries—Chad, Guinea, Madagascar, and
Mali—have reached this target.
Ultimately, building the kind of food
system that would support the achievement
of Millennium Development Goal 1—halving
hunger and poverty by 2015—will require much
more investment in agriculture worldwide.
IFPRI researchers estimate that the incremental
public investment in agriculture in Sub-Saharan
Africa needed to halve poverty and hunger is
between US$4 and US$5 billion a year.
Biofuel Policies
IFPRI research shows that biofuel production
16. accounted for about 30 percent of the price
increase in average grain prices between 2000
and 2007. New biofuel policies must therefore
be part of the solution to the food price crisis.
Biofuel production based on cereals and
oilseeds, especially in Europe and the United
States, should be reduced, or at least frozen,
to make more grains and oilseeds available as
food and feed. According to IFPRI research,
a moratorium on grain-based biofuels could
lower maize prices by about 20 percent and, in
turn, reduce wheat prices by about 10 percent.
So far, however, none of these options
has been adopted. In its 2008 farm bill, the
United States Congress maintained subsidies
for maize-based biofuels while increasing
investment in second-generation biofuels
that do not compete with food. In its climate
change policy package, the European Union
sets a target of meeting 10 percent of trans-
portation fuel needs with biofuels by 2020.
In time, ethical consideration for the conse-
quences of biofuel policies on the poor need
to come to the fore and become an element in
the rationale for changing such policies.
Biofuel production that does not depend
on food crops could help reduce pressure on
the food supply. Sugar-cane based biofuels do
not, in many instances, compete much with
food for the poor. Investments in biofuels
produced from cellulose, biomass, and other
nonfood feedstocks are rising, but most
experts believe that widespread commercial
17. viability of these second-generation technolo-
gies is still a decade or more away.
Market Calming
The existence of adequate public grain stocks
that could be released during food emergen-
cies would help moderate price increases and
reduce volatility by smoothing supply. Some
countries, including Cambodia and Thailand,
have released rice stocks during the current
crisis, but such action has not materialized
on a global scale. Global wheat stocks are at
their lowest level since 1978, and the USDA
has forecast that at the end of 2008–09
global maize stocks will be at their lowest
level since 1996 and global soybean stocks
will have declined by 22.2 percent from the
previous year. Although tight markets make it
difficult to boost global stocks immediately,
some individual countries have started taking
steps to build up their grain reserves. India, for
instance, has decided to establish a strategic
grain reserve consisting of 3 million metric
tons of wheat and 2 million tons of rice, over
8
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
and above its buffer stocks, and that level
seems to have been exceeded already in 2008.
Stronger food import financing and
reliable food aid could also help calm markets.
The International Monetary Fund could create
18. a mechanism to finance imports by countries
facing food emergencies. The Food Aid
Convention should be renegotiated to bring
about more reliable food aid, and food aid
commitments should be increased.
Excessive build up of stocks and specula-
tion has also fueled price increases, although
the extent of this activity is unclear. Food
processors, for example, normally speculate
to hedge against the risk of price increases or
decreases as a normal part of their business
practices. Governments therefore should avoid
overregulating speculation but should take
steps to curb excessive speculation. IFPRI has
proposed a global virtual food commodity
reserve system in which the Group of Eight
+ Five countries, perhaps together with
five or so additional main grain exporting
countries, would commit to virtually earmark-
ing some stocks for intervention in markets
and to providing funds to intervene in futures
markets in the event of excessive speculation
that pushes food prices well above the level
indicated by market fundamentals.
conclusion
Part of the difficulty in responding to the
food crisis is the lack of credible and up-to-
date data on the impacts of food prices on
poor people and on the effects of policy
responses. Such information would allow
international and national decision makers to
use feedback to adjust their responses and
19. achieve maximum effectiveness. Much more
investment and sound coordination is needed
in this area.
So far, national and international
responses to the food crisis are mixed in
terms of their likely effectiveness. Important
steps have been taken with regard to
emergency humanitarian assistance and, in
some countries, social protection, but more
is needed. Some countries and institutions
are launching substantial investments in
agricultural production, but, again, meeting
global demand for food will require even
responses by the Private sector
Speculative capital continues to flow into commodities markets.
At the Chicago Board of Trade, the average daily volume of
grain and oilseed futures traded increased by 19 percent
between the first half of 2007 and the first half of 2008, while
the volume of options increased
by 34 percent in the same period. As commodity speculation has
widened the gap between
cash and futures prices of agricultural commodities, some
governments have responded with
increased regulation, while others have halted grain futures
trading on some African and Asian
commodity exchanges.
Private-sector players along the whole food-value chain have a
key role to play in stabilizing
food prices and in the recovery from the crisis by offering
technological advances for improving
agricultural productivity, providing infrastructure, and
innovating in the spheres of agricultural
20. insurance and small farm credit.
