Criteria of Most Efficient EcM Strains for Afforestation and Reforestation Programs

By
Muhammad Usman Mughal
Research Associate at Department of Botany, university of the
Punjab, Lahore Pakistan
musmanmughal52@yahoo.com
Criteria of Most Efficient
ECM Strains for
Afforestation &
Reforestation Programs

• Introduction
• Selection criteria
• Selecting superior fungal isolates
• Ectomycorrhizae in Reforestation & Afforestation
• Conclusion
• References
Contents
Prepared by: Muhammad Usman Mughal 2

• Afforestation
Afforestation is the establishment of forest in an area
where there was no previous tree cover.
• Reforestation
Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of
existing forests that have been depleted, usually through
deforestation.
Introduction
Ectomycorrhizal associations involve
three-way interactions between the
host plant, fungus and soil factor.

Competitive interactions of ectomycorrhizal mycobionts under field conditions for
Reforestation (McAfee, B.J and Fortin J.A., 1986)

Afforestation of abandoned farmland with conifer seedlings inoculated with three
ectomycorrhizal fungi - impact on plant performance and ectomycorrhizal community
(Menkis et al., 2007)

• Glasshouse experiments
to test the capacity of fungal isolates to colonize roots in soils
to test the growth responses of host plants
• Anatomical investigations
To confirm host-fungus interface establishment
Degree of interface formation
• Field trials
Ultimate test of the capacity of fungal isolates to function in a particular habitat
ECM Evaluation

Criteria of Selecting ECM Fungi
Sr. no. Selection Criteria Details
1 Compatibility with key
host plant(s)
• usually tested by glasshouse trials using pasteurized soil or
synthesis attempts in axenic culture
• microscopy procedures are required to confirm mantle
and Hartig net formation
2 Compatibility with soils and
climatic conditions
• isolates should be obtained from similar climates/soils to
where they will be used
• habitat data concerning climatic conditions, host trees and
soil properties from herbarium databases may be used
3 Growth promotion of
host species
• tested by measuring growth responses in glasshouse
experiments at realistic soil fertility levels
4 Amelioration of adverse
soil conditions
• specific fungal isolates may help plants tolerate adverse
soil conditions or enhance resistance to pathogenic
organisms

Sr. no. Selection Criteria Details
5 Capacity to obtain or
produce inoculum
• hyphal growth rates in sterile culture will determine the feasibility
of producing mycelial inoculum
• experiments may be required to optimize growth media
composition
• spore inoculum production depends on the ease of sporocarp
acquisition and their quality
6 Colonization of seedling
roots in the nursery
• standard nursery practices which cannot easily be changed (the
composition of potting mixes, water regimes, fertilizer
applications, pesticide use, etc.) may eliminate fungi
7 Persistence and spread
in the field
• fungi may fail to perform in the field due to factors such as
competition with other fungi or lack of tolerance to soil
conditions
• soil conditions in plantations may become less or more favorable
for a particular fungus with time
8 Other values of fungi • edible fungi may be harvested for food or medicine to provide
extra income from forest plantations

• Model Experiment (Burgess et al., 1993)
• Aim
To compare the effects of 16 fungal isolates on Eucalyptus globulus and E. diversicolor
seedling growth.
• Experimental design
A fully randomized factorial design was used (2 host trees x 17 fungal treatments x 2 P
levels x 4 replicates=272 pots).
• Procedure
Soil: A yellow pasteurized sand (pH 5.5 and less than 2 mg/kg available P) was placed in
non-draining plastic pot.
Selecting Superior Fungal
Isolates

Fertilizers: An adequate supply of all nutrients was applied except for P. Plants were
given a nitrogen supplement every 2 weeks.
Plants: Surface sterilized seeds of the two Eucalyptus species were germinated
aseptically
Fungi: Germinated seedlings were placed in polycarbonate jars. These jars were
previously inoculated and contained active colonies of one of the ECM fungi. Seedlings
were left in contact with fungi for 7-10.
Planting and care: Seedlings with hyphae on their roots were transplanted into each
pot of sand along with 0.2 g of agar colonized with hyphae in a glasshouse and pots
were randomly moved to new locations every 2-3 days.
Measurements and harvesting: Height measurements were taken every 2 weeks,
starting in week 3. Seedlings were harvested 100 days after planting. Shoots were dried
in an oven (70°C) to determine shoot dry weight.

