This presentation provide you basic of corrosion rate and its acceptable criteria under different circumstances. Moreover, it also contains information about corrosion penetration rate(CPR).
(Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion)Mustafa Hasan
This document discusses pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion in metals. It defines these types of localized corrosion and explains their mechanisms. Pitting corrosion occurs in localized holes in metals and is difficult to detect. Crevice corrosion occurs in cracks and crevices where conditions differ from the bulk solution, leading to acidification and accelerated corrosion. Both types of corrosion are influenced by parameters like chloride concentration, temperature, material properties, and coatings. The document provides diagrams illustrating the corrosion mechanisms and test methods for evaluating resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
Selective leaching, also called de-alloying or de-metalification, refers to the selective removal of one element from an alloy by corrosion processes. A common example is the dezincification of brass, where zinc is selectively removed leaving a porous copper structure. There are three steps in the mechanism of dezincification: (1) dissolution of the entire alloy, (2) replating of the more noble metal (copper), and (3) leaching away of the active metal (zinc). Dezincification can occur uniformly or in localized plugs and is caused by water containing sulfur, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Prevention methods include using less susceptible alloys, adding inhibitors like tin
Potentiostatic polarization curve of active-passive metal (Fe) & Flade potent...Saad Bin Hasan
This document discusses corrosion and passivity of metals, specifically:
1) It defines passivity as the formation of a thin surface film under oxidizing conditions that provides corrosion resistance to some metals and alloys.
2) It describes potentiostatic polarization as a technique to control metal polarization in electrolytes to observe corrosion behaviors.
3) It lists applications such as corrosion product analysis, alloy selection, and localized corrosion analysis.
4) It discusses concepts related to passivity including passive current density, primary passivation potential, and critical current density.
Hydrogen embrittlement of metals occurs when hydrogen interacts with and degrades the material properties of metals. There are three main mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement: hydride formation and cracking, hydrogen-enhanced decohesion along grain boundaries, and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement requires reducing corrosion and hydrogen exposure to the metal, changing electroplating processes, heat-treating materials to remove hydrogen, and using inherently less susceptible materials. High-strength steels are particularly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.
The document discusses rate controlled sintering in advanced ceramic processes. It explains that sintering transforms ceramic powder compacts into dense materials through heating by reducing pores and growing grains. The driving force is lowering free energy. Sintering occurs in three stages and is affected by various factors. Rate controlled sintering controls the heating rate or temperature to control the sintering process for improved material properties. It provides examples demonstrating the effects of heating rate on microstructure.
The document discusses various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion, fretting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, and dealloying. It also covers factors that influence corrosion, methods for preventing corrosion through design, materials selection, coatings, and inhibitors. Biocorrosion of implant materials and factors for biocompatibility are briefly covered as well.
A presentation giving the basic principles of corrosion. Electrochemical nature of corrosion, anodic and cathodic reactions, electrode potentials, mixed potential theory and kinetics of corrosion, thermodynamics of corrosion and Pourbaix diagrams, and passivization behavior of metals are outlined.
(Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion)Mustafa Hasan
This document discusses pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion in metals. It defines these types of localized corrosion and explains their mechanisms. Pitting corrosion occurs in localized holes in metals and is difficult to detect. Crevice corrosion occurs in cracks and crevices where conditions differ from the bulk solution, leading to acidification and accelerated corrosion. Both types of corrosion are influenced by parameters like chloride concentration, temperature, material properties, and coatings. The document provides diagrams illustrating the corrosion mechanisms and test methods for evaluating resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
Selective leaching, also called de-alloying or de-metalification, refers to the selective removal of one element from an alloy by corrosion processes. A common example is the dezincification of brass, where zinc is selectively removed leaving a porous copper structure. There are three steps in the mechanism of dezincification: (1) dissolution of the entire alloy, (2) replating of the more noble metal (copper), and (3) leaching away of the active metal (zinc). Dezincification can occur uniformly or in localized plugs and is caused by water containing sulfur, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Prevention methods include using less susceptible alloys, adding inhibitors like tin
Potentiostatic polarization curve of active-passive metal (Fe) & Flade potent...Saad Bin Hasan
This document discusses corrosion and passivity of metals, specifically:
1) It defines passivity as the formation of a thin surface film under oxidizing conditions that provides corrosion resistance to some metals and alloys.