9
Responding to the World Food Crisis: Getting on the Right
Track
greater investments. And, in the areas of
trade and biofuel policies, many of the actions
taken are counterproductive and actually
put more upward pressure on food prices.
It is promising that the issue of global food
security is now on the agenda of the Group
of Eight countries, but disappointing that at
their July 2008 meeting they did not do more
to promote social protection, revise biofuel
policies, make specific commitments for funds
to overcome the food crisis, or delineate the
actors and mechanisms that would play roles
in strengthening the global governance archi-
tecture for food and agriculture. It is crucial
that the funds already committed by the G8
countries be released in a timely manner.
What will it take to get food crisis
responses on the right track? First of all, lead-
ership is needed to coordinate implementation
of appropriate responses. This effort could be
led by the UN, as a follow up to the Group of
Eight + Five countries’ activities, and by major
groups of developing-country players.
At the moment, high and unstable food
prices look like they are here to stay for some
time—perhaps years. But because no one
21. actually knows what the future holds, it is
important that responses to this crisis help
build the kind of food and agriculture system
that can cope with a variety of possible
outcomes, ranging from even higher food and
energy prices to a possible short-term glut of
low-priced food emerging from the current
high-price environment and a world in which
demand collapses due to recession. Millions
of poor people would benefit from a system
that would allow policymakers and others to
respond calmly and rationally to eventualities
like these instead of lurching from crisis to
crisis. Building such a system will require col-
lective action on an international scale. Given
the strong links that tie so many countries
to each other and to the world market, each
country’s actions inevitably have implications
for others, so areas of common interest must
be identified and trade-offs made. Moreover,
these changes need to be made now, for the
benefit of all people today and in the future.
Joachim von Braun is director general of
IFPRI.
11
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities
High global food Prices
The Challenges and Opportunities
22. Josette sheeran
High food prices are not only causing a humanitarian crisis, but
also putting at risk
the development potential of millions of people. Global
agriculture markets are
undergoing structural changes, and the next three to four years
will pose great
challenges for achieving an affordable and accessible food
supply for the world’s
most vulnerable. Soaring food and fuel prices are creating a
“perfect storm” for the
world’s most vulnerable. The consequence is that the bottom
billion could become
the bottom 2 billion overnight, as those living on US$1 a day
see their purchasing
power cut in half.
Many people have asked, what has turned
this challenge into a crisis? At the World Food
Programme (WFP) we have seen perhaps
the most aggressive pattern of global price
increases ever for food commodities, starting
in June 2007. From 2002 to 2007, the cost
of procuring basic foods for our program
increased by 50 percent, and then by another
50 percent from June 2007 to February 2008.
I believe the world may be entering the
third phase of this crisis for the world’s most
vulnerable nations. During phase one, which
started about four years ago, prices began
a steady climb and national food and cash
reserves were drawn down to all-time lows.
Phase two began in June 2007, when aggres-
sive price increases exhausted all coping
23. strategies. Under phase three, many nations
and populations have become dependent
on external assistance to avoid widespread
human suffering and ensure affordable access
to adequate food.
During this phase, WFP assessments
show that the most vulnerable populations
are running out of coping strategies. People
living on less than US$2 a day have cut out
health and education and sold or eaten their
livestock. Those living on less than US$1 a day
have cut out protein and vegetables from their
diet. Those living on less than US$0.50 a day
have cut out whole meals, and sometimes go
days without meals. Phase three is charac-
terized by a nutritional crisis, which requires
critical action for groups such as children
under two years old, who will suffer the
effects of deprivation for life. Nations that
are import-dependent are facing even greater
challenges in accessing affordable food for
their populations. The challenge is still more
dramatic when soaring food and fuel prices
combine with additional shocks such as
drought, as is now occurring in the Horn of
Africa; severe weather, as in Bangladesh or
Myanmar; or floods, which have devastated
many parts of Africa.
The world’s attention has been awakened
by the global food crisis. The demand for
action has come across loud and clear. We
24. 12
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
need to act quickly and comprehensively to
meet this collective challenge. Comprehensive
responses by national governments, with
the support of the international community,
are required and should include immediate
emergency measures as well as medium- and
long-term interventions and investments.
The United Nations secretary-general’s
food crisis task force, pulling together UN
agencies, the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund, and others, is launching
a comprehensive framework of action to
ensure investment in agricultural develop-
ment, as well as efforts to meet the immediate
humanitarian needs on the frontline of
hunger through safety nets, targeted cash
and voucher programs, and supplementary
food distribution. WFP is working alongside its
sister UN agencies—the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and
others—and partners like the World Bank, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), regional
financial institutions, and others to ensure that
the most urgent needs are met.
meeting HumAnitAriAn needs
As the world’s largest humanitarian agency,
25. WFP will provide food assistance in 2008 to
approximately 90 million vulnerable people in
some 80 countries throughout the developing
world. WFP is also the logistics coordinator
for the UN system, running a global network
of planes, ships, trucks, and, when needed,
camels, donkeys, and elephants to link with a
vast network of warehouses.