Origin of ectomycorrhizal isolates giving codes used for the fungal
species, the area where the isolate was found. (TAS = Tasmania, WA
= Western Australia) and the Eucalyptus sp. It was associated with
when originally collected.

• Statistical analysis: ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) used to assess treatment effects
and LSD (Least Significant Difference) values were calculated to allow comparison of
treatments.
• Results: Pisolithus tinctorius was the most efficient fungal isolate for mycorrhizal
association with Eucalyptus spp in low Phosphorus condition (Burgess et al., 1993)

Results of a mycorrhizal fungus screening experiment (Example) with 16 isolates of ECM fungi, 2
Eucalyptus species and 2 phosphorus levels (A, B). Note that many fungal treatments were significantly
different from the control (CONT) at the low P level (A) but not at the higher level (B). 14

Global Forest
Loss
Global forest loss around 13 million hectares per year during the 2005-10

• The primary purpose
- to provide seedlings with adequate ectomycorrhizae to improve their survival and
growth after planting to create man-made forests (Byrd et al., 2000).
• Most research on inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi has been based on two
working premises:
-First, (General Method) any amount of ectomycorrhizae formed by any fungus apply
on the seedlings
-Secondly, (Specific Method) some species of ectomycorrhizal fungi have proven to be
more beneficial to trees, under certain environmental conditions, than others.
Use of ECM in Afforestation &
Reforestation programs

The global distribution of ectomycorrhizal introductions. The numbers of introductions
are strongly correlated to the numbers of publications from any given country. Yellow
indicates countries with at least one introduction, and circles are proportional to the
number of species that have been reported as introduced.(Else et al., 2008)

Frequency of host plant families reported as hosts of
exotic ectomycorrhizal fungi around the world

Failure at out-planting sites (Jackson et al., 1995)

• Inability of introduced inoculum to persist on the roots of planting stock after
transfer from nursery to field
• Soil conditions experienced by nursery and container grown plants are very different
from those in most out-planting sites
• Bare-root nursery seedlings can loss the vigor of fine roots and their fungal
associates due to lifting, storage and transport of seedling
Possible reasons of failure at out planting sites

List of efficient ectomycorrhizal fungi for trees
Plant species Efficient mycorrhizal
fungus/ fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi tested Parameters evaluated References
Eucalyptus
globulus
Pisolithus tinctorius P. tinctorius, Paxillus muelleri, Cortinarius
globuliformis, Thexterogaster sp.,
Hysterangium inflatum, Hydnangium
carneum, Hymenogaster viscides, H.
zealanicus, Setchelliogaster sp., Laccaria
laccata, Scleroderma verrucosum, Amanita
xanthocephala, Descolea maculata, and three
other fungi
Plant growth, P-
uptake
Burgess et al.,
(1993)
Eucalyptus
diversicolor
Pisolithus tinctorius P. tictorius, Paxillus muelleri, Cortinarius
globuliformis, Thexterogaster sp.,
Hysterangium inflatum, Hydnangium
carneum, Hymenogaster viscides, H.
zealanicus, Setchelliogaster sp., Laccaria
laccata, Scleroderma verrucosum, Amanita
xanthocephala, Descolea maculata, and three
other fungi
Plant growth, P-
uptake
Burgess et al.,
(1993)

Plant species Efficient
mycorrhizal fungus/
fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi tested Parameters
evaluated
References
Picea
sitkensis
(Sitka spruce)
Laccaria laccata,
Cenococcum
geophilum
L. laccata, C. geophilum, Pisolithus
tinctorius, Astraeus pteridis, Amanita
pantherine
Mycorrhizal
infection
Shaw and Molina
(1979)
Larix laricina
(provenances
)
Laccaria laccata L. laccata, Cenococcum geophilum,
Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus granulatus
Overall growth Zhu and Navratel
(1987)
Picea
engelemanu
(Engleman
spruce)
Amphinema
bysoides
A. bysoides, Thelephora terrestris,
Cenococcum geophilum, Mycelium radices-
atro-viren, Tomentella sp., Laccaria spp.,
Hebeloma, Tuber, Suillus, Rhizopogon
Diameter growth Hunt (1990)

