Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
Experimental Study to Improve the Tribological Behaviors of M50 Steel via WS2...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Experimental Study to Improve the Tribological Behaviors of M50 Steel via WS2 Solid Lubricant under High Temperatures by Essa FA* in Crimson Publishers: Journal of Materials Science & Technology
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
Experimental Study to Improve the Tribological Behaviors of M50 Steel via WS2...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Experimental Study to Improve the Tribological Behaviors of M50 Steel via WS2 Solid Lubricant under High Temperatures by Essa FA* in Crimson Publishers: Journal of Materials Science & Technology
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, the aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of alumina nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural investigation was conducted on the worn out samples. It showed uniform distribution of alumina particles in the matrix. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load (constant and step loads) and the sliding speed (constant and step speeds) using a Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that resistance to sliding wear improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. FESEM images of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear rate increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Wear rate is more when load and speed are increased in steps. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Wear rate, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin. Coefficient of friction.
Torsional Fatigue Performance of Induction Hardened 1045 and 10V45 SteelsFluxtrol Inc.
Microalloying of medium carbon bar steels is a common
practice for a number of traditional components; however, use
of vanadium microalloyed steels is expanding into
applications beyond their original designed use as controlled
cooled forged and hot rolled products and into heat treated
components. As a result, there is uncertainty regarding the
influence of vanadium on the properties of heat treated
components, specifically the effect of rapid heat treating such
as induction hardening. In the current study, the torsional
fatigue behavior of hot rolled and scan induction hardened
1045 and 10V45 bars are examined and evaluated at effective
case depths of 25, 32, and 44% of the radius. Torsional fatigue
tests were conducted at a stress ratio of 0.1 and shear stress
amplitudes of 550, 600, and 650 MPa. Cycles to failure are
compared to an empirical model, which accounts for case
depth as well as carbon content.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, the aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of alumina nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural investigation was conducted on the worn out samples. It showed uniform distribution of alumina particles in the matrix. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load (constant and step loads) and the sliding speed (constant and step speeds) using a Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that resistance to sliding wear improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. FESEM images of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear rate increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Wear rate is more when load and speed are increased in steps. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Wear rate, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin. Coefficient of friction.
Torsional Fatigue Performance of Induction Hardened 1045 and 10V45 SteelsFluxtrol Inc.
Microalloying of medium carbon bar steels is a common
practice for a number of traditional components; however, use
of vanadium microalloyed steels is expanding into
applications beyond their original designed use as controlled
cooled forged and hot rolled products and into heat treated
components. As a result, there is uncertainty regarding the
influence of vanadium on the properties of heat treated
components, specifically the effect of rapid heat treating such
as induction hardening. In the current study, the torsional
fatigue behavior of hot rolled and scan induction hardened
1045 and 10V45 bars are examined and evaluated at effective
case depths of 25, 32, and 44% of the radius. Torsional fatigue
tests were conducted at a stress ratio of 0.1 and shear stress
amplitudes of 550, 600, and 650 MPa. Cycles to failure are
compared to an empirical model, which accounts for case
depth as well as carbon content.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
Effect of PVD Coating and Carburizing on Wear Characteristics of Low Carbon S...IJERD Editor
Wear is a relative cyclic motion with small amplitude which occurs between two oscillating
surfaces, depending upon the loading conditions, material properties and environment. Surface Engineering
such as surface treatment, coating and surface modifications are employed to minimise the friction and improve
wear resistance of steel. In this work the low carbon steel substrate is coated with Al2O3 by using physical
vapour deposition process and the other sampling material is heat treated by carburizing process. In the present
study, the wear resistance of heat treated and coated steels were evaluated through the pin-on-disk using
variable loads and wear is measured by the wear track width and wear graphs are shown for coated material and
heat treated material. Finally, the comparison is concluded by observing the variations in wear characteristics
between the two samples. Furthermore morphological study of wear is made for in-depth analysis
Investigation of mechanical properties of carbidic ductile cast ironRSIS International
The objective of the present work is to increase the wear resistance for long life of applications. It is found that increase in the carbides in an alloy which resulted in to enhancement in hardness and wear resistance. The wear resistance was evaluated by testing in accordance with ASTE International Committee G-99 Standard. An improved performance of wear resistanceis obtained by increasing the content of chromium in the carbidic ductile cast iron. The results are discussed based on the influence of chromium content on the casting.
