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Copyright Laws Presentation
- 1. Copyright LawsandFair use:AGuide for EducatorsCreated and Narrated by Jo Ann Noble
- 2. Why do Ihave to worry about copyright laws as an educator?What are my responsibilities?
- 3. Are you acriminal according to copyright law?Have you ever….. made multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it again and again without obtaining permission? made a DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as part of a lesson? made copies of a chapter in a textbook?
- 4. copied animage from the internet and posted it into one of your lessons?
- 5. What is Copyright?Copyrightprovides the creators of original works of authorship with a set of limited exclusive rights, including the right to copy, distribute, and perform their works. Infringing uses of copyright materials include publishing the material, public display of the material, or any that reduces the value of the copyrighted work.
- 6. Who can ClaimCopyright?Only the author or those deriving their rights through the author can claim copyright.An employer can claim authorship for “work made for hire”.
- 7. How of doesmaterial become copyrighted? All tangible creative works are protected by copyright immediately upon creation. Authors are not required to register their work, announce that the work is copyrighted, or display the copyright symbol to enjoy protection.
- 8. What qualifies forcopyright protection?literary works
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12. pictorial, graphics,and sculptural works
- 13. motion picturesand audiovisual works
- 14. sound recordingsWhatIs Not Protected by Copyright? Facts and Ideas
- 15. Works inthe Public Domain
- 16. Works published beforeJanuary 1, 1923.
- 17. Works published between1923 and 1978 that did not contain a valid copyright notice.
- 18. Works published between1923 and 1978 for which the copyright was not renewed.
- 19. Works authored byemployees of the federal government.
- 20. Works that thecopyright owner has freely granted to the public domainWhen can copyrighted material be copied and used? Public Domain
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24. THE INTERNETIS NOT IN THE PUBLIC DOMAINWhat is copyright lawCopyright is part of federal law and was first authorized by the United States Constitution in 1790.States that the owner of any tangible creative work has the sole right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, transmit, or transform that work.Originally provided the author or creator the exclusive rights for a term of 14 years with the ability to renew for an additional 14 years
- 25. Copyright Law Article17Changes in Term Length1831 Act: extended the term to 28 years with 14-year renewal
- 26. 1909 Act: extendedthe term to 28 years with 28-year renewal
- 27. 1976 Act: extendedterm to either 75 years or life of author plus 50 years
- 28. Copyright Term ExtensionAct 1998: extended terms to 95/120 years or life plus 70 yearsImportant Educational Changes In Copyright Law Through YearsCopyright Act of 1976 - extended federal copyright to unpublished works; preempted state copyright laws; doctrine of fair use
- 29. The Digital MillenniumCopyright Act 1998
- 30. The TEACH Actof 2002
- 31. Copyright Timeline: AHistory of Copyright in the United StatesWhat is Fair Use?In its most general sense, fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and “transformative" purpose such as to comment upon, criticize or parody a copyrighted work.One may make fair use of copyrighted work without the copyright holder’s permission.
- 32. Fair usedoctrine is not a license to steal!Is It or Isn’t Fair Use?According to Section 107 of the copyright law, four factors must be considered when determining whether or not a particular use fall under fair use.The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes.The nature of the copyright work.The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyright work as a whole.The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work.
- 33. Guidelines for EducatorsFairUse Checklists:Columbia University
- 34.
- 35. Fair Use Chartfor Teachers
- 36. Guidelines for EducatorsFAQ’sRegarding Copyright and Fair UseCopyright and Fair Use Stanford University LibrariesFair Use and the Internet Most Web pages, including the information on them and the code used to create them, are protected by copyright law. Copyrighted work on the Web is governed by the international treaty the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
- 37. Copyright, Fair Useand Online TeachingThe TEACH Act
- 38. A Guide toTeach Act
- 39. TEACH Act ChecklistTheCode of Best PracticeThe Code of Best Practice
- 40. Identifies fivesets of current practices in the use copyrighted materials in media literacy education to which the doctrine of fair use clearly applies.