2) It describes potentiostatic polarization as a technique to control metal polarization in electrolytes to observe corrosion behaviors.
3) It lists applications such as corrosion product analysis, alloy selection, and localized corrosion analysis.
4) It discusses concepts related to passivity including passive current density, primary passivation potential, and critical current density.
Hydrogen embrittlement of metals occurs when hydrogen interacts with and degrades the material properties of metals. There are three main mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement: hydride formation and cracking, hydrogen-enhanced decohesion along grain boundaries, and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement requires reducing corrosion and hydrogen exposure to the metal, changing electroplating processes, heat-treating materials to remove hydrogen, and using inherently less susceptible materials. High-strength steels are particularly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.
The document discusses rate controlled sintering in advanced ceramic processes. It explains that sintering transforms ceramic powder compacts into dense materials through heating by reducing pores and growing grains. The driving force is lowering free energy. Sintering occurs in three stages and is affected by various factors. Rate controlled sintering controls the heating rate or temperature to control the sintering process for improved material properties. It provides examples demonstrating the effects of heating rate on microstructure.
The document discusses various types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion, fretting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, and dealloying. It also covers factors that influence corrosion, methods for preventing corrosion through design, materials selection, coatings, and inhibitors. Biocorrosion of implant materials and factors for biocompatibility are briefly covered as well.
A presentation giving the basic principles of corrosion. Electrochemical nature of corrosion, anodic and cathodic reactions, electrode potentials, mixed potential theory and kinetics of corrosion, thermodynamics of corrosion and Pourbaix diagrams, and passivization behavior of metals are outlined.
Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material under stresses below its yield strength and at elevated temperatures. It occurs as the applied load causes the gradual distortion of the material's internal structure over time. Creep is an important consideration for components that operate at high temperatures, such as those found in oil refineries and steam turbines, as excessive creep deformation can lead to failure if adjacent parts come into contact. The temperature at which different metals will experience creep depends on their melting points, with creep typically occurring above 0.5 times the absolute melting temperature of the metal. The creep rate of a material is characterized by an initial rapid decrease in strain rate, followed by a steady minimum rate, and then an acceleration until failure.
This document discusses different failure mechanisms in materials including fracture, fatigue, and creep. It defines fracture as breaking into two or more pieces due to an external load. There are two main steps in the fracture process: crack initiation and crack propagation. Fracture can be brittle, exhibiting little plastic deformation before failure, or ductile. Creep is the permanent deformation of materials over time when under a constant load at high temperatures. Creep curves show the relationship between creep strain and time. Factors like temperature, grain size, and alloy composition affect a material's susceptibility to creep.
The document discusses stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is the failure of metal due to the combined effect of stress and chemical attack. SCC requires a susceptible metal, a specific corrosive environment, and an applied tensile stress. An example is given of the 1974 Flixborough explosion in the UK caused by SCC in mild steel exposed to hot nitrate solution under stress. SCC can initiate and propagate cracks without visible corrosion and cause sudden catastrophic failure. It commonly occurs at flaws, grain boundaries, or corrosion pits. The mechanisms of SCC include both anodic dissolution due to pre-existing flaws or grain boundary precipitates, as well as rupture of protective films by plastic strain. Prevention methods include choosing non-sus
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
Stress corrosion cracking is the failure of a normally ductile metal caused by the combined effect of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. Three factors are required for stress corrosion cracking to occur: a susceptible material, a tensile stress (either applied or residual), and a corrosive environment. Stress corrosion cracking leads to the formation of cracks that propagate in the material over time and eventually result in sudden brittle fracture.