EFFECT OF AL2O3 ON WEAR RESISTANCE IN ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE PRODUCED BY S...IAEME Publication
Aluminum metal matrix composites are one of the new materials used for various applications due to their less cost and light weight. The present study has been done to study the effect of various composition of Al2O3, wear resistance reinforced in aluminum LM6 alloy. Aluminum alloy LM6 is mostly used in die casting methods to produce various parts used in automobiles etc. For the Experimentation composites of various compositions are manufactured by using stir casting method and dry sliding wear testing machine is used.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
Wear behaviour of si c reinforced al6061 alloy metal matrix composites by usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of Conditions in Boundary Lubrications Using Bearing MaterialsIJMER
In order to clearly establish the tribological potential of these alloys as bearing materials, the tribological parameters of the RAR Zn-Al alloys are compared to parameters of the CuPb15Sn8 lead-tin bronze, as a widely applied conventional bearing material. Existing Bearing of connecting rod is manufactured by using non ferrous materials like Gunmetal, Phosphor Bronze etc.. This paper describes the tribological behavior analysis for the conventional materials i.e. Brass and Gunmetal as well as New non metallic material Cast Nylon. Friction and Wear are the most important parameters to decide the
performance of any bearing. In this paper attempt is made to check major tribological parameters for three material and try to suggest better new material compared to conventional existing material. It could help us to minimize the problem of handling materials like Lead , Tin, Zinc etc.After Test on wear machine. Our experimental results are accessing efficient processing in bearing conditions in semantic data representation of extracted related data materials
Experimental Study of Wear Rate Coefficient of Aluminium Hybrid Composites Ma...AM Publications
In current decade, demand in material characteristics like light weight, superior strength to weight ratio, improved surface properties and enhanced wear resistance for complex engineering applications like automobile, aerospace and nuclear are researcher’s interest. However, performance of hybrid composites depends on right combination of reinforcements. Silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride and titanium carbide are few reinforcements available at present. In this work, Al356 is reinforced with SiC and B4C to enhance the mechanical properties, surface hardness and wear resistance. This hybrid composite is prepared by stir casting technique and the morphology of composite is studied using optical microscope to investigate the dispersion of reinforcements. In the present study, the wear and friction characteristics of hybrid composites are investigated using pin on disc dry wear tests by varying the load and speed and the results are tabulated for load vs mass loss, load vs wear rate and load vs wear coefficient. The results report that wear rate of hybrid composites are lower than that of binary composites. Mechanical properties, surface hardness and wear characteristics of aluminium hybrid composites are compared with that of aluminium binary composites available at present.
Buckling behavior of straight slot tubesunder oblique loading – A comparative...IJAEMSJORNAL
Hollow tubes are the most important or crucial parts of the rapidly growing automobile and construction industry. The tube is subjected to pure buckling. In theanalysis, one end is fixed and the force is applied to theother end and by application of different angles of inclinations ranging from 0˚ to 20˚ with different thicknessof the range of 0.5 to 2.0. Linear buckling code was used forfinding the critical buckling load. This research paper is about the effects of buckling under oblique loading. It is the process in which the tube is subjected to compressive oblique loading and the tube fails by the first increase in crossectional area and then bulging on any of the sides but in the case, oblique loading in hollow tube shell bulges internally or inside the perimeter of the tube.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium Alloy
K0351067072
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 5ǁ May 2014 ǁ PP.67-72
www.ijesi.org 67 | Page
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior Of Carburized 20mncr5 Alloy Steel
Sandeep S Kadam1
, Prof. S. D. Ambekar2
1,
Research Scholar Post graduate Student, Mechanical Engineering Department,
2,
Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering Aurangabad
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University Aurangabad, India
ABSTRACT: This research is limited to study the wear resistance of carburized 20MnCr5 (SAE 5120) alloy
steel, which has wide application in industries like gears, shafts, bearings, pins etc. The abrasive wear study is
performed on pin-on-disc tribotester. Sliding velocity of 0.8 m/s, 1.6 m/s, 2.4 m/s, Sliding Distance of 1200 m,
1400 m, 1600 m and Load of 3 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg were used to evaluate the wear resistance.