WFP is at the forefront of action, and its
toolbox is well embedded into the world’s core
strategic, policy, and operational responses.
For this year, WFP requires an estimated total
13
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities
US$6 billion to reach hungry people, against
which a total contribution of US$2.8 billion
has so far been confirmed.
In the immediate term, emergency
assistance needs to be launched or safety-
net programs need to be expanded to meet
the urgent needs of those who are unable to
produce or purchase sufficient food. In terms
of emergency response, WFP has heard the
call of many nations seeking assistance, and
we are rolling out an additional US$1.2 billion
of food assistance to meet urgent needs in 62
of the most vulnerable countries.
In Afghanistan, for instance, we have
scaled up food assistance to an additional 2.5
26. million people—almost half of whom are urban
dwellers—who faced increased food insecurity
because of higher food prices, on top of wide-
spread conflict and severe destitution. WFP is
infusing another US$73.4 million to meet new
urgent needs.
As high prices and drought sweep
through the Horn of Africa, we are, for
example, in Ethiopia responding to the urgent
needs of 4.5 million people—many of whom
are pastoralists and agro-pastoralists and who
risk losing their livelihoods altogether due to
the drought in the Horn of Africa, high food
prices, and exhausted coping mechanisms—
with US$193 million.
In Haiti, WFP is tripling the number of
people we reach with food, from 800,000 to
2.3 million, with an urgent infusion of US$23
million in addition to our current US$48
million program. WFP’s assistance in Haiti
consists of targeted food distribution and hot
meals in schools, provision of nutrition for
mothers and young children, and take-home
rations for poor urban families at the start of
the school year when the costs of school fees
and uniforms make ends hard to meet.
fostering develoPment
WFP is also deploying a wide and nuanced
range of tools in time for the global food crisis.
For example, the WFP brings in commodities
when necessary, such as in Darfur, where we
27. provide critically needed food to more than 3
million people every day. It also relies on local
purchases in cases where there is no food on
the shelves but there is food on the farms
and no infrastructure to get it out. The WFP
also uses targeted food vouchers, as we did in
Pakistan, or cash, as we did in Indonesia in the
1990s and more recently in Myanmar.
We also use our food-for-assets programs
to help train local populations. Over the past
four decades, together with experts from
the FAO, we have planted more than 5 billion
trees in the developing world, helping stabilize
soil. We have also de-mined and built tens of
vouchers for the vulnerable in Pakistan
WFP’s food voucher program in Pakistan has been active since
1994 and reaches about 47,500 beneficiaries every year.
Beneficiaries, mostly women, receive an average of
US$23 per year as part of asset-creation activities. Among other
accomplishments, since 2001
about 15 million trees were planted under the program and
15,300 latrines and 17,300 water
tanks were built. In 2008, 68 small retailers and 19 bank
branches were involved, while vouchers
worth about US$1.2 million are injected into local markets
every year.
14
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
thousands of kilometres of vital feeder roads,
28. including reopening more than 10,000 kilo-
meters of roads in the Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC), Angola, and southern Sudan in
the past few years. In 2007 the government of
southern Sudan became one of WFP’s top 10
donors, as we partnered with them to reopen
roads for farmers and build schools and
hospitals through food-for-work programs,
which allowed us to reduce dependency and
cut general food distribution in half.
School feeding is another critically
important program response. WFP works with
governments and communities to provide
food to some 20 million children through
school feeding each year. A humble cup of
food or date bar or biscuits can revolution-
ize a child’s life. We must help make schools
the center of life and improve attendance,
especially for girls.
Helping countries out of the crisis also
means helping them to climb the develop-
ment ladder, which will build resilience. Many
activities employed during an emergency
will have positive effects on development,
in particular those focusing on nutrition and
those that prevent negative coping strate-
gies. In addition, steps must be taken to foster
supporting small farmers
WFP has been procuring food locally for decades and spent
more than US$1.2 billion in food purchases in Africa alone
from 2001 to 2007. In 2007, 80 percent of WFP’s overall
29. food purchases were made in developing countries, representing
more than US$612 million
or 1.6 million metric tons. Fifty-six percent of the total quantity
purchased was procured in
least-developed and low-income countries, while 24 percent was
procured in middle-income
developing countries.
15
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities
the productivity of small farmers and better
connect them to markets; invest in effective
safety-net systems; and enhance disaster pre-
paredness and risk-management capacities.
Spurring Productivity and
Market Connectedness of
Small Farmers
WFP has been revolutionizing food aid to
transform it into an investment in developing
countries that is sensitive to local markets and
helps bring lasting solutions to hunger.
