This document provides an introduction to COVID-19 and coronaviruses. It discusses the clinical features, modes of transmission, diagnosis, management, complications and prevention of COVID-19. Key points include that COVID-19 is a newly identified coronavirus first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. It can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and surfaces. Diagnosis involves RT-PCR testing, chest imaging and antibody testing. Treatment is symptomatic and prevention emphasizes hand hygiene, physical distancing and avoiding high risk groups.

1. •Omar Taha
•Nishteman Farzad
•Ahmed Gaeib
•Aven Majeed
•Abdulwahab Ahmed
•Lavan Majeed
•Tabark Khawlan
Prepared by:

2. INTRODUCTION:
 Today, we are facing a new epidemic known
as COVID-19 that was identified in
December 2019 in Wuhan, Chinese city.
This virus descends from a family called
CoronaViridae, that gained its name from its
clearly visible coronary shape under the
microscope which is created by viral spike
peplomers which are proteins on the surface
of the virus .
-Also this family are RNA viruses.

3.  The first Coronavirus infection for
human was in 1960s and the earliest
studied were from human patient with a
common cold, which is later named as
human Coronavirus 229E And human
Coronavirus OC43.
 These family of viruses attacked
commonly the respirotory system and
they are Vary significantly In risk factor

4.  There are Six species of human
coronaviruses known with one species
subdivided into two different strains, making
seven strains of human coronaviruses
altogether
- Four of these strains produce the generally
mild Symptoms of common cold.
-The other three strains produce symptoms
that are potentially severe.

5.  Now Some of these strains are continually
circulate in human population and cause
respiratory infections in adults and children
in wide world.

6.  The most important thing is what is the
deferent between the COVID-19 and the
other Coronaviruses?
We can answer to this question that the
COVID-19 is the most developed virus of
this family, so there is no treatment for this
virus until this moment Where its
seriousness lies not in the absence of
treatment for it, but in the speed of its
spread.

7. so we must know ways to prevent it and
how to detect it and its symptoms,
which will be presented in the next
slides…

8. CLINICAL FEATURE
Incubating period:
 The incubating period for COVID_19 is
thought to be within 14 days following
exposure with most cases occurring
approximately 4 to 5 days of exposure that
include these symptoms {fever , cough ,
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing}
and other symptoms can include {tiredness,
aches, runny nose ,sore throat}

9. Most common Symptoms at the onset of
illness were:
 Fever 99%
 Fatigue 70%
 Dry cough 59%
 Anorexia 40%
 Myalgia 35%
 Dyspnea 31%
 Spectrum production 27%
Also some people have experienced the
loss of smell or taste.

10. The severity of COVID_19 symptoms can
range from very mild to sever some
people may have no symptoms at all .
People who are older or who have existing
chronic medical conditions such as heart
disease, lung disease, diabetes,
hypertension ,cancer , chronic kidney
disease or who have compromised
immune system maybe at higher risk of
serious illness.

11. This is similar to what is seen with other
respiratory illness such as influenza but we
can distinguish it from common cold as
shown in this schedule.
Compare between
COVID-19 and common cold

12. MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
According to current evidence,
COVID-19 virus is primarily
transmitted between people through
respiratory droplets and contact routes.
In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19
cases in China, airborne transmission
was not reported.

13.  Droplet transmission occurs when a
person is in close contact (within 1
m) with someone who has respiratory
symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing)
and is therefore at risk of having his/her
mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva
(eyes) exposed to potentially infective
respiratory droplets.
 Transmission may also occur through
fomites in the immediate environment
around the infected person.

14. Therefore, transmission of the COVID-
19 virus can occur by:
1-direct contact: with infected people
or perhaps you meet someone who
contracted the virus
2- indirect contact: with surfaces in the
immediate environment or with objects
used on the infected person (e.g.,
stethoscope or thermometer).

15.  The most important question come into our
mind that does a person who has been
cured of COVID-19 disease can transmit
infection?
-After a person is infected with COVID-19 and
recovering from it he may remain a carrier
for at least two weeks, so he will transmit
infection !!
 Finally We still don’t fully understand how
the novel Coronavirus spread , but we are
learning more every day.

16. The methods which COVID-19 spread

17. Molecular:
RT-PCR
The presence of viruses is generally confirmed
by RT-PCR, which detects the Coronavirus'
RNA.
This test detects the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2
and is used to confirm very recent or active
infections.
-Sensitivity reported as low as 60-70% 32 and
as high as 95-97%
INVESTIGATION

18. RT-PCR machine and its kits

19. Serology:
Antibodies Detection:
Detection of antibodies can be used both
for diagnosis and population
surveillance.
Antibody tests show how many people
have had the disease, including those
whose symptoms were minor or who
were asymptomatic.