KEYWORD: Carburizing, Abrasive wear
I. INTRODUCTION
The equation that relates the wear rate with the applied load was at first established by Holm in 1940.
This citation can be found in Archard’s paper, which is considered as the main reference for the modeling of
wear rate in sliding systems. Holm assumed the wear as an atomic process. The wear rate (worn volume per unit
sliding distance) W isgiven by
Where Z is the number of atoms removed per atomicencounter, F is the applied load, and is the flow pressure
of worn surface. Furthermore, the term Z can only be interpreted as a probability of atomic removal. 1
This modeling depends on the kind of deformationassumed for the asperities, which Holm considered theplastic
deformation as predominant for the materialremoval. To this problem, Archard demonstrated that tosatisfy a
linear relationship between the wear rate and theapplied load, some hypothesis on the shape of debrisshould be
made, which implies in a new comprehension onthe effective mechanism of material removal.Greenwood and
Williansomadded to the Archardtheory, the nature of deformation, considering the heightsof asperities in
contact. Their work and many others applied a probabilistic approach for the roughness of Surfaces in contact.
However, there are few models withthis approach for the wear coefficient.
II. ARCHARD MODEL AS AN INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM
The plastic contact area can be defined as,
where F and py were defined in Eq. (1). Following the Archard model the worn volume V is given by,
where k is the wear coefficient and x is the sliding distance. Putting Eq. (2) in Eq. (3) one can obtain,
On the other hand, the worn volume can be defined by the following equation
where A is the apparent contact area and h is an averageheight corresponding to the material removal.
Theidentities defined in Eqs. (4) and (5) lead to
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where p is the average normal stress.
Steel has many practical applications in every aspects of life. The steel is being divided as low carbon
steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, Low carbon steel has carbon steel has carbon content of 0.15%-
0.45%. As the carbon content increases, the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and more
difficult to weld.
20MnCr5 (SAE 5120) categorized as the low carbon alloy steel grade.
Category Steel
Class Alloy steel
Type Standard
Designations
United States: ASTM A322,
ASTM A331 , ASTM A519 , SAE J404 ,
SAE J770 , UNS G51200
France: AFNOR 20 MC 5
Germany: DIN 1.7147
III. CARBURIZED HEAT TREATMENT
Carburizing, a surface treatment applied to a part to ensure beneficial surface compressive stresses and
increased hardness, improves wear and fatigue resistance.In many machine parts it is required to have hard case
comparative to the core e.g. Shafts, gears etc. so that the core can stand the shocks, impact and hard case can
stand wear as with increase in the hardness materials loses its ductility and weld ability and becomes brittle.
Carburizing introduces a gradient in the surface microstructure and mechanical properties. The hardness and
strength of martensite increase with increasing carbon content.
3.1 Sequence of the Heat treatment done on 20MnCr5
Sequence Process Temperature
I Carburizing 900⁰C, 2 hr
II Quenching 680 ⁰C, Oil quenched
III Tempering 160 ⁰C , 1.5 hr
3.2 Chemical analysis after Carburizing Heat treatment
Elements RAW Sample Carburized Sample
% C 0.17 0.201
% Mn 1.19 1.12
% Cr 1 1.1
% Ni 0.1 0.1
% Mo 0.02 0.02
% S 0.021 0.023
% P 0.024 0.027
% Si 0.25 0.24
IV. SPECIMEN AND TRIBOLOGY
Case carburized Specimens of 20Mncr5 are prepared for 25 mm length and 10 mm
diameter.Combination of Tribological conditions i.e. load, sliding velocity and sliding distance were analyzed
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for studying the wear property of the samples on Pin-On-Disc tribotester.Material Samples were used as a Pin
for the experimentation and Alumina used as Counterpart (Disc).Experiment is carried out for the three levels of
load, Sliding velocity and Sliding distance
Load (kg) 3 4 5
Sliding velocity (m/s) 0.8 1.6 2.4
Sliding Distance (m) 1200 1400 1600
Taguchi L9 array is selected for carrying out the experimentation and weight loss in grams is measured after
every trial.
