The document discusses the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19. R0 estimates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual in an entirely susceptible population. For COVID-19, estimates of R0 range from 1.5 to 4.5, with most estimates between 2-3. An R0 above 1 means the number of cases will increase, while below 1 means cases will decrease. The document also discusses secondary attack rates, which measure the proportion of exposed individuals who become infected from a specific exposure, such as within a household.

1. How infectious is COVID-19?

2. Basic case reproduction number R0
Average number of secondary cases per case (number of successful
transmissions per case) in a totally susceptible population.

3. Basic case reproduction number R0
Average number of secondary cases per case (number of successful
transmissions per case) in a totally susceptible population.
R0 > 1 number of cases increases

4. Basic case reproduction number R0
Average number of secondary cases per case (number of successful
transmissions per case) in a totally susceptible population.
R0 > 1 number of cases increases
R0 = 1 number of cases is stable

5. Basic case reproduction number R0
Average number of secondary cases per case (number of successful
transmissions per case) in a totally susceptible population.
R0 > 1 number of cases increases
R0 = 1 number of cases is stable
R0 < 1 number of cases decreases

6. Epidemic curve
China CDC weekly Feb 17 2020
http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51

7. R0 for COVID-19
Estimates between 1.5 and 4.5, most 2-3

8. R0 for COVID-19
Estimates between 1.5 and 4.5, most 2-3
What does this mean?
… in the early stage of the epidemic
… using available data
… in Wuhan
… on average

9. Difficulty in estimating R0
China CDC weekly Feb 17 2020

10. R0 depends on 3 factors
• duration of infectiousness
• probability of infection being transmitted during contact
between a susceptible and infected individual
• average rate of contact between susceptible and infected
individuals

11. R0 depends on 3 factors
• duration of infectiousness
• probability of infection being transmitted during contact
between a susceptible and infected individual
• average rate of contact between susceptible and infected
individuals
Infectious organism (& host)

12. R0 depends on 3 factors
• duration of infectiousness
• probability of infection being transmitted during contact
between a susceptible and infected individual
• average rate of contact between susceptible and infected
individuals
Population

13. R0
R0 for COVID-19 ≈ 1.5-4.5

14. R0
R0 for COVID-19 ≈ 1.5-4.5
R0 for Measles ≈ 15
R0 for Chickenpox ≈ 10
R0 for SARS ≈ 3
R0 for Ebola ≈ 2
R0 for ‘flu ≈ 1.5-3

15. Secondary attack rate
Secondary attack rate (2o AR) is used in the study of the spread of
infections that transmit person-to-person in specific situations like
households and schools

16. Secondary attack rate
Secondary attack rate (2o AR) is used in the study of the spread of
infections that transmit person-to-person in specific situations like
households and schools
= the proportion of those exposed to the primary case that
develop disease as a result of the exposure

17. Secondary attack rate of SARS
Singapore
Number of household members exposed to cases = 417
No. of new cases arising = 26
Secondary attack rate = 26/417 = 6.2%

18. NB: Secondary attack rate is context specific
Depends on:
Closeness of contact
SARS in Beijing 2o AR higher in those caring for patient (31%) than
living in same residence (4.6%)
Stage of illness
SARS:
2o AR higher in hospital than at home – due to stage of illness?

19. R0 and 2o AR
R0 Average number of secondary cases per case in a totally
susceptible population
2o AR The proportion of those exposed to the primary case that
develop disease as a result of the exposure in a particular situation

20. R0 and 2o AR
R0 Average number of secondary cases per case in a totally susceptible population
2o AR The proportion of those exposed to the primary case that develop disease as a
result of the exposure in a particular situation
R0 = 2o AR [household] x no. of contacts [household]
+
2o AR [other family] x no. of contacts [other family]
+
2o AR [community] x no. of contacts [community]
+
etc