- 41. Creative CommonsThere aresix major licenses of the Creative Commons: Attribution
- 42. Attribution ShareAlike
- 43. Attribution NoDerivatives
- 44.
- 45. Attribution Non-CommercialShare Alike
- 46. Attribution Non-CommercialNo Derivatives Are you a criminal??Have you ever…..made multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it again and again without obtaining permission? made a DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as part of a lesson? made copies of a chapter in a textbook?
- 47. copied animage from the internet and posted into one of your lessons?
- 48. Copyright and FairUse SummaryUse public domain resources whenever possible. If in doubt, ask permission.
- 49. Develop collaborativeefforts with other teachers.
- 50. ReferencesNewsome. C. ATeacher's Guide to Fair Use and Copyright. (2000). Retrieved from:http://home.earthlink.net/~cnew/research.htm#IntroductionAssociation of Research Libraries. (2007). Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States Retrieved from: http://www.arl.org/pp/ppcopyright/copyresources/copytimeline.shtmlUniversity System of Georgia. (2011) Copyright Generally (2000). Retrieved from: http://www.usg.edu/copyright/Starr. L. Copyrights and Copying Wrongs (2010). Retrieved from: http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr280a.shtmlUniversity of Texas System (2011) The TEACH Act finally Becomes Law. (2002). Retrieved from: http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/teachact.htmStanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources . (2011) What is Fair Use? (2007). Retrieved from: http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.htmlStanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources . (2011) Copyright and Fair Use Overview (2007). Retrieved from: http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/index.htmlColombia University Libraries/Information Services . (2011) Fair Use Check List (2011). Retrieved from:http://copyright.columbia.edu/copyright/files/2009/10/fairusechecklist.pdfEducational Cyber Playground (2011_ Copyright Laws Do‘s and Don’ts: What is legal in the School Classroom (1997) Retrieved from: http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Teachers/copyrightlaw.html
- 51. References ContinuedSchool ofCommunications and Theater Temple University. (2011). Y2008 Code of Best Practices for Fair Use in Media Literacy Education (2009) Retrieved from:http://mediaeducationlab.com/sites/mediaeducationlab.com/files/CodeofBestPracticesinFairUse.pdfCreative Commons. (2011). About the Licenses (2011) Retrieved from:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
- 52. ImagesSchroeder clipart retrievedfrom: http://xfactorleona.com/video_f5j_BGh5AzE_page_1_tag_snoopy.htmlAngry man photo retrieved from: http://hesham.aminus3.com/image/2009-10-17.htmlChecklist clipart retrieved from: http//www.winnersedgetrading.com/forex-checklist/Burglar clipart retrieved from: http://www.clipartof.com/details/clipart/214632.htmlPoliceman clipart retrieved from: http://www.bgagraphics.com/professions/emergency/17.htmlCopyright symbol clipart retrieved from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copyright_crystal_metallic.pngOwl clipart retrieved from: http://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/213590-wise-owl-vectorArtist clipart retrieved from: http://www.stockphotopro.com/photo_of/drawing/6349276WEB/A_drawing_of_aMusical notes clipart retrieved from: [IMG]http://i606.photobucket.com/albums/tt144/maclisa/music/ccmusic.gif[/IMG]Judge clipart retrieved from: http://www.aperfectworld.org/government.html
- 53. Images ContinuedCopying machineclipart retrieved from: http://www.poweredtemplates.com/cliparts/consumerelectronics/00015/0/index.htmlQuestion mark clipart retrieved from: http://us.bestgraph.com/gifs/interro-1.htmlScales of Justice clipart retrieved from: http://www.nextcat.com/profile/blog/BlogView.aspx?path=chazlee.blog.213212Clock clipart retrieved from: http://www.cafepress.com/+scales_of_justice_wall_clock,55227809Questioning person clipart retrieved from: http://marcella09.blogspot.com/2009_03_01_archive.htmlClipboard clipart retrieved from: http://thef3llas.com/thef3llas_wordpress/?attachment_id=2802Student photo retrieved from: http://www.the3dstudio.com/product_details.aspx?id_product=258982 Creative Commons clipart retrieved from: http://www.scribemedia.org/2009/01/23/commons-commons-whats-non-commercial-anyway/ Conference: Clipart: http://kslibassoc.org/
- 54. AudioGuaraldi V (1964)Peanuts Theme Song “Linus and Lucy”. Downloaded from: http://www.televisiontunes.com/Peanuts.html
Editor's Notes
- #2 Copyright Laws and Fair Use: A Guide for Educators Created and narrated by Jo Ann Noble
- #3 Welcome to Copyright Laws and Fair Use: A Guide for Educators, narrated by Jo Ann Noble. The purpose of this lesson is to introduce to you a brief history of copyright laws and fair use and to explain their attributes as they pertain to both educators and students. As educators, it is our responsibility to be familiar with copyright law and fair use and to share this knowledge with both our students and our colleagues. Copyright law can be ambiguous as wells as confusing for educators. Educators often ask themselves “What am I or my students permitted to use legally in terms of copyrighted materials in the classroom?”