Corrosion Metallurgy presents various forms of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, selective leaching, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and intergranular corrosion. Metallurgical factors that influence corrosion rates include material properties like composition and crystal structure, microstructure features such as phases and grain boundaries, the degree and type of mechanical deformation, heat treatments applied, and the formation of passive surface layers. Understanding how these metallurgical factors impact corrosion is important for corrosion prevention and mitigation.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals through chemical reactions with the environment. There are several types of corrosion, including galvanic corrosion which occurs when two dissimilar metals are in electrical contact in an electrolyte, leading the less noble metal to corrode faster. Pitting corrosion causes localized holes or pits in the metal surface. Selective leaching corrosion removes specific elements from alloys, like removing zinc from brass. Proper material selection, coatings, inhibitors, and cathodic protection can prevent various corrosion types.
This document provides an overview of galvanic corrosion. It defines corrosion and galvanic corrosion specifically. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact, where the more active metal corrodes at an accelerated rate while the noble metal corrodes at a reduced rate. The document highlights how the difference in corrosion potentials between the metals determines the severity of galvanic corrosion. It also notes some methods to prevent galvanic corrosion, such as using galvanic coatings and controlling the surface area ratio between the metals. Videos are included to demonstrate galvanic corrosion procedures and examples.
Phase transformations occur when a new solid phase forms within a liquid or existing solid phase. The driving force for phase transformations, such as solidification or precipitation, is the reduction in free energy that results from the transformation. For homogeneous nucleation of a new solid phase within a liquid or supersaturated solid solution, the driving force is approximately proportional to the degree of undercooling below the equilibrium transformation temperature. A higher driving force reduces the nucleation barrier and exponentially increases the nucleation rate. Diffusion and elastic effects can also influence nucleation by modifying the driving force and nucleation barrier.
The document discusses creep and stress rupture behavior of materials at high temperatures. It provides an introduction to creep and stress rupture tests, describing the three stages of creep curves and how applied stress and temperature affect creep behavior. Different deformation mechanisms at high temperatures are discussed, including dislocation glide/creep, diffusion creep, and grain boundary sliding. The document also covers topics such as structural changes during creep, superplasticity, and fracture modes at elevated temperatures.
Silicon carbide is a compound of silicon and carbon with the chemical formula SiC. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral moissanite. Mass production of silicon carbide powder began in 1893 for use as an abrasive. Edward Acheson produced silicon carbide experimentally in 1891 and patented the process, founding the Carborundum Company. Silicon carbide exists in over 250 crystalline structures and polymorphs. It has excellent chemical and physical properties including high hardness, thermal conductivity, resistance to acids and heat. The main production method involves heating quartz sand and carbon in an electric resistance furnace above 2000°C. Silicon carbide has many applications due to its properties, including use in abrasives, automotive brake discs
Corrosion of material - Engineering MetallurgyMechXplain
The PPT is on Corrosion and Degradation of Material specifically Metal and Reason Behind it. As well as the preventive measures to be taken to prevent it.
This document provides an overview of fatigue failure. It begins by defining fatigue as the premature failure or lowering of strength of a material due to repetitive stresses, even if they are below the material's yield strength. It then discusses key topics in fatigue such as stress cycles, S-N curves, fatigue testing, and factors that affect fatigue life. Crack initiation and propagation stages are described. Methods for improving fatigue performance, such as shot peening and removing stress concentrators, are also covered.
The document discusses sintering, which is a thermal process used to increase the strength of powder or compact materials below their melting point by bonding particles together. It describes the objectives and stages of sintering as well as different types, including solid-state, liquid-phase, conventional, and advanced processes like microwave, spark plasma, and high frequency induction heat sintering. Microwave sintering is highlighted as a superior advanced ceramic processing method compared to conventional techniques due to benefits like reduced energy consumption, heating rates, sintering temperatures, and improved material properties.
This document provides an overview of powder metallurgy, including:
1) The topics that will be covered related to powder metallurgy processes and properties including powder manufacturing, sintering, and applications.
2) The basic steps in powder metallurgy including mixing powders, compacting, and sintering to produce parts from metal powders.
3) The advantages of powder metallurgy which include a wide range of possible alloys and properties, close control over dimensions, and high material utilization.
The document discusses different types of corrosion and how to calculate corrosion rates. It describes 10 common types of corrosion including general attack, localized pitting and crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and high temperature corrosion. It also explains that corrosion rates depend on factors like weight loss, metal density, surface area, and time, and can be determined using electrochemical measurements and Faraday's law.