Today, WFP is one of the largest purchas-
ers of food in the developing world. Eighty
percent of our cash for food is spent in 70
developing countries. For example, during
the recent floods in Mozambique, there was
plenty of food on local markets, but the food
could not reach the victims and they could
not afford to buy it. WFP thus purchased
80 percent of the food for the victims from
30. Mozambican farmers, creating a win-win
solution. Similarly, in Senegal most of the
salt we use for our program there is procured
from village salt producers. WFP helps these
producers iodize the salt and thereby address
goitre—what President Wade called one of the
biggest health challenges in Senegal.
Win-win solutions like these use food
assistance to break hunger at its roots.
They are part of what I call WFP’s 80-80-80
solution: 80 percent of our cash used for food
purchases is invested in developing countries;
80 percent of WFP’s land transport and ware-
housing is procured in developing countries;
and 80 percent of our staff in the field is hired
locally in developing countries. This adds up
to an investment of more than US$2 billion
in developing-world economies that helps
nations and villages help themselves and
makes farmers part of the solution.
With support from the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation and the Howard G. Buffett
Foundation, WFP is launching the Purchasing
for Progress (P4P) initiative to ensure that our
procurement helps break the cycle of hunger.
Under P4P, WFP uses its purchasing footprint
to give smallholder farmers the support they
need to overcome obstacles to increased pro-
duction, distribution, and access to markets.
WFP food procurement practices are thus
31. 16
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
becoming more supportive to low-income
farmers, while WFP’s presence is leveraged
to catalyze innovations in African agricul-
tural markets that lower risks and costs and
increase ability to work in those markets. Such
investments will improve low-income farmers’
abilities and incentives to invest in yield-
enhancing technologies, to produce and sell
surpluses, and to raise their incomes.
Investing in Safety-Net Systems
In general, safety-net systems include
transfers, access to food through basic services
such as school feeding, and insurance options.
Ideally, such systems would be domestically
financed by governments to meet the needs
of their citizens, as they are in Europe, North
America, and parts of Asia and Latin America.
Only a few developing countries, however, can
currently afford such systems. For most devel-
oping countries, international assistance fills
the gaps temporarily while helping to create
the conditions under which programs can be
handed over to governments and national
safety nets can be established.
Countries have different capacities to
introduce and scale up safety-net systems,
and recommended actions should be tailored
to meet context-specific challenges and
needs. For example, a number of very low-
capacity, often postwar, countries do not have
32. formal safety-net systems in place (such as
Afghanistan, Somalia, and Sudan). In those
cases, donors often provide safety nets, mostly
in the form of emergency relief.
In other contexts, elements of safety-
net systems may be present, although they
are often uncoordinated, of short duration,
and limited in scale (such as in Bangladesh,
Ethiopia, and Malawi).
In yet other circumstances, countries
have fully institutionalized national safety-net
systems, almost entirely domestically funded
by governments (such as Brazil, Mexico, and
South Africa).
Therefore, the expansion of safety-net
systems in low-capacity contexts would be
based mostly on humanitarian assistance,
while at the same time investments should
be made to build capacities for safety nets in
the medium and long term. In higher-capacity
countries, the expansion of existing safety
nets may be possible, while improvements
should be made to make safety-net systems
more flexible, effective, and efficient.
When appropriately designed, safety nets
expanding safety nets during crisis
As a response to high food prices, WFP is scaling up school-
feeding safety nets, including an extension through summer
months, to help ease the impacts of food costs on poor
families and ensure that children receive basic nutrition. In
33. Mozambique, WFP targeted an
additional US$7 million to expand social safety nets for highly
vulnerable populations through
school feeding, supplementary feeding, and general feeding for
AIDS patients. In Ethiopia, WFP
supports the national Productive Safety Net Programme, which
reaches 8.3 million people, and
is now working with the World Bank on designing and
implementing safety nets specifically
targeting urban areas.
17
High Global Food Prices: The Challenges and Opportunities
provide timely support to prevent the adoption
of negative coping mechanisms. At the same
time, safety nets can foster economic growth
by investing in human capital, improving
risk management, addressing some market
failures, and reducing inequality.
Disaster Preparedness
and Mitigation
In many countries, the end of one disaster
often becomes the precursor of the next,
either because the first shock has undermined
the resilience capacities of countries and
communities or because there is an underly-
ing low level of disaster preparedness. There
may be other destabilizing pressures—such as
high food prices—that can affect resilience at
its core, often compounded with other factors
such the impact of climate change.
34. Humanitarian needs caused by disasters
are increasing, and so are the human, social,
and economic costs associated with these
events. In the 1980s, around 170 million
people were affected by climate-related
disasters. Between 2000 and 2004, this
number was 262 million, of whom 98 percent
are in developing countries. Climate-related
disasters are likely to be an increasing
problem, and WFP has thus made disaster
preparedness and management a key objective
of its strategic plan for 2008–11.
