The document discusses different techniques for estimating project costs, including analogous estimation, resource cost estimation, bottom-up estimation, and expert judgment. It describes the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), which estimates size, effort, and duration based on software cost. COCOMO applies to organic, semi-detached, and embedded projects. Object points and function point analysis are also discussed as approaches to software effort estimation.
Effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input.
Effort estimation is essential for many people and different departments in an organization.
Wideband Delphi is a reliable estimation techniques that is prepared based on team consensus. This presentation discusses the process and includes examples, which can be followed when preparing your own estimates.
Effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input.
Effort estimation is essential for many people and different departments in an organization.
Wideband Delphi is a reliable estimation techniques that is prepared based on team consensus. This presentation discusses the process and includes examples, which can be followed when preparing your own estimates.
This presentation describes:
- What is software size?
- How to Measure Software size?
- Techniques and parameters in Software Size estimation
- Where and how to apply the techniques?
This presentation describes:
- What is software size?
- How to Measure Software size?
- Techniques and parameters in Software Size estimation
- Where and how to apply the techniques?
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract The management of software cost, development effort and project planning are the key aspects of software development. Throughout the sixty-odd years of software development, the industry has gone at least four generations of programming languages and three major development paradigms. Still the total ability to move consistently from idea to product is yet to be achieved. In fact, recent studies document that the failure rate for software development has risen almost to 50 percent. There is no magic in managing software development successfully, but a number of issues related to software development make it unique. The basic problem of software development is risky. Some example of risk is error in estimation, schedule slips, project cancelled after numerous slips, high defect rate, system goes sour, business misunderstanding, false feature rich, staff turnover. XSoft Estimation addresses the risks by accurate measurement. A new methodology to estimate using software COSMIC-Full Function Point and named as EXtreme Software Estimation (XSoft Estimation). Based on the experience gained on the original XSoft project develpment, this paper describes what makes XSoft Estimation work from sizing to estimation. Keywords: -COSMIC function size unit, XSoft Estimation, XSoft Measurement, Cost Estimation.
Estimation of resources, cost, and schedule for a software engineering effort requires experience, access to good historical information, and the courage to commit to quantitative predictions when qualitative information is all that exists. Halstead’s Measure & COCOMO Modeol COCOMO II Model of Estimation techniquesused or S/w Developments and Maintenance
FUNDAMENTALS OF software developement and a detail outcome of the software based on the project management and the various metrics and measurements development in software engineering
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Cost Estimation
A cost estimate is an approximate prediction of how much
money is needed to complete a project. It’s important to
accurately estimate the costs as it will help you assess
whether the project is feasible, i.e. if you have enough
funds to back it. In short, accurate cost estimating helps
you manage your project budget better. The project
manager must include cost estimates for all resources,
including materials, equipment, services, software,
facilities, human resources etc.
3. Common project Cost Estimation Techniques
O Analogous estimation: use actual costs of previous, similar
projects to determine estimates for new projects, the more
similar projects are the more accurate the estimate
O Resource cost estimating: list of all resources needed for
project and adding up their total costs
O Bottom-up estimating: make estimates for individual tasks
and activities, calculation of higher-level estimates based on
the individual estimates, more detailed definition of
individual tasks means more accurate estimate
O Expert judgment: use knowledge and experience from past
projects to make estimates for new projects, have a subject
matter expert as advisor because they have a solid
understanding of the project’s (technical) requirements
4. The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is
a procedural software cost estimation
model developed by Barry W. Boehm.
COCOMO is used to estimate size, effort and
duration based on the cost of the software.
Constructive Cost Model
(COCOMO)
5. COCOMO applies to three classes of software
projects:
O Organic projects - "small" teams with "good"
experience working with "less than rigid" requirements
O Semi-detached projects - "medium" teams with mixed
experience working with a mix of rigid and less than
rigid requirements
O Embedded projects - developed within a set of "tight"
constraints. It is also combination of organic and semi-
detached projects.(hardware, software, operational, ...)
6. Object Point
O Object points are an approach used in software development
effort estimation under some models such as COCOMO.
O Object points are a way of estimating effort size, similar
to Source Lines Of Code (SLOC) or Function Points. They are
not necessarily related to objects in Object-oriented
programming, the objects referred to include screens, reports,
and modules of the language. The number of raw objects and
complexity of each are estimated and a weighted total Object-
Point count is then computed and used to base estimates of the
effort needed.
7. Using Function Point Analysis
Function point analysis (FPA) is a methodology for measuring
software productivity and the cost associated with the development
and maintenance. One function point (FP) is one end-user requested
business function. The following defines the five characteristics of
function points:
O External Inputs: these are end-user actions such as putting in a
login or executing a mouse click.
O External Outputs: the system provides the end-user output or
interface such as a GUI display or items in a report.
O Logical Internal Files: these files are the master or transaction files
that the system interacts with during its session.
8. Continue…
O External Interface Files: unlike logical internal files,
where the application uses solely for its purpose, these
files are or databases are shared with other applications
or systems.
O External Inquiries: this function is initiated by the
end-user. For example, the end-user wishes to submit a
query to a database or requests on-line help. In any case
the developer provides a means for the end-user to
"search" for answers.
9. Therefore function point analysis provides
a measure of the system's size and
complexity in order to determine the effort
and cost to develop or maintain it. This
section defines and explains what function
point analysis is, how it is to be used, and
what successes have come from using
function point analysis.