Erosion corrosion occurs when the rate of material deterioration increases due to the combined effects of corrosion and mechanical wear from fluid flow. It can occur in pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment exposed to flowing liquids or gases. The mechanism involves turbulent flow damaging protective surface films and exposing the bare metal to chemical attack. Common signs are grooves, holes and valleys in the direction of flow. Prevention methods include design modifications to reduce turbulence, removing abrasive particles from the fluid, protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using more corrosion resistant materials.
This document summarizes lecture material on corrosion kinetics. It discusses various types of electrochemical cells that can lead to corrosion, including grain boundaries and multiphase materials. It also covers polarization, passivation, galvanic series, corrosion rates, concentration polarization, and experimental polarization curves. Key points include how concentration gradients can limit corrosion current and affect polarization, and how polarization curves are used to determine corrosion kinetics parameters.
This study analyzed the corrosion of different diameter rebar (12mm and 8mm) in reinforced concrete samples subjected to 231 days of cyclic immersion and drying in simulated marine environment. The 12mm rebar experienced greater mass loss and corrosion rates 61% higher than the 8mm rebar within 182 days. The time to corrosion initiation was predicted using a chloride diffusion model and half-cell potential testing, while time to propagation was estimated using the Maaddawy model. However, the Maaddawy model did not fully account for the higher diffusion rates in immersion cycles, leading to uncertainties. The results suggest using smaller diameter rebar like 8mm for secondary reinforcements and reducing spacing between stirrups to prolong the service
There are two main types of concrete structure testing: destructive testing and non-destructive testing. Destructive testing involves testing samples until failure to understand material performance, while non-destructive testing analyzes structures without damaging them. Common non-destructive techniques include ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, radiography, eddy current testing, and strain gauging. These techniques provide cost-effective evaluation of materials and structures under realistic conditions.
Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material under stresses below its yield strength and at elevated temperatures. It occurs as the applied load causes the gradual distortion of the material's internal structure over time. Creep is an important consideration for components that operate at high temperatures, such as those found in oil refineries and steam turbines, as excessive creep deformation can lead to failure if adjacent parts come into contact. The temperature at which different metals will experience creep depends on their melting points, with creep typically occurring above 0.5 times the absolute melting temperature of the metal. The creep rate of a material is characterized by an initial rapid decrease in strain rate, followed by a steady minimum rate, and then an acceleration until failure.
This document discusses different failure mechanisms in materials including fracture, fatigue, and creep. It defines fracture as breaking into two or more pieces due to an external load. There are two main steps in the fracture process: crack initiation and crack propagation. Fracture can be brittle, exhibiting little plastic deformation before failure, or ductile. Creep is the permanent deformation of materials over time when under a constant load at high temperatures. Creep curves show the relationship between creep strain and time. Factors like temperature, grain size, and alloy composition affect a material's susceptibility to creep.
The document discusses stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is the failure of metal due to the combined effect of stress and chemical attack. SCC requires a susceptible metal, a specific corrosive environment, and an applied tensile stress. An example is given of the 1974 Flixborough explosion in the UK caused by SCC in mild steel exposed to hot nitrate solution under stress. SCC can initiate and propagate cracks without visible corrosion and cause sudden catastrophic failure. It commonly occurs at flaws, grain boundaries, or corrosion pits. The mechanisms of SCC include both anodic dissolution due to pre-existing flaws or grain boundary precipitates, as well as rupture of protective films by plastic strain. Prevention methods include choosing non-sus
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
Stress corrosion cracking is the failure of a normally ductile metal caused by the combined effect of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. Three factors are required for stress corrosion cracking to occur: a susceptible material, a tensile stress (either applied or residual), and a corrosive environment. Stress corrosion cracking leads to the formation of cracks that propagate in the material over time and eventually result in sudden brittle fracture.