WFP is already working with communi-
ties in many parts of the world to ensure
that fragile food security ecosystems are
kept intact and sustainable. WFP has worked
with communities to build tens of thousands
of canals and dykes, restore river beds, and
take other practical steps to protect food
systems. It is also working with govern-
ments to establish early warning systems
for droughts and floods. Last fall, warnings
helped thousands escape the worst effects of
Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.
tHe wAy forwArd:
crisis As An oPPortunity
High food prices are hitting the world’s
most vulnerable people hard, and we need
to protect them with safety-net systems,
now and tomorrow. We need to expand
such systems where they exist and introduce
them where they do not. Insurance and other
35. risk-management products will also help by
reducing people’s uncertainty and provide a
better basis for planning for the future.
insuring against disasters
In 2006, WFP piloted the world’s first insurance contract with
AXA Re for humanitarian relief in Ethiopia. Under the pilot,
funds would have been triggered to support people in need
based on trends of a weather-based index. In 2007, such an
index was refined in partnership
with the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID), and the U.K.
Department for International Development (DFID). In 2007, the
government of China requested
the assistance of WFP and IFAD in designing and piloting
drought and flood risk management
instruments for the vulnerable in rural China.
18
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
At the same time, high food prices and
increasing demand present a huge, historic
opportunity to reverse the neglect of agri-
culture and increase the incomes of small
farmers in the developing world. By 2050,
with the growth in demand, the world needs
to produce twice as much food. This need
simply cannot be met without huge invest-
ment in the world’s poorest farmers by
governments, the private sector, and the
international community.
36. Agricultural research should be increased,
while agricultural productivity should be
fostered by investing all across the value
chain, in seeds and fertilizers, water, infra-
structure, human and physical capital, and all
the other inputs required for competitiveness
in a globalizing world. WFP supports the call
by the World Bank, FAO, and IFAD to invest in
fertilizer and seeds, and FAO Director-General
Jacques Diouf has estimated that US$1.7
billion is needed urgently.
WFP also faces a new challenge, how-
ever—the increasing export restrictions and
bans in many countries. These restrictions
make it difficult for WFP to acquire and move
much-needed humanitarian food around the
world. WFP is urgently calling on all nations
to exempt humanitarian food purchases and
shipments from these restrictions, and we
call on donors to ensure that earmarks and
restrictions do not limit our ability to reach
those in urgent need.
I will conclude on a note of optimism:
we can defeat hunger. The world today is
producing more food and nurturing more
people than ever before. In fewer than 40
years, the world has cut the proportion of
hunger in the developing world in half, from
37 percent in 1969 to 17 percent in 2003. We
can achieve global—and local—food security.
The world knows how to do this. High food
prices now threaten to short-circuit this
potential and undo many of these hard-earned
37. gains. But crises can create opportunities.
Only by pulling together, in the spirit of global
interdependence, can we respond strategically
to this challenge. So let us act together now.
Josette Sheeran is the executive director of the
World Food Programme.
20
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
Policy implications of High
food Prices for Africa
namanga ngongi
The first half of 2008 witnessed a dramatic rise in commodity
prices that brought
back sad memories of the 1974/75 food crisis. Food price
increases averaging 52
percent between 2007 and 2008 have posed a heavy burden on
consumers in
net food-importing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The pressure of
increasing food prices was a major factor in riots that erupted in
many countries
(Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, and Senegal).
Fearing social upheavals, some major food-
exporting countries have imposed export
restrictions ranging from export taxes to
export bans. The small shares of global supply
that are traded for the major food crops—7
38. percent for rice—means that small reductions
in export volumes lead to disproportionate
price increases.
Although the price crisis appeared to
arise suddenly, it has been building in Africa
for at least three decades. Since 1980, Africa
has neglected agriculture, as evidenced by
low crop yields (Figure 1). Structural adjust-
ment programs led to the dismantling of
many institutions and programs inherited
or established after independence. Without
a doubt, many of the parastatal corpora-
tions were bloated, inefficient, and corrupt;
food security reserves were used for political
patronage; extension services failed to deliver
services; and cooperatives were politicized.
But instead of improving the functioning of
such essential institutions, donors and, in turn,
African countries pursued market solutions
that decimated these institutions.
The international community contributed
to Sub-Saharan Africa’s neglect of agriculture
even before the widespread adoption of
structural adjustment programs. The United
Nations and multilateral and bilateral agencies
gave confusing advice. Development theories
first favored industrialization; then agro-
industries, integrated rural development,
and export-crop–led agriculture, and finally
smallholders’ staple food crops. Overseas
development assistance (ODA) for agriculture
fell from 18 percent in 1980 to 4 percent in
2007. The continued policy shifts and the
39. decline in financial flows to agriculture over
three decades laid the foundation for the
2008 food crisis.
Policy requirements
African countries have realized the need
to accord higher priority to agriculture. At
the second African Union Summit held in
Maputo in 2003, African heads of state
and government set a target of 6.2 percent
annual growth in the agricultural sector
and decided to allocate 10 percent of their
national budgets to agriculture. They also
established a framework—the Comprehensive
Africa Agriculture Development Programme
China
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
6
5
4
3
2
41. )
Source: FAOSTAT 2001.