Plant species Efficient
mycorrhizal fungus/
fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi tested Parameters
evaluated
References
Pinus
halepensis
Pisolithus arhizus P. arhizus, Rhizopogon rosovlus, Suillus
collinitus
Plant height, dry
weight, mycorrhizal
infection
Torres and
Honrubia (1994)
Pinus
sylvestris
Laccaria laccata L. laccata, Hebeloma crustuliniforme,
Thelephora terrestris
Plant growth Tyminska, Tacon,
and Chadoeuf
(1986)
Pinus
sylvestris
Amanita muscaria,
Lactarius rufus
A. muscaria, L. rufus, Laccaria laccata,
Hebeloma crustuliniforme
Seedling growth Stenstrom (1990)
Quercus
petracea
Paxillus involutus P. involutus, Hebeloma crustuliniforme,
Laccaria laccata
Growth Garbaye and Churin
(1997)
Pinus
contorta
(Lodgepole
pine)
Suillus sp. E. strain, Amphinema bysoides, Thelephora
terrestris, Cenococcum geophilum,
Mycelium radices atrovirins, Tomentella
spp., Laccaria spp., Hebeloma, Tuber suillus,
Rhizopogon
Diameter growth Hunt (1990)

Main population dynamics estimators and ecological strategy of local scale
studied ECM species
Study Fungal
species
Forest
environment
Persistence of ECM
(max. observed)
Ecological
Strategy
Dahlberg &
Stenlid 1990
Suillus bovinus Pinus sylvestris;
12-250 y
(depending on site)
36 y Competitive; pioneer
in young stands,
expanding in late forests
Baar et al.
1994
Laccaria bicolor P. sylvestris; 17 y 31 y Competitive
Dahlberg &
Stenlid 1994
Suillus bovinus P. sylvestris; 12-250 y
(depending on site)
35 y Competitive
Gryta et al.
1997
Hebeloma
Cylindrosporum
Pinus pinaster; 10e60 y
(depending on site);
forest or Dune
No data Ruderal
Anderson et al.
1998
Pisolithus tinctorius Sclerophylls stand; >16 y No data R, C, S combination
Bonello et al.
1998
Suillus pungens Pinus muricata 40 y R, C, S combination
Gherbi et al.
1999
Laccaria amethystina Fagus sylvatica; 150 y At least 2 y Ruderal in a late forest

Study Fungal
species
Forest
environment
Persistence
(max. observed)
Ecological
Strategy
Sawyer et al.
1999
Cortinarius
rotundisporus
Ligustrum lucidum,
L. sinense, Lantana
camara
No data Competitive or
Stress-tolerant
Selosse et al.
1999
L. bicolor Pseudotsuga menziesii At least 3 y Ruderal
Gryta et al.
2000
H. cylindrosporum P. pinaster; 10-20 y At least 5 y Persistence and rapid
growth, competitive
Zhou et al.
1999
Suillus grevillei Larix kaempferii,
P. densiflora; 85 y
No data Ruderal
Zhou et al.
2000
Suillus grevillei Larix kaempferii,
P. densiflora; 35-85 y
At least 2 y Persistent with erratic
Fructification
Anderson et al.
2001
Pisolithus alba
& P. marmoratus
Sclerophylls stand At least 3 y R, C, S combination
Fiore-Donno
&
Martin 2001
L. amethystina,
Xerocomus
chrysenteron,
X. pruinatus
P. abies and
F. sylvatica; 40-150 y
At least 2 y (L.
amethystina); at least
3 y (X. chrysenteron
and X. pruinatus)
Ruderal in a late
Forest (L. amethystina);
stress-tolerant
(X. chrysenteron and
X. pruinatus)
Redecker et al.
2001
Lactarius
xanthogalactus,
Russula cremoricolor,
Amanita franchetii
P. menziesii,
Lithocarpus densiflora,
P. muricata; 40
and 50 y
Less than 2 y Ruderal in a late forest
25