Corrosion Metallurgy presents various forms of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, selective leaching, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and intergranular corrosion. Metallurgical factors that influence corrosion rates include material properties like composition and crystal structure, microstructure features such as phases and grain boundaries, the degree and type of mechanical deformation, heat treatments applied, and the formation of passive surface layers. Understanding how these metallurgical factors impact corrosion is important for corrosion prevention and mitigation.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals through chemical reactions with the environment. There are several types of corrosion, including galvanic corrosion which occurs when two dissimilar metals are in electrical contact in an electrolyte, leading the less noble metal to corrode faster. Pitting corrosion causes localized holes or pits in the metal surface. Selective leaching corrosion removes specific elements from alloys, like removing zinc from brass. Proper material selection, coatings, inhibitors, and cathodic protection can prevent various corrosion types.
This document provides an overview of galvanic corrosion. It defines corrosion and galvanic corrosion specifically. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact, where the more active metal corrodes at an accelerated rate while the noble metal corrodes at a reduced rate. The document highlights how the difference in corrosion potentials between the metals determines the severity of galvanic corrosion. It also notes some methods to prevent galvanic corrosion, such as using galvanic coatings and controlling the surface area ratio between the metals. Videos are included to demonstrate galvanic corrosion procedures and examples.
Phase transformations occur when a new solid phase forms within a liquid or existing solid phase. The driving force for phase transformations, such as solidification or precipitation, is the reduction in free energy that results from the transformation. For homogeneous nucleation of a new solid phase within a liquid or supersaturated solid solution, the driving force is approximately proportional to the degree of undercooling below the equilibrium transformation temperature. A higher driving force reduces the nucleation barrier and exponentially increases the nucleation rate. Diffusion and elastic effects can also influence nucleation by modifying the driving force and nucleation barrier.
The document discusses creep and stress rupture behavior of materials at high temperatures. It provides an introduction to creep and stress rupture tests, describing the three stages of creep curves and how applied stress and temperature affect creep behavior. Different deformation mechanisms at high temperatures are discussed, including dislocation glide/creep, diffusion creep, and grain boundary sliding. The document also covers topics such as structural changes during creep, superplasticity, and fracture modes at elevated temperatures.
Silicon carbide is a compound of silicon and carbon with the chemical formula SiC. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral moissanite. Mass production of silicon carbide powder began in 1893 for use as an abrasive. Edward Acheson produced silicon carbide experimentally in 1891 and patented the process, founding the Carborundum Company. Silicon carbide exists in over 250 crystalline structures and polymorphs. It has excellent chemical and physical properties including high hardness, thermal conductivity, resistance to acids and heat. The main production method involves heating quartz sand and carbon in an electric resistance furnace above 2000°C. Silicon carbide has many applications due to its properties, including use in abrasives, automotive brake discs
Corrosion of material - Engineering MetallurgyMechXplain
The PPT is on Corrosion and Degradation of Material specifically Metal and Reason Behind it. As well as the preventive measures to be taken to prevent it.
This document provides an overview of fatigue failure. It begins by defining fatigue as the premature failure or lowering of strength of a material due to repetitive stresses, even if they are below the material's yield strength. It then discusses key topics in fatigue such as stress cycles, S-N curves, fatigue testing, and factors that affect fatigue life. Crack initiation and propagation stages are described. Methods for improving fatigue performance, such as shot peening and removing stress concentrators, are also covered.
The document discusses sintering, which is a thermal process used to increase the strength of powder or compact materials below their melting point by bonding particles together. It describes the objectives and stages of sintering as well as different types, including solid-state, liquid-phase, conventional, and advanced processes like microwave, spark plasma, and high frequency induction heat sintering. Microwave sintering is highlighted as a superior advanced ceramic processing method compared to conventional techniques due to benefits like reduced energy consumption, heating rates, sintering temperatures, and improved material properties.
This document provides an overview of powder metallurgy, including:
1) The topics that will be covered related to powder metallurgy processes and properties including powder manufacturing, sintering, and applications.
2) The basic steps in powder metallurgy including mixing powders, compacting, and sintering to produce parts from metal powders.
3) The advantages of powder metallurgy which include a wide range of possible alloys and properties, close control over dimensions, and high material utilization.
The document discusses different types of corrosion and how to calculate corrosion rates. It describes 10 common types of corrosion including general attack, localized pitting and crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and high temperature corrosion. It also explains that corrosion rates depend on factors like weight loss, metal density, surface area, and time, and can be determined using electrochemical measurements and Faraday's law.
