Craig10e ch02 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 2
Four Great
Revolutions
in Thought and
Religion

The Way

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
2.1 Comparing the Four Great Revolutions
• Compare and contrast the geographic and cultural forces involved
in the development of the four great revolutions in thought and
religion.
2.2 Philosophy in China
• Summarize the main ideas of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.
2.3 Religion in India
• Trace the evolution of Indian religious thought from its origins
through the development of the Jain and Buddhist traditions.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
2.4 The Religion of the Israelites
• Summarize the development of Hebrew
monotheism from its origins in the polytheistic
world of the ancient Near East to the acceptance
of the Torah and the idea of a Messiah.
2.5 Greek Philosophy
• Describe the distinctive ideas and approaches of
Greek philosophy and the major Greek
philosophers.

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Compare and contrast the geographic
and cultural forces involved in the
development of the four great
revolutions in thought and religion.

(2 of 2)
• China developed its own unique culture
relatively undisturbed.
• The Indian subcontinent lacked geographic or
cultural continuity.
• Western Christian and Islamic traditions
emerged later, influenced by Judaic
monotheism and Greek philosophy.

Overview: Comparing the Four Great
Systems of Thought and Religion
A flowchart shows the Great River
Valley civilizations, and “First Stage”
and “Second Stage” revolutions of
major philosophical and religious
revolutions.

2.2 Philosophy in China (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the main ideas of
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.

2.2 Philosophy in China (2 of 2)
• Chinese thought was diverse, sociopolitical,
and practical in focus.
• It had much in common with Greek
philosophy.
• Chinese thought included three major schools:
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.

Global Perspective:
Philosophy and Religion (1 of 2)
• Between 800 and 200 B.C.E. four philosophical
or religious revolutions occurred.
• These have shaped the history of the world.
• Each of the revolutions in thought and ethos
was born out of a crisis in the ancient world.
• Later philosophical and religious changes
resulted from breakthroughs or advances
within the original traditions.

Global Perspective:
Philosophy and Religion (2 of 2)
1. Why do you think so many revolutionary
philosophies and religious ideas emerged at
about the same time in many different regions?
Do these ideas share fundamental concerns?
2. Why is this period in Eurasian history
sometimes referred to by philosopher Karl
Jaspers’s term “axial age”?

2.2.1 Confucianism (1 of 2)
• Confucius lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E.
• He sought to resolve the turmoil of his own
age by a return to the old ways of the early
Zhou.
• Central to Confucian thought was the concept
of junzi, or noble behavior.

2.2.1 Confucianism (2 of 2)
• Confucianism was adopted as the official
philosophy in China in the second century
B.C.E.
• The idea that government ought to care for
the people became a permanent part of the
Confucian tradition.

Confucius

Document: Confucius Presents
the Rules of Morality
• How do the injunctions “to repay hatred with
uprightness” and to “repay virtue with virtue”
compare to the Christian injunction to “turn
the other cheek”?
• Which do you think is more appropriate?

Chronology: China

2.2.2 Daoism
• The central concept of Daoism is Dao, or Way.
• The Dao is mysterious, ineffable, and cannot
be named.
• Daoism’s political philosophy is encapsulated
in wuwei.

Document: Daoism
• How does the Way in Daoism compare
with Confucius’s use of the same term?

2.2.3 Legalism
• Legalism was concerned with ending the wars
that plagued China.
• It argued for severe laws and strict
punishments to strengthen the state.
• Legalism became the philosophy of the state
under the Qin Dynasty.

Document: Legalism
• Do the tenets of Legalism have any modern
parallels?
• What do you think of Legalism as a philosophy
of government? As an approach to the
problem of crime?
• How does Legalism compare with other
approaches to law, leadership, and
government?

2.3 Religion in India
Learning Objective:
Trace the evolution of Indian religious
thought from its origins through the
development of the Jain and Buddhist
traditions.

2.3.1 “Hindu” and “Indian”
• Hindu initially referred to the Indian people,
but it has come to refer to a diverse religion
and culture within India.
• Historically, the term Indian referred to the
distinctively Indian tradition of thought and
culture.

2.3.2 Historical Background
• By the late Vedic Age, the Brahman caste had
come to dominate Indian society.
• The Brahmanas were important religious texts
that took form during this period.
• Revolutionary ideas developed among some
Upanishadic sages and the early Jains and
Buddhists.

2.3.3 The Upanishadic Worldview
• The Upanishads elevated knowledge over ritual and
defined immortality as escape from existence.
• Through contemplation, atman-Brahman could be
recognized as the principle of reality.
• The endless cycle of existence is known as samsara.
• Karma taught that every action has its inevitable
effects.
• Following the dharma was the “ordinary norm.”
• Retreat and asceticism was the “extraordinary norm.”

Document: Discussions of Brahman and
Atman from the Upanishads
• Does either of these passages provide a guide
to salvation? If so, why, and what is the
suggested path to salvation?
• In what sense and degree are the passages
concerned with ignorance and
enlightenment?