- #4 Let’s first take a look a some common copyright issues that we all have probably faced or will face in our teaching careers. Have you ever made copies from a magazine, workbook, textbook, or a video to use in a lesson and wondered whether or not what you were doing was legal? Most of you probably answered “yes”. Whether or not you are a criminal according to copyright law actually depends on how you used material or how long you retained it.
- #5 So, what exactly is copyrighted material? According to Dictionary.com, copyright is “the legal right granted to an author, a composer, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work. Anyone who claims authorship of someone else’s work, or wrongfully uses the material, gives the copyright owner the right to seek and receive compensation in a court of law.The next questions one might ask are: Who can claim copyright? How do materials become copyrighted? And, Which type of materials are protected by copyright and which type are not?
- #6 Let’s begin with who can be copyrighted. Only the author or those deriving their rights through the author can claim copyright. However, there is a special consideration to point out to educators and that is “work made for hire”. It is important for an educator to know that any work that he or she created as an employee or acting within the scope of one’s employment, it’s the employer, not the employee who is considered to be the author. Section 101 of the copyright law defines a “work made for hire” as:Any work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment, orAny work specially ordered or commissioned for use as:A contribution to a collective workA part of a motion picture or other audiovisual workA translationA supplementary workA compilationAn instructional textA testAnswer material for a testAn atlasIf the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire.(U.S. Copyright Office nd)
- #7 Individuals once had to apply for copyright protection. However, works created since 1978 assume protection automatically from the moment the work takes tangible form- whether or not a copyright notice is attached and whether or not the individual has filed an application with the U.S. copyright office. (C. Newsome 1997)
- #8 Next let’s take a look at what types of works can be copyrighted. In a nutshell, original works of authorship or creative works that are fixed in a tangible form of expression are protected by copyright. Copyright law actually covers seven broad categories: The first category is literary works- both fiction and nonfiction, which includes books, periodicals, manuscripts, computer programs,manuals, phonorecords, film, audiotapes, and computer disks. The second category is musical works and accompanying words which covers songs, musical plays, and operas. Category three is dramatic works whichincludes plays and dramatic readings. Category four includes choreographed works and mime performances. Category five, which is probably one of the broadest categories, is pictorial, graphics, and sculptural works. This category includes all sculptural works, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, charts, technical drawings, diagrams, and models. Category six is motion pictures and audiovisual works which includes slides, multimedia presentations, films, filmstrips, and videos. The last category, seven, sound recordings includes records, tapes, cassettes, andCDs. (C. Newsome 1997)
- #9 What types of work are not protected under copyright law? There are several categories of material generally not eligible for federal copyright protection. These include among others: Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listing of ingredients or contents. Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration. Works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship (for example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures, and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources. (US Copyright Office 2008)
- #10 So When can copyrighted material be copied and used? First, any work that falls under public domain can be copied and used. This includes work belonging to the public as a whole, which includes government documents and works, works with an expired copyright or no existing protection, and works published over 75 years ago. It is important for educators to know that the Internet is not in the public domain. Second, any work which has prior approval for the proposed use by the copyright owner or if the use constitutes an exemption to copyright protection such as creating a parody. Finally, any works which fall under the fair use provision, which will be discussed further in this presentation, may be copied and used.