Erosion corrosion occurs when the rate of material deterioration increases due to the combined effects of corrosion and mechanical wear from fluid flow. It can occur in pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment exposed to flowing liquids or gases. The mechanism involves turbulent flow damaging protective surface films and exposing the bare metal to chemical attack. Common signs are grooves, holes and valleys in the direction of flow. Prevention methods include design modifications to reduce turbulence, removing abrasive particles from the fluid, protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using more corrosion resistant materials.
This document summarizes lecture material on corrosion kinetics. It discusses various types of electrochemical cells that can lead to corrosion, including grain boundaries and multiphase materials. It also covers polarization, passivation, galvanic series, corrosion rates, concentration polarization, and experimental polarization curves. Key points include how concentration gradients can limit corrosion current and affect polarization, and how polarization curves are used to determine corrosion kinetics parameters.
This study analyzed the corrosion of different diameter rebar (12mm and 8mm) in reinforced concrete samples subjected to 231 days of cyclic immersion and drying in simulated marine environment. The 12mm rebar experienced greater mass loss and corrosion rates 61% higher than the 8mm rebar within 182 days. The time to corrosion initiation was predicted using a chloride diffusion model and half-cell potential testing, while time to propagation was estimated using the Maaddawy model. However, the Maaddawy model did not fully account for the higher diffusion rates in immersion cycles, leading to uncertainties. The results suggest using smaller diameter rebar like 8mm for secondary reinforcements and reducing spacing between stirrups to prolong the service
There are two main types of concrete structure testing: destructive testing and non-destructive testing. Destructive testing involves testing samples until failure to understand material performance, while non-destructive testing analyzes structures without damaging them. Common non-destructive techniques include ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, radiography, eddy current testing, and strain gauging. These techniques provide cost-effective evaluation of materials and structures under realistic conditions.
Corrosion monitoring in petroleum refineries provides important information through various techniques. It allows early detection of corrosion issues, evaluation of corrosion rates, and assessment of corrosion control measures. Key methods include ultrasonic thickness gauging, radiography, electrical resistance probes, linear polarization resistance probes, and corrosion coupons. Together these techniques provide critical data on equipment integrity and guidance on maintenance needs.
The document discusses a new material removal process called arc ablation. Preliminary results show it can remove materials like hardened steel, Inconel, and titanium at rates far exceeding plasma cutting for the same power levels. Arc ablation uses an electric arc to melt material, which is then removed by a rotating copper tool. Tests achieved removal rates up to 97 mm3/sec at 4kW on steel. Challenges include extending it to hole making and achieving removal rates of 1000 mm3/sec at 40kW. The document describes experimental setup, parameters tested, and results obtained, finding arc ablation has potential for fast, low-cost material removal.
Corrosion monitoring in petroleum refineriesK R SONI
In petroleum refineries, corrosion of equipment takes place all through its operating life. It is essential to monitor the corrosion damage so that timely corrective actions like maintenance / repairs / rehabilitation of equipment can be undertaken before it causes unsafe plant operations.
The techniques employed for systematic corrosion monitoring of refinery equipment have been described in this presentation.
Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oi...ijtsrd
In this research work, Monte Carlo Simulation and degradation models were used to predict the corrosion rate and reliability of crude oil pipelines. Discrete random numbers simulated from Inline Inspection Data were used to predict the corrosion rate using Linear and Power Law Model. The mean time for failure MTFF was estimated with the degradation models. The result of the study shows that the degradation models and Monte Carlo simulation can predict the corrosion rate of the pipelines to an accuracy of between 83.05-98.33 and 84.24- 97.94 respectively. From the plot the lowest degradation recorded was 1.67 Power law and highest 16.95 Power Law , for Linear Model Law, the lowest value recorded was 2.11 while the highest is 15.23 . In comparison to the value obtained from Monte Carlo Simulation 2.01 lowest and 15.76 highest , all the values fall between 1.67 to16.95 . Thus, RMSE of between 1.67 and 16.95 was recorded for the degradation models. Therefore, the statistical models give the expected number of failures. The results of the statistical models can be used in reliability analysis, risk analysis, and optimum maintenance decisions. Nse Peter Essang "Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oil and Gas Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21411.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21411/simulation-and-modelling-of-pipeline-corrosion-and-integrity-management-in-oil-and-gas-industry/nse-peter-essang
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study analyzing and reducing flow accelerated corrosion in heat recovery steam generators at thermal power plants. The study was conducted at a 16-year-old combined cycle power plant in Turkey between 2011-2015. Samples of corroded carbon steel pipes were analyzed using ultrasonic thickness measurement. Formulas were used to calculate critical thickness, time to failure, and thickness as a function of time. The results found the estimated time to failure of a 2-inch pipe to be 50.57 annual power years based on the plant's operating pressure and stresses on the pipe material. This provides a method to predict failure and minimize corrosion impacts at similar power plants.