20. -FFX (First Few X cases and their close-
contacts)
Transmission protocol :
identification and tracing of cases and their
close contacts in the general population, or
restricted to close settings (like households,
health care settings and schools).

21. Radiology:
X-ray:
A chest X-ray (radiograph) is the most
commonly ordered imaging study for
patients with respiratory complaints.
In the early stages of COVID-19, a chest
X-ray may be read as normal.
But in patients with severe disease, their
X-ray readings may resemble
Pneumonia or Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome(ARDS).

22. CT Scan:-
Is being increasingly emphasized
in the diagnosis and evaluation of
response in clinical practice, and
has the potential to provide
valuable information in reflecting
the extent of the disease

23.  There is no specific antiviral treatment
recommended for COVID-19, and no
vaccine is currently available.
 The treatment is symptomatic, and
oxygen therapy represents the major
treatment intervention for patients with
severe infection.
:MANAGEMENT

24.  Mechanical ventilation may be
necessary in cases of respiratory failure
refractory to oxygen therapy, whereas
hemodynamic support is essential for
managing septic shock.

25.  Also there are another procedure to treat
the patient by using intubation.
Special precautions are necessary during
intubation.
The procedure should be executed by an
expert operator who uses personal
protective equipment (PPE) such as
FFP3 or N95 mask, protective goggles,
disposable gown long sleeve raincoat,
disposable double socks, and gloves.

26. Intubation

27.  Practically , non-invasive ventilation can
be used in non-severe forms of respiratory
failure.
However, if the scenario does not improve
or even worsen within a short period of
time (1–2 hours) the mechanical
ventilation must be preferred.

28.  Among other therapeutic strategies, systemic
corticosteroids for the treatment of viral
pneumonia or acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) are not recommended.
 unselective or inappropriate administration of
antibiotics should be avoided .!
• Although no antiviral treatments have been
approved, several approaches have been
proposed such as lopinavir/ritonavir
,chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.

29. :COMPLICATIONS
 Those complications may include the
following :
Acute Respiratory Failure.
Pneumonia.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS).
Acute Cardiac Injury.
Secondary Bacterial Infection.

30. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
Acute Kidney Injury.
Septic Shock.
Arrhythmia.

31. PREVENTION
In an effort to prevent the spread of
Covid-19 within communities and across
the country must following these advises:
 Stay at home unless you have to go to work
and should wears mask (muzzle) !
 Do not gather in groups.
 Limit contact with people at higher risk such
as older adults and those in poor health.
 Go outside to exercise but stay close to
home.

32. Hygiene:
Proper hygiene can help reduce the risk of
infection or spreading infection to others:-
 Wash your hands often with soap and water
for at least 20 seconds, especially after using
the washroom and when preparing food.
 Use alcohole-based hand sanitizer if soap
and water are not available.
 Avoid touching your eyes nose or mouth with
unwashed hands.

33.  when coughing or sneezing:
-cough or sneeze into a tissue or the bend of
your arm not your hand.
-dispose of any tissue you have used as soon
as possible in a lined waste basket and wash
your hands after wards.

34. Physical(social)distancing:
This means keep a physical distance
between each other by making changes
in every routines to minimize close
contact with others including:
 Avoiding crowded places and non-
essential gatherings.
 Avoiding common greetings such as
hand shakes.
 Limiting contact with people at higher risk
like older adults and those in poor health.

35.  keeping a distance of at least 2 arms-length
(approximately 2 meters)from others.
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37. PROGNOSIS
 People of all ages can be infected by
the new Coronavirus (2019- nCoV).
Older people, and people with pre-
existing medical conditions (such as
asthma, diabetes, heart disease)
appear to be more vulnerable to
becoming severely ill with the virus.

38.  Coronavirus patients older than 80 had a
death rate of 15%, compared with 0.2%
for those under 50.
 Older adults and people who have severe
underlying medical conditions like heart or
lung disease or diabetes seem to be at
higher risk for developing more serious
complications from COVID-19 illness.

40.  People with moderate to severe asthma may
be at higher risk of getting very sick from
COVID-19.
 COVID-19 can affect your respiratory tract
(nose, throat, lungs), cause an asthma
attack, and possibly lead to pneumonia and
acute respiratory disease.
 And while younger people might be less
likely to become severely ill, they can just as
easily spread the virus to others.

41.  Whatever Coronavirus can sicken or kill
young people as well and they must also
avoid mingling and spreading it to older
and more vulnerable people.
Today I have a message for young
people: “You are not invincible, this virus
could put you in hospital for weeks or
even kill”

42. Mortality rates by co-morbidity

43. REFERENCE
 ECDC
 WHO
 Textbook /Davidson
 Textbook/Sherris medical microbiology