- #11 Let’s switch gears now and take a brief history tour of copyright law. The history of American copyright law originated with the introduction of the printing press to England in the late fifteenth century. As the number of presses grew, authorities sought to control the publication of books by granting printers a near monopoly on publishing (Association of Research Libraries, 2007).The U.S. Congress first exercised its power to enact copyright legislation with the Copyright Act of 1790. The power to enact copyright law is granted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8, also known as the copyright clause, which states: Congress shall have power . . . to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." At the time, the Act secured an author the exclusive right to publish and vend "maps, charts and books" for a term of 14 years, with the right of renewal for one additional 14 year term if the author was still alive. For further information click on the link Copyright Law Article 17 at the bottom of the slide.
- #12 Many changes have occurred in U.S. copyright law since it was established in 1790. One of the components of the law that has changed several times throughout the years is the basic term of protection. Originally, the Copyright Act of 1790 established the term of protection as 14 years with the ability to renew for an additional 14 years. Most currently, Congress has passed successive laws that extend the term of protection to the life of the author plus 70 years, to a maximum of 120 years.
- #13 There have been many other noteworthy changes made in U.S. Copyright Act through out the years. Those which are most relevant to educators would be the 1976 revision to the U.S. Copyright Act , the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 , and the TEACH Act of 2002. In 1976, revision of the U.S. copyright Act was undertaken for two primary reasons. First, technological developments and their impact on what might be copyrighted, how works might be copied, and what constituted an infringement needed to be addressed. Second, the revision was undertaken in anticipation of Berne Convention adherence by the U.S. It was felt that the statute needed to be amended to bring the U.S. into accord with international copyright law, practices, and policies. The act covered the following areas: scope and subject matter of works covered, exclusive rights, copyright term, copyright notice and copyright registration, copyright infringement, fair use, and defenses and remedies to infringement. With this revision, for the first time the fair use and first sale doctrines were codified, and copyright was extended to unpublished works. In addition, a new section was added, section 108, that allowed library photocopying without permission for purposes of scholarship, preservation, and interlibrary loan under certain circumstances (Association of Research Libraries, 2007).On October 12, 1998, Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), legislation which made major changes in U.S. copyright law to address the digitally networked environment. Key among the topics included in the DMCA are provisions concerning the circumvention of copyright protection systems, fair use in a digital environment, and online service provider liability (Educause).The TEACH Act of 2002 expands an educators' rights to perform and display works and to make copies that are fundamental to digital distance education, making the rights closer to those we have in face-to-face teaching. But there is still a considerable gap between what the statute authorizes for face-to-face teaching and for distance education. The TEACH Act will be further discussed later in this presentation.For a better understanding of the major changes in Copyright Law through the years, click on the link Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States.
- #14 The Fair Use doctrine was created to allow the use of copyrighted material for criticism and commentary, parody, news reporting, research and scholarship, and classroom instruction. It is codified in section 107 of the copyright law. Educational purposes enjoy the most extensive exemptions provided by the Fair Use doctrine. For this reason, many educators interpret fair use as having freedom to use any copyrighted material as long as their use is for instructional purposes. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Fair use doctrine is not a license to steal. So, how does one determine whether or not copyrighted material fall under the Fair Use doctrine?