Figure 1 Cereal yields in China, South Asia, and
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1961-2001
(CAADP)—that will guide investment in the
agricultural sector. The CAADP provides a
framework for consultations between African
countries and the donor community with the
objective of reaching agreement on national
compacts for joint action. Progress has not
been as fast as hoped for, but six countries
have reached or surpassed the 10-percent
target set for budgetary allocation to agri-
culture. Aggregate growth in the agricultural
sector (not the staple food crop sub-sector)
also increased to more than 5.5 percent in
2006.
Much more must be done to develop
focused policies that will lead to sustainable
staple food production driven by advances
in productivity rather than by expansion of
cultivated area. Recognizing that the vast
majority of African farmers are smallholders
and mostly women, African countries must
develop specific pro-poor smallholder policies.
Many African countries have planning units in
their Ministries of Agriculture to help develop
policies for attaining CAADP objectives, but
these are usually understaffed and have
insufficient analytical capacity. Data quality is
generally poor.
42. Formulating appropriate policies will
require giving attention to many key areas.
Discussed here are improved seeds, fertilizers,
financial services, subsidies, markets, and
infrastructure.
seeds
Agriculture starts with seeds (used here in
the broadest sense to include vegetative plant
parts used to produce crops), which are the
basic building blocks for the next harvest.
Farmers all over the world must start with
the best possible seeds suited to their local
environments and food preferences. Nowhere
21
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa
Figure 2 Rates of variety adoption by region, 1970-98
Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Middle East/North Africa
Latin America
80
60
40
43. 20
0
1970 1980 1990 1998
42%
62%
52%
80%
39%
29%
23%
58%
13% 12%
4%
26%P
e
rc
e
n
ta
g
e
44. Source: Ninth Meeting of the Science Council of the
Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR), World Agroforestry Centre,
Nairobi, March 27–April 1, 2008.
in the world is the diversity in micro-ecologies
and food crops greater than in Africa. Many
of the crop varieties that have been selected
are no longer able to produce adequate yields
to feed a rapidly growing population. Because
they have been selected for low-input agricul-
ture, the seeds saved by African smallholder
farmers do not have the potential to respond
to improvements in soil fertility. Early efforts
to improve African agriculture depended
heavily on field testing crop varieties from
other continents. This effort had only limited
success and resulted in low adoption of
new crop varieties (Figure 2). A major plant-
breeding effort focused on Africa’s staple food
crops is urgently needed.
African countries have lagged behind in
plant breeding because of the acute shortage
of trained scientists and support institu-
tions. The Alliance for a Green Revolution in
Africa (AGRA) is now undertaking an effort
to redress this situation by training some 250
plant breeders—80 with Ph.D. and 170 with
M.Sc. degrees—in African universities. Trained
plant breeders need institutional support and
facilities, and public-private partnerships are
needed to establish and endow institutions to
support plant-breeding work in Africa.
45. Plant-breeding efforts will have no
impact if the new varieties are not multiplied
in sufficient quantity to be available for use
by farmers. Hybrid seeds must be produced
by specialized entities, public or private, in
sufficient isolation to avoid contamination
and must be purchased every year by farmers.
Hybrid seeds saved from a previous crop
quickly lose vigor. Seeds from crops such as
rice, millet, sorghum, and roots and tubers can
be saved from previous harvests and planted
for up to five years without serious loss of
vigor. The main problem with using saved
seeds from these crops is the accumulation
and transfer of diseases and pests from one
generation to the next.
22
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
23
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa
Seed multiplication in Africa has until
recently been mostly in the public domain
but public seed production agencies have not
fared well. Multinational and national private
seed companies have taken large shares of
the seed market. Indigenous seed companies
have taken hold and are expanding in East and
Southern Africa but not yet in Western Africa.
AGRA is working with several partners to set
up financial institutions that provide funding
46. to existing and start-up small local seed
companies.
The issue of loss of biodiversity resulting
from the widespread use of improved varieties
is often raised, and it is a legitimate question.
African farmers are not only interested in
having a multiplicity of plant species on their
farms, however; they are also looking for ways
to improve their livelihoods. Using improved
varieties can help them attain this goal. Major
national gene banks need to ensure the main-
tenance and documentation of local genetic
material, which constitutes the reservoir for
ongoing and future breeding work as well as
for monitoring genetic erosion.
Another issue regarding improved
varieties concerns biotechnology and
genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Biotechnology is used not only for GMOs, but
also for rapid propagation, multiplication, and
production of planting material, especially
with vegetatively propagated species. The pro-
duction of improved varieties by conventional
breeding will largely bridge the productivity
gap for African farmers. With good agronomic
practices and wise use of fertilizers and irriga-
tion, the large-scale adoption of improved
varieties should double or triple current yields.