This document discusses various properties of packaging materials including tensile strength, bursting strength, tearing resistance, puncture resistance, impact strength, and permeability. It defines each property and describes the machines and calculations used to measure them. Properties like tensile strength, bursting strength, and tearing resistance indicate a material's resistance to pulls, bursts, and tears. Permeability properties like oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate are important for determining shelf life of packaged foods. Understanding these material properties helps in selecting appropriate packaging.
The document summarizes research on the dry sliding wear behavior of carburized 20MnCr5 alloy steel. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted with varying load (3-5 kg), sliding velocity (0.8-2.4 m/s), and sliding distance (1200-1600 m). Weight loss increased with increasing load and sliding distance but decreased with increasing sliding velocity. Microstructure analysis found the carburized steel had lower ferrite content than the raw material. Regression analysis showed wear increased with load and sliding distance but decreased with sliding velocity. The carburizing heat treatment was successful in improving the microstructure and wear resistance of the 20MnCr5 alloy steel.
This document discusses various methods for testing materials, including destructive and non-destructive testing. It provides details on hardness testing methods like Rockwell and Brinell, as well as impact testing methods like Izod and Charpy. Specifically, it compares the Izod and Charpy impact testing methods, noting that Izod places the test material vertically and has a single notch type, while Charpy places the material horizontally and uses either a V-notch or U-notch. The document also briefly outlines tensile testing.
Effect OfProbe Parameters for Determination of Soil Water Content by Using Ti...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The application of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) in measuring soil water content is faster, reliable and non-destructive. Rapid increment of soil water content results in sudden reduction of soil shear strength, which will cause detrimental effect to the geotechnical structure. TDR uses two parallel probes to measure the resistance of a porous medium in which directly related to the volumetric water content, θv. Several factors affecting the accuracy of soil water determination such as probe diameter and spacing. It is also noted that the probes material are potentially will affect the results due to electrical resistance of respective materials. This paper presents the effect of probe parameters such as material (i.e. copper, aluminium, steel), diameter and spacing of probe to the accuracy of soil water content reading using TDR.
The document discusses surfaces and surface engineering. It defines a surface and describes how surfaces are the point of contact between materials. It then discusses several applications where understanding surfaces is important, such as catalysis, corrosion, and semiconductor devices. The document also summarizes various surface engineering techniques and how they can modify surfaces to improve properties like resistance to corrosion and wear. Finally, it discusses characterizing surface topography and the different subsurface zones of crystalline materials.
This document provides an overview of basic flow measurement. It discusses 23 types of flow meter technologies available since 1989. It also covers the basic requirements for flow measurement such as accuracy, integration with piping systems, and cost. Finally, it describes common flow meter types like orifice plates, electromagnetic meters, turbine meters, Coriolis meters and positive displacement meters; and the principles of operation for each.
The document summarizes different hardness testing methods. It describes macrohardness tests like Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers which use indenters with loads over 1kg. Microhardness tests like Knoop and Vickers use loads under 1kg for small parts. The Rockwell test measures depth changes from minor and major loads. Brinell uses a steel ball under load and measures indentation diameter. Vickers uses a pyramidal indenter and calculates hardness from diagonal lengths. Hardness is related to properties like tensile strength and can estimate them for materials like steel. Experiments will test and calculate hardness values for various materials using these methods.