- #15 Rather than listing exact limits of fair use, section 107 of the copyright law provides four standards for determination of the fair use exemption.The first standard is the purpose and character of the use. One can ask the questions: “Does the new work transform the original work or offer something beyond the original? Copyrighted works that are altered significantly are more likely to be considered fair use. Courts favor works that are transformative and that are not plain reproductions. Is the use for nonprofit or educational purposes? Copyrighted works used for nonprofit or educational purposes are more likely to be considered fair use.The second standard is nature of the copyrighted work. Questions one might ask pertaining to this standard are: Is the copyrighted work published or unpublished? Published works are more likely to be considered fair use. Is the original work out of print? Out of print works are more likely to be considered fair use. Is the copyrighted work factual or creative? Factual works are more likely to be considered fair use. Additionally, courts favor the use of nonfiction works over works of fiction.The third standard is the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyright as a whole? Questions one might ask pertaining to this standard are: Is the amount of original work used reasonable? The smaller the percentage of the work used, the more likely it is to qualify as fair use. Is the section of the work used the most important part of the work? The less significant the portion of work used, the more likely it is to be considered fair share.The fourth standard is the effect of the use upon the potential market value of the copyrighted work. A question one might ask is “Does the new work appeal to the same audience as the original work? Copyrighted works that are used for another purpose or designed to appeal to a different audience are more likely to be considered fair use. (L. Starr 2010)When considering whether or not a work is covered by fair use, all four factors must be evaluated in each case. Fair use requires weighing and balancing all four factors before reaching a conclusion. Each of these factors is subject to interpretation by the courts as they work to apply the law.
- #16 Over the years several groups composed of librarians, educators, and publishers have prepared unofficial guidelines that specify the number of line of text, measures of music, or minutes of video that may be used by educators under fair use. Unfortunately these guidelines can be misleading to educators because no exact measure of allowable use exists in the law. Quantity must be evaluated relative to the length of the entire work. Most copyright experts recommend this rule of thumb…When in doubt, assume a work is copyrighted and ask permission to use it. I have provided several links on the slide which provide further information on fair use guidelines for educators. The Columbia University link is the official guide used at Colombia University. It is a highly regarded guide and has been used and copied by other copyright legal experts in education. The link at the bottom of the slide comes from Stanford University which also has a valuable website which addresses frequently asked questions pertaining to copyright and fair use issues.
- #17 As mentioned previously in this presentation, the internet is not considered the public domain. Therefore, one might question “What are the guidelines for using works obtained off the internet. Copyrighted work on the Web is governed by the International Treaty the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. It’s noteworthy to mention that this treaty allows individual countries to establish their own rules about what works are in the public domain, and those rules can vary from country to country (L. Starr 2010.) As a general rule of thumb, to determine if an internet resource is copyrighted or in the public domain, relate it as closely as possible to a print resource. If it falls under copyrighted material in print, then it is most likely copyrighted material on the Web.
- #18 Since most of the information which has been discussed thus far covers tangible copyrighted materials which educators might use in the classroom, one might ask “Do the same laws apply for materials used in an online learning environment? The answer is it depends. The Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act is an amendment to the Copyright Act of 1976. The purpose of the Teach Act is to specifically address educational uses of copyrighted material, including media that did not exist in 1976 such as digitized, network transmissible materials. Its primary purpose is to balance the needs of distance learners and educators with the rights of copyright holders. Some of the special copyright requirements of online distance learning are specifically addressed by the TEACH Act. This Act permits teachers and students of accredited, nonprofit educational institutions to transmit performances and displays of copyrighted works as part of a course if certain conditions are met. If these conditions are not or cannot be met, use of the material will have to qualify as a fair use or have the permission of the copyright holder to be lawful. (Wikipedia)In order for the use of copyrighted materials in distance education to qualify for the TEACH exemptions, the following criteria must be met: The institution must be an accredited, non-profit educational institution. The use must be part of mediated instructional activities. The use must be limited to a specific number of students enrolled in a specific class. The use must either be for 'live' or asynchronous class sessions. The use must not include the transmission of textbook materials, materials "typically purchased or acquired by students," or works developed specifically for online uses. Only "reasonable and limited portions," such as might be performed or displayed during a typical live classroom session, may be used. The institution must have developed and publicized its copyright policies, specifically informing students that course content may be covered by copyright, and include a notice of copyright on the online materials. The institution must implement some technological measures to ensure compliance with these policies, beyond merely assigning a password. Ensuring compliance through technological means may include user and location authentication through Internet Protocol (IP) checking, content timeouts, print-disabling, cut & paste disabling, etc. What TEACH Does Not AllowThe new exemptions under TEACH specifically do not extend to: Electronic reserves, coursepacks (electronic or paper) or interlibrary loan (ILL). Commercial document delivery. Textbooks or other digital content provided under license from the author, publisher, aggregator or other entity. Conversion of materials from analog to digital formats, except when the converted material is used solely for authorized transmissions and when a digital version of a work is unavailable or protected by technological measures. It is also important to note that TEACH does not supersede fair use or existing digital license agreements.