This possibility will postpone the decisions on
the use of GMOs, thus giving African gov-
ernments additional time in which to train
personnel and set up national and subregional
institutions to handle questions related to the
use of GMOs. With the increasing evidence of
47. climate change, African governments should
address this matter with some urgency.
Major constraints to the development
of the seed industry include the tendency
for government institutions to monopo-
lize production of foundation seed and
24
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
the lengthy process of varietal testing and
release. These delays were justified when
seeds were imported from outside the region
and could be sources of new diseases. Now
that improved varieties are being produced
in Africa from African germplasm, and in
many cases using national germplasm, these
slowdowns may be unnecessary.
fertilizers
African farmers use only 23 kilograms of
fertilizers per hectare, and Sub-Saharan
African farmers just 9 kilograms per hectare—
the lowest rate in the world. African soils, the
oldest in the world, have been leached and
eroded for millennia. Population density has
reduced the scope for shifting cultivation
and fallow systems. Continuous cultivation in
the absence of nutrient replenishment from
organic or inorganic fertilizers has resulted in
serious soil nutrient depletion that must be
reversed. Agronomic practices that combine
48. legumes and non-legumes, either as inter-
crops or in rotation, should be exploited to the
fullest to reduce the use of inorganic sources
of nitrogen. Nonetheless, inorganic fertilizers
will be needed.
African countries need to improve
their fertilizer procurement practices, and
the African Development Bank, AGRA, and
other donor agencies are exploring ways
to do so. Almost all of the fertilizer used in
Sub-Saharan Africa is currently imported.
Bulk purchases and negotiation can reduce
the cost of fertilizer delivered to ports or
entry points. Experienced fertilizer traders
should be involved in negotiations with the
major fertilizer manufacturers to reduce unit
costs. Bulk purchases also lead to the use
of larger ships that reduce shipping costs.
Total cost reduction through bulk purchasing
and negotiation has been estimated to be at
least 15–20 percent for volumes imported by
Kenya and Tanzania. Greater savings are likely
through bulk fertilizer imports for groups of
neighboring countries that are dependent on
major transport corridors, like Kenya, Uganda,
25
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa
Rwanda, and Eastern DRC, or Mozambique,
Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia. Governments
and the private sector should work together
49. to ensure that the financial resources to pay
for imported fertilizer are available and that
foreign exchange is allocated in a timely
manner.
Africa must also produce more of the
fertilizer it uses. Africa has large deposits of
natural gas that can be harnessed to produce
nitrogen fertilizer, but these deposits have
hardly been exploited. In Nigeria, the company
Notore is undertaking a new effort to produce
an initial 600,000 metric tons of nitrogen
fertilizer using the country's abundant natural
gas. This fertilizer would meet the current
nitrogen needs of Nigeria and much of West
Africa. Production of nitrogen fertilizer in
other parts of Africa should also be explored.
In addition, Africa has considerable deposits
of phosphate rock and lime that could be
developed. Potash deposits are less abundant,
with the deposit in Mozambique being the
best known.
Finally, fertilizer-use efficiency must be
improved. The low levels of fertilizer applied
per hectare and the high unit cost make it
imperative that farmers use the most appro-
priate fertilizers for their soils and crops
and apply them when critically needed to
maximize effect. Countries need support to
establish soil-testing laboratories and must
undertake large-scale soil testing on which to
base fertilizer recommendations. Simple, easy-
to-use soil-testing kits are also needed to
facilitate soil testing by extension agents and
farmers. Fertilizer quality plays a major role in
50. the response of crops, and national capacities
for quality control of fertilizers should be built
or strengthened.
finAnciAl services
Rural Africa is short of the financial institu-
tions that are critical to business development,
including agricultural development. Farmers,
and particularly smallholder farmers, are
forced to borrow at high interest rates from
moneylenders. At the same time, private
banks are awash with money that they
cannot lend. Banks are reluctant to lend to
agriculture because of the risks associated
with the sector: drought, pests, and market
failures. The small amounts needed by small-
holder farmers also increase the cost of loan
administration.
At independence, African countries set
up a variety of financial institutions, most of
which have collapsed owing to corruption
and underestimation of administration costs.
The lack of financial literacy and the popular
belief that loans from government institutions
do not need to be repaid have not helped. To
reduce risks, several nongovernmental orga-
nizations (NGOs) and bilateral aid agencies
have experimented with various types of
credit guarantee schemes. These schemes are
normally small in scale, of limited duration,
and separate from national or area-based
agricultural development programs.