Document: The “Turning of the Wheel of the
Dharma”: Basic Teachings of the Buddha
• What extremes does the Middle Path try to
avoid?
• What emotion drives the chain of suffering?
• How does the “knowledge” that brings
salvation compare to the knowledge sought in
the Hindu tradition?

2.3.4 Mahavira and the Jain Tradition
• The Jains are an Indian community that traces
its tradition to Vardhamana, known as
Mahavira.
• Jains focused on eliminating thoughts and
acts, especially those harmful to others.
• They emphasized ascetic practices as a way of
destroying karmic bondage.
• Today, Jains regard ahimsa (“non-injury”) to
any being as paramount.

2.3.5 The Buddha’s Middle Path
• The Buddha was born around 566 B.C.E.
• He taught a Middle Path between asceticism
and indulgence.
• This included the Four Noble Truths and an
eightfold path to allow an individual to attain
nirvana.
• Buddhism had a strong focus on compassion
and ending suffering.

Chronology: India

A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gautama as
Fasting Ascetic (second century C.E.)

2.4 The Religion of the Israelites (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize the development of
Hebrew monotheism from its origins
in the polytheistic world of the ancient
Near East to the acceptance of the
Torah and the idea of a Messiah.

2.4 The Religion of the Israelites (2 of 2)
• The Israelites or Hebrews challenged the
polytheism of the Near East.
• The Hebrews provide the first clear historical
manifestation of monotheism.

2.4.1 From Hebrew Nomads to
the Israelite Nation (1 of 2)
• The Hebrew tradition began with Abraham
pursing a nomadic lifestyle in Mesopotamia.
• Hebrews likely arrived in Palestine between
1900 and 1600 B.C.E.
• Moses led the Exodus of Egyptian Israelites to
find a new homeland to the east.

2.4.1 From Hebrew Nomads to
the Israelite Nation (2 of 2)
• The Hebrews established a unified kingdom
under David and Solomon in the tenth century
B.C.E.
• The Israelites were later conquered, leading to
the period of the “Babylonian Captivity.”

God the Sole Creator

Map 2–1: Ancient Palestine

Exile of the Israelites

2.4.2 The Monotheistic Revolution (1 of 2)
• Abraham made a covenant with Yahweh, one
confirmed by Moses.
• Jews believed their punishments came from
God when they failed to live up to their
covenant.
• They saw in God a transcendent ideal of
justice and goodness, a moral God.

2.4.2 The Monotheistic Revolution (2 of 2)
• The Jews looked for a Messiah who would
establish a kingdom of God on earth.
• A holy, authoritative, divinely revealed
scripture was a key element in the
monotheistic revolution.

Document: God’s Purpose with Israel
• How do these passages exemplify the
moral consciousness and utter faith in
God on which Jewish monotheism is
built?

Chronology: The Israelites

2.5 Greek Philosophy (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the distinctive ideas and
approaches of Greek philosophy and
the major Greek philosophers.

2.5 Greek Philosophy (2 of 2)
• The Greeks championed a rationalistic,
skeptical way of thinking.

2.5.1 Reason and the Scientific Spirit
(1 of 2)
• The sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. witnessed a
blossoming of rational and scientific spirit in
Greece.
• This gave rise to Greek philosophy.
• Atomists regarded “soul,” or “mind,” as
material and believed that everything was
guided by purely physical laws.

2.5.1 Reason and the Scientific Spirit
(2 of 2)
• Sophists of the fifth century B.C.E. applied
reasoned analysis to human beliefs and
institutions.
• Philosophy was used to support the polis.

Map 2–2: Centers of Greek Philosophy

2.5.2 Political and Moral Philosophy
(1 of 3)
• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were the three
giants of Greek moral and political philosophy.
• Socrates (469–399 B.C.E.) sought the
knowledge of human affairs as revealed
through reason and observation.
• Plato (429–347 B.C.E.) was the first
philosopher to place political ideas in their full
philosophical context.

(2 of 3)
• Knowledge was treated as a science open only
to the few philosophers whose training,
character, and intellect allowed them to see
reality.
• Concern for the redemption of the polis was
at the heart of Plato’s system of philosophy.

(3 of 3)
• Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) combined
empiricism, reason, and metaphysical
speculation to explain human problems.
• Aristotle’s school, the Lyceum, focused on
gathering, ordering, and analyzing all human
knowledge.

“The School of Athens”

Document: Plato on the Role of Women in
His Utopian Republic
• What are Plato’s reasons for treating men and
women the same?
• What objections could be raised to that
practice?
• Would that policy, even if appropriate in
Plato’s utopia, also be suitable to conditions in
the real world of classical Athens? In the world
of today?

Chronology: Major Greek Philosophers

Religions of the World: Judaism
• In what ways did Judaism differ from the
polytheistic religions?
• What elements of the religion helped it persist
through the ages?

“In the Beginning”

Persecution of the Jews

Craig10e ch02 ppt_ops_final

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