V. TAGUCHI L9 ARRAY
Table 1
Load
Sliding
Velocity
Sliding
Distance
Material
loss
3 0.8 1200 0.0064333
3 1.6 1400 0.0176663
3 2.4 1600 0.0168667
4 0.8 1400 0.0208667
4 1.6 1600 0.0182327
4 2.4 1200 0.0064333
5 0.8 1600 0.0655530
5 1.6 1200 0.0170000
5 2.4 1400 0.0074611
Table 1 Taguchi L9 Array
VI. RESULTS
6.1 Main effect Plots
MeanofAvg.Materialloss
543
0.03
0.02
0.01
2.41.60.8
160014001200
0.03
0.02
0.01
load sliding velocity
sliding distance
Main Effects Plot for mean : Carburizing sample
Frommain effect plot it is observed load and sliding distance has direct effect and sliding velocity has inverse
effect on material loss.Behavior of wear with respect to load is in compliment with the findings of Xiaoliang
Shieta,Min-Soo Suh eta, H.X. Zhu eta, M. Singh eta.
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Behavior of wear with respect to sliding distance is in compliment with the findings of Yasin
Alemdageta,Min-Soo Suh eta, J.D. Bressan eta, Temel Savaskan eta.Behavior of wear with respect to sliding
velocity is in compliment with the findings of Xiaoliang Shieta
6.2 Interaction Plot
Load
Sliding Velocity
Sliding Distance
2.41.60.8 160014001200
0.050
0.025
0.000
0.050
0.025
0.000
Load
5
3
4
Sliding
2.4
Velocity
0.8
1.6
Interaction Plot for carburised sample
Wear is reduced with increase in sliding velocity with decrease in loading condition for different sliding
distance conditions.For different load conditions, wear is increased with increase in sliding distance with
reduces sliding velocity. Time required for completing a particular wear distance is reduced with increase in
sliding velocity. When load is 3 kg and sliding distance is increasing, wear is decreasing. When load is 4 kg and
5kg and increase in sliding distance, wear decreases initially and then increases.Maximum wear is observed
when sliding velocity is at minimum and sliding distance is increasing and minimum wear is obtained when
sliding velocity is at maximum and sliding distance is increasing.
6.3 ANOVA table
Table 2
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
Load 2 0.0035246 0.0035246 0.0017623 20.68 0.046
Sliding
Velocity
2 0.0012767 0.0012767 0.0006383 7.49 0.118
Sliding
Distance
2 0.0053023 0.0053023 0.0026512 31.10 0.031
Error 2 0.0001705 0.0001705 0.0000852
Total 8 0.0102741
Table 2 Anova table
S = 0.00923220 R-Sq = 98.34% R-Sq(adj) = 93.36%
From table it is observed that the sliding distance is the most effecting parameter followed by load and sliding
velocity.
6.4 Regression analysis
Therelationship between the control factors Sliding Velocity, load, Sliding distance and the output
performance wear are obtained by regression analysis.
Wear = - 0.0576 + 0.0101 Load - 0.0171 Sliding Velocity + 0.000045 Sliding Distance
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VII. MICROSTRUCTURE
7.1 Raw Material
7.2 Carburized Sample
Carburized sample shows Low carbon tempered martensite with bainitic structure& 5 % free ferrite is
observed in martensitic matrix.
Raw material shows normalized ferrite
VIII. CONCLUSION
[1] Carburizedheat treatment improves the microstructure and wear property of the material as amount of free
ferrite observed in carburized heat treatment is less as compared to rawmaterial.
[2] Carbon percentage is increased after carburizing heat treatment hence carburizing heat treatment is
successfully done.
[3] Minimum wear of cryogenically treated samples is obtained when load is 4 kg sliding distances 1200 m and
sliding velocity is 2.4 m/s.
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