- #19 What are an educators best resources for understanding copyright and fair use when working with internet and multimedia materials? The Code of best practice is a document that helps educators using media literacy concepts and techniques to interpret the copyright doctrine of fair use. As an important step in reclaiming their fair use rights, educators should become familiar with this document. According to the Code of Best Practice: Educators can choose illustrative material from the full range of copyrighted sources and make them available to learners, in class, in workshops, in informal mentoring and teacher settings, and on school related Web sites. Educators can integrate copyrighted material into curriculum materials, including books, workbooks, podcasts, DVD compilations, videos, Web sites, and other materials designed for learning. Educators can share effective examples of teaching about media and meaning with one another, including lessons and resource materials. Educators can be free to enable learners to incorporate, modify, and re-present existing media objects in their own classroom work. Educators can work with learners to make a reasoned decision about distribution that reflects sound pedagogy and ethical values.
- #20 One useful Web site educators may want to use when designing lessons or share with their students who are completing research or a projects is Creative Commons. Creative Commons was founded in 2001 by Larry Lessing. This Web site is devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright licenses known as Creative Commons Licenses free of charge to the public. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. Creative Commons was invented to create a more flexible copyright model, replacing "all rights reserved" with "some rights reserved” (Wikipedia, 2011). There are six different types of major Creative Commons licenses. They include: The Attribution LicenseThis license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.The Attribution-ShareAlike LicenseThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used by Wikipedia, and is recommended for materials that would benefit from incorporating content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects.The Attribution-NoDerivatives LicenseThis license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you.The Attribution-NonCommercial LicenseThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike LicenseThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms.The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives LicenseThis license is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. (Creative Commons, 2011)
- #21 Let’s go back and answer the questions posted at the beginning of this presentation. The answers are based on the guidelines created by librarians, educators, and publishers which were previously discussed. If you answered yes to the first question “Have you ever made multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it again and again with obtaining permission?”, then you’ve probably been breaking copyright law. Making multiple copies to use again and again without permission from the creator or author is considered to be illegal use of copyrighted material. If you answered yes to question number two “Have you ever made a DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as part of a lesson?” and were using the program for instructional purposes and just not for entertainment within 10 days of the recording, then you are probably O.K. However, the recording may only be maintained for 45 days and the tape must be used only during the first 10 consecutive days of the 45 day retention period. If you answered yes to question number three “Have you ever made copies of a chapter in a textbook?”, and you made multiple copies (one per student) for only one course and if you included the copyright notice and attribution then you’re probably O.K. If, however you made multiple copies for more than one course or to avoid the purchase of a textbook, then you have made your copies illegally.If you answered yes to question four “Have you ever copied an image from the internet and posted into one of your lessons?”, and made a single copy of the image to be used in a lesson plan then you’re O.K. However, if you made multiple copies of the image to be used over and over again in student hand-outs, then you’ve probably been breaking copyright law.
- #22 In closing to this presentation, there are some key point to remember when planning lessons and having your students do research or projects. First, use public domain resources whenever possible. Second, if in doubt ask permission before using copyrighted materials. Be sure to instruct your students to do the same. Whenever it’s impracticable to obtain permission, use of copyrighted material should be avoided unless the doctrine of fair use would clearly apply to the situation. Third, develop collaborative effort with other teachers. Create a share-file of public domain materials and share with your colleagues to use.