AGRA has started a new effort aimed
51. at scaling up credit guarantee schemes. For
example, in collaboration with the govern-
ment of Kenya, AGRA and the International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are
partnering to provide US$2.5 million each to
Equity Bank to constitute a credit guarantee
fund of US$5 million. Equity Bank will then
provide US$50 million in loans to agro-dealers
and farmers in 70 districts in conjunction with
the government's program for accelerated
input supply. Other commercial banks in the
country are interested in participating. Should
26
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
credit guarantee schemes take hold in African
countries, more than US$2 billion could be
available to Africa's hard-pressed farmers.
subsidies
Subsidies for agriculture are and will remain
controversial. Agriculture in developed
countries and other developing regions is
heavily subsidized. The Common Agricultural
Policy of the European Union has produced
perhaps the highest subsidy levels in the
world. The average U.S. farmer is not doing
too badly either. Yet these subsidy-using
countries and the multilateral financial institu-
tions protest against subsidies in Africa. In
Africa, they say, market forces must be used to
boost production of crops in which Africa has
52. a comparative advantage. Yet the developed
countries use subsidies to give their farmers
a comparative advantage in crops they would
otherwise not produce. Considering the insig-
nificant share of Africa in the global trade of
staple food crops, it appears that developed
countries are not protecting global or African
markets from distortion, but rather protecting
the market share of their subsidized exports.
Some African countries have now
reversed policy and are supporting small-
holder farmers; this includes providing input
subsidies for seeds and fertilizers. One out-
standing example is Malawi, which provides
a subsidy of up to 70 percent for fertilizers.
Kenya recently announced a fertilizer subsidy
of approximately 30 percent. Subsidies alone
may not be sufficient, but without some form
of support, credit, or smart subsidies, the
targets set by African leaders for progress in
the agriculture sector, especially in the staple
food subsector, will remain a mirage.
27
Policy Implications of High Food Prices for Africa
mArkets
Seeds and fertilizer, whether imported or
produced at home, are of no use if they are
not physically and economically accessible
to farmers. African small-scale farmers have
53. difficulty getting access to seeds, fertilizers,
and other agricultural inputs because they
are not available near their communities,
they come in large packages, and they are
expensive. Physical proximity can be improved
by increasing the density of agro-dealer
networks. Agro-dealers should also be trained
in business management and safe handling
of chemicals and provided with financing
at affordable terms to enable them to stock
inputs in sufficient quantities. Extension
services should engage in training and demon-
stration activities that will lead farmers to use
increased volumes of agricultural inputs and
thereby make agro-dealerships sustainable.
Interventions to increase staple food
production should be matched by programs
for improving small farmers’ access to markets
where they can sell surplus production. Food
should freely flow from surplus areas to deficit
areas at national and regional levels. The gov-
ernments of the Common Market for Eastern
and Southern Africa (COMESA) signed the
“Maize without Borders” declaration in 2005
to enable such flows, but recent food security
concerns have provoked export restrictions.
Lack of market infrastructure, high
transport costs, high storage losses, and lack
of market information in Africa combine to
destroy enormous value in the continent’s
food markets. By investing to reduce these
costs, African countries have an opportunity
to fundamentally alter incentives to farmers,
traders, and processors in ways that promote
54. value addition and consumers’ access to food
at stable prices.
infrAstructure
Africa’s very poor rural infrastructure consti-
tutes perhaps the single most limiting factor
to the continent’s agricultural development.
The density of paved roads per 1 million
inhabitants varies from 59 kilometers in the
Democratic Republic of Congo to 114 kilo-
meters in Tanzania, 230 kilometers in Nigeria
and 1,402 kilometers in Zimbabwe. India, in
contrast, has 1,000 kilometers of paved roads
per 1 million inhabitants. The poor state of
rural roads in Africa increases transaction
costs for inputs and outputs and limits the
extent to which trade can ensure the distribu-
tion of food within countries and between
countries in a subregion. It is often cheaper
to import food from Asia or North America
than to move surpluses from the interior of
an African country to the cities. In addition,
only 5 to 7 percent of Africa's arable land is
covered by irrigation schemes. Market infra-
structure and rural electrification are in a poor
state. Basic processing of Africa's staple foods
would improve value, increase shelf life, and
reduce postharvest losses, but the necessary
storage, handling, and processing infrastruc-
ture is limited.
conclusion
African agriculture is at a crossroads. The
current high food prices and the instability
55. they have provoked in several countries have
added impetus for African countries to review
their agricultural policies and programs. New
agricultural policies will have to be more
focused on staple food crops and on their
main producers—smallholders, most of whom
are women. The new policies must remove
constraints that impede access by smallholder
farmers to the knowledge, technology, and
28
Responding to the Global Food Crisis: Three Perspectives
financial services they need to increase farm
productivity in a profitable and environ-
mentally sustainable manner. Institutional
mechanisms that lower the risks of lending to
the agriculture sector and to smallholders in
particular should be established and programs
developed to leverage financial resources from
the commercial banking sector.
Governments and the private sector have
an opportunity to work together to support
the procurement, blending, and packaging
of fertilizers. Together they can also support
the breeding and multiplication of improved
seeds. Government policies should support
agro-dealers to ensure that improved seeds
and other inputs are available to farmers.
The many issues that African countries
must address will be beyond the capacity of