Study Fungal
species
Forest
environment
Persistence
(max. observed)
Ecological
Strategy
Bergemann &
Miller 2002
Russula brevipes Pinus contorta and
Picea sitchensis;
40-100 y
11 y C, S combination
Guidot et al.
2002
H. cylindrosporum P. pinaster; 10-60 y;
forest or dune
2-5 y (depending
on site)
Competitive (dune)
or ruderal (forest)
Dunham
et al. 2003
Cantharellus
formosus
P. menziesii, Tsuga
heterophylla; 40e60 y
No data Ruderal
Selosse 2003 Leccinum
duriusculum
Populus alba; <20
and 70 y
At least 3 y Ruderal
Kretzer et al.
2004
Rhizopogon
vesiculosus,
R. vinicolor
P. menziesii,
T. heterophylla,
T. plicata; 80 y
No data Ruderal;
priority,
invalidated
by results
Bergemann
et al. 2006
R. brevipes Quercus douglasii,
Q. wiziensii, Pinus
sabiniana
At least 2 y Persistent
Gryta et al.
2006
Tricholoma
populinum,
T. scalpturatum
complexd
Populus nigra; 20
and 25 y
At least 2 y in
undisturbed site
Persistent
(T. populinum,
undisturbed site) or
competitive
(T. populinum, disturbed
site)

Study Fungal
species
Forest
environment
Persistence
(max. observed)
Ecological
Strategy
Lian et al.
2006
Tricholoma
matsutake
P. densiflora; 85 y At least 3 y Stress-tolerant
Wadud 2007 L. amethystina
and L. laccata
Salix reinii; <300 y At least 3 y
(both L. amethystina
and L. laccata)
Ruderal and persistent
in young stand
Carriconde
et al. 2008b
T. scalpturatum
complex
Quercus pubescens,
P. sylvestris,
P. abies; 35 y
Less than 2 y Ruderal

• First work done by Nasira Bashir, Hira Bashir & Abdul Nasir Khalid (2015)
Fungal Biology and Systematics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
• Effect of ECM formed by the Pisolithus tinctorius and Scleroderma bovista on
Seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Phoenix
dactylifera and Quercus glauca
• Statistically it was calculated that the ectomycorrhizal dry mass was greater in host
plants with Scleroderma bovista and Pisolithus tinctorius than non-inoculated plants.
• Dry mass was more in Scleroderma bovista inoculated plants than Pisolithus
tinctorius inoculated plants.
• Form these host plants Dalbergia sissoo shown the maximum growth
Work Done in Pakistan

Dry mass of host plants inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius
Dry mass in grams
Replicates
R
Mean of
dry mass
in grams
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Minim
um
Maxi
mum
Host plants Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Acacia nilotica 8 1.2000 .29761 .10522 .9512 1.4488 1.00 1.70
Dalbergia sissoo 8 8.9625 2.17711 .76973 7.1424 10.7826 5.30 11.0
0
Eucalyptus
camaldulensis
8 5.9125 .38707 .13685 5.5889 6.2361 5.30 6.40
Phoenix
dactylifera
8 4.6625 1.89732 .67080 3.0763 6.2487 2.00 8.00
Quercus glauca 8 .2250 .63640 .22500 -.3070 .7570 .00 1.80
Total 40 4.1925 3.46376 .54767 3.0847 5.3003 .00 11.0
0

Dalbergia sissoo showed Max. Dry mass with Pisolithus tinctorius

Dry mass of host plants inoculated with Scleroderma Bovista
Dry mass in grams
Replica
tes
R
Mean
of dry
mass
in
grams
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Minim
um
Maxim
um
Host plants
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Acacia nilotica 8 2.1000 .27255 .09636 1.8721 2.3279 1.80 2.70
Dalbergia sissoo 8 10.251
3
1.48502 .52504 9.0097 11.4928 8.00 12.00
Eucalyptus
camaldulensis
8 6.2750 1.05119 .37165 5.3962 7.1538 5.10 7.90
Phoenix dactylifera 8 3.9250 1.48300 .52432 2.6852 5.1648 1.90 6.00
Quercus glauca 8 .2000 .56569 .20000 -.2729 .6729 .00 1.60
Total 40 4.5503 3.67839 .58160 3.3738 5.7267 .00 12.00

Dalbergia sissoo showed Max. Dry mass with Scleroderma bovista

• It is a difficult task to select a strain that is eco-physiologically adapted to a site
because most of the strains that proved efficient in Greenhouse do not perform well
under natural conditions. Most strong beneficial effects of inoculum are observed at
sites where indigenous fungi are likely to be low. Equal attention should be given in
evaluating ecological factors operational at the putative site of plantation rather to
seek only the physiological traits of host and fungus.
Conclusion

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