E384.23604 Microindentation Hardness of Materials.pdfmahmoodkhan77
This document describes Standard Test Method E384 for determining microindentation hardness of materials. It defines the scope as determining hardness using Knoop or Vickers indenters under forces from 9.8x10-3 to 9.8 N. The test method includes analysis of potential sources of error and requirements for machine verification. Hardness is calculated based on dividing applied force by the projected or surface area of the resulting indentation, as measured microscopically. Factors affecting precision of results are discussed.
Modeling and Analysis for Cutting Temperature in Turning of Aluminium 6063 Us...IOSR Journals
Deviation in machining process due to the temperature influence, cutting force, tool wear leads to
highly inferior quality of finished product, especially in high speed machining operations where product quality
and physical dimensions seems to be meticulous. Moreover, temperature is a significant noise parameter which
directly affects the cutting tool and work piece. Hence the aim of this project work is to study the machining
effect on 6063 Aluminium alloy at varies combinations of process parameters such as speed, feed rate and depth
of cut; and also to determine the effect of those parameters over the quality of finished product. A L27
Orthogonal Array (OA) based Design of Experiments (DOE) approach and Response Surface Methodology
(RSM) was used to analyse the machining effect on work material in this study. Using the practical data
obtained, a mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature influence and surface quality of
finished product. The ultimate goal of the study is to optimize the machining parameters for temperature
minimization in machining zone and improvement in surface finish.
Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Rotating Cage for Evaluating C...ijceronline
The Rotating cage technique is used to evaluate corrosion inhibitors. The rotating cage holds 8 coupons containing corrosive liquid, which rotate within it. These coupons have a dynamic that simulates the conditions in a pipe through a corrosive fluid, in this case the material used in pipelines are analyzed oil. A study of the fluid dynamics through the ANSYS software shows that the velocity fields, contours, vectors and speed profiles for symmetric geometries arrangements 2, 4 and 8 embedded specimens with a corrosion inhibitor. The conditions are calculated velocity profiles are standard temperature and solution viscosity of 1.0 cp and 1.5 cp. The density is considered constant of 998 kg / m3 and three angular velocities (920, 460 and 230 rpm) were analyzed. Finally the results of these conditions have been analyzed, yielding values close to zero in the outside walls of the cylinder. The cylinder contain the coupons rotating speeds to ensure turbulence (1) and to analyze the rate of corrosion inhibitor.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
6. Corrosion Rate
Corrosion rate is a speed at which any metal deteriorates in
specific environment.
Rate depends upon metals and environmental conditions.
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7. Units of Measurements
Normally, it measure in mils per year (mpy) and millimeter per year (mmpy)
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Mdd= milligram per square decimeter per day
Ipy= inches per year
11. Corrosion Penetration Rate (CPR)
The corrosion rate, or the rate of material removal as a consequence of the
chemical action, is an important corrosion parameter.
This may be expressed as the corrosion penetration rate (CPR), or the
thickness loss of material per unit of time.
The formula for this calculation is
11
12. 12
• where W is the weight loss after exposure time t;
• ρ and A represent the density and exposed specimen area, respectively.
• K is a constant, its magnitude depending on the system of units used.
• The CPR is conveniently expressed in terms of either mils per year (mpy) or millimeters
per year (mm/yr).
• In the first case, K = 534 to give CPR in mpy (where 1 mil 0.001 in.), and W, , A, and t
are specified in units of milligrams, grams per cubic centimeter, square inches, and
hours, respectively.
• In the second case, K = 87.6 for mm/yr, and units for the other parameters are the same
as for mils per year, except that A is given in square centimeters.
• For most applications a corrosion penetration rate less than 20 mpy (0.50 mm/y) is
acceptable.
13. Online Calculation of Corrosion rate
https://www.corrosionsource.com/Corrosion-Rate-Calculator
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14. Corrosion rate measurement through Faraday’s equation
In as much as there is an electric current associated with electrochemical corrosion
reactions, we can also express corrosion rate in terms of this current, or, more
specifically, current density (that is, the current per unit surface area of material
corroding) which is designated i.
The rate r, in units of mol/m2-s, is determined using the expression
14
Where, again, n is the number of electrons
associated with the ionization of each
metal atom, and F is 96,500 C/mol.