Department of Education, Aliah University
Kolkata
Seven day International Workshop
On Research in Social Science: Methodological Issues and Emerging Trends (30th October-5th November, 2018)
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.
RATIONALE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
What is copyright?
Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation and translation of the work. There could be slight variations in the composition of the rights depending on the work.
Why should copyright be protected?
Copyright ensures certain minimum safeguards of the rights of authors over their creations, thereby protecting and rewarding creativity. Creativity being the keystone of progress, no civilized society can afford to ignore the basic requirement of encouraging the same. Economic and social development of a society is dependent on creativity. The protection provided by copyright to the efforts of writers, artists, designers, dramatists, musicians, architects and producers of sound recordings, cinematograph films and computer software, creates an atmosphere conducive to creativity, which induces them to create more and motivates others to create.
Is it not true that strict application of the principle of protection of copyright hampers economic and cultural development of the society?
Yes. If copyright protection is applied rigidly, it can hamper progress of the society. However, copyright laws are enacted with necessary exceptions and limitations to ensure that a balance is maintained between the interests of the creators and of the community.
To strike an appropriate and viable balance between the rights of the copyright owners and the interests of the society as a whole, there are exceptions in the law. Many types of exploitation of work which are for social purposes such as education, religious ceremonies, and so on are exempted from the operation of the rights granted in the Act. Copyright in a work is considered as infringed only if a substantial part is made use of unauthorizedly. What is ‘substantial’ varies from case to case. More often than not, it is a matter of quality rather than quantity. For example, if a lyricist copy a very catching phrase from another lyricist’s song, there is likely to be infringement even if that phrase is very short.
Does the law allow any use of a work without permission of the owner of the copyright, and, if so, which are they?
Subject to certain conditions, a fair deal for research, study, criticism, review and news reporting, as well as use of works in library and schools and in the legislatures, is permitted without specific permission of the copyright owners. In order to protect the interests of users, some exemptions have been prescribed in respect of specific uses of works enjoying copyright. Some of the exemptions are the uses of the work
1.
for the purpose of research or private study,
2.
for criticism or review,
3.
for reporting current events,
4.
in connection with judicial proceeding,
5.
performance by an amateur club or society if the performance is given to a non-paying audience, and
6.
the making of sound recordings of literary, dramatic or musical works under certain conditions.
What is the scope of protection in the Copyright Act,1957 ?
The Copyright Act, 1957 protects original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and cinematograph films and sound recordings from unauthorized uses. Unlike the case with patents, copyright protects the expressions and not the ideas. There is no copyright in an idea.
Does copyright apply to titles and names ?
Copyright does not ordinarily protect titles by themselves or names, short word combinations, slogans, short phrases, methods, plots or factual information. Copyright does not protect ideas or concepts. To get the protection of copyright a work must be original.
WORK
What is a work?
A work means any of the following , namely, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.
RATIONALE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
What is copyright?
Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation and translation of the work. There could be slight variations in the composition of the rights depending on the work.
Why should copyright be protected?
Copyright ensures certain minimum safeguards of the rights of authors over their creations, thereby protecting and rewarding creativity. Creativity being the keystone of progress, no civilized society can afford to ignore the basic requirement of encouraging the same. Economic and social development of a society is dependent on creativity. The protection provided by copyright to the efforts of writers, artists, designers, dramatists, musicians, architects and producers of sound recordings, cinematograph films and computer software, creates an atmosphere conducive to creativity, which induces them to create more and motivates others to create.
Is it not true that strict application of the principle of protection of copyright hampers economic and cultural development of the society?
Yes. If copyright protection is applied rigidly, it can hamper progress of the society. However, copyright laws are enacted with necessary exceptions and limitations to ensure that a balance is maintained between the interests of the creators and of the community.
To strike an appropriate and viable balance between the rights of the copyright owners and the interests of the society as a whole, there are exceptions in the law. Many types of exploitation of work which are for social purposes such as education, religious ceremonies, and so on are exempted from the operation of the rights granted in the Act. Copyright in a work is considered as infringed only if a substantial part is made use of unauthorizedly. What is ‘substantial’ varies from case to case. More often than not, it is a matter of quality rather than quantity. For example, if a lyricist copy a very catching phrase from another lyricist’s song, there is likely to be infringement even if that phrase is very short.
Does the law allow any use of a work without permission of the owner of the copyright, and, if so, which are they?
Subject to certain conditions, a fair deal for research, study, criticism, review and news reporting, as well as use of works in library and schools and in the legislatures, is permitted without specific permission of the copyright owners. In order to protect the interests of users, some exemptions have been prescribed in respect of specific uses of works enjoying copyright. Some of the exemptions are the uses of the work
1.
for the purpose of research or private study,
2.
for criticism or review,
3.
for reporting current events,
4.
in connection with judicial proceeding,
5.
performance by an amateur club or society if the performance is given to a non-paying audience, and
6.
the making of sound recordings of literary, dramatic or musical works under certain conditions.
What is the scope of protection in the Copyright Act,1957 ?
The Copyright Act, 1957 protects original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and cinematograph films and sound recordings from unauthorized uses. Unlike the case with patents, copyright protects the expressions and not the ideas. There is no copyright in an idea.
Does copyright apply to titles and names ?
Copyright does not ordinarily protect titles by themselves or names, short word combinations, slogans, short phrases, methods, plots or factual information. Copyright does not protect ideas or concepts. To get the protection of copyright a work must be original.
WORK
What is a work?
A work means any of the following , namely, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work
How to get copyright in India - To obtain a copyright, there are two requisites: A copyright work should be a literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work in a tangible form.The work should be original.
To get your copyright protection in India visit https://www.intepat.com/ip-services/copyright-registration-india/
Copyright - Concept & Use
- What is Copyright?
- Copyright Law of India
- Rights to the Author
- Know Your Rights
- Copyright Protection
- Copyright able Works and Its Duration (copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957)
- Non-copyright able works
- Copyright in Business
- Things to Know Before Using the Copyright
- Fair Use of Copyright Works
The presentation deals with various aspects of the act of Copyright .
The presentation explains copyright, tenure of copyright, and the infringement of copyright.
An overview of the basics of US copyright law for entrepreneurs, business people, and creative professionals. "What Is a Copyright?" includes the following:
A brief definition of copyright.
Definitions of the other forms of intellectual property (trademark, patent, and trade secrets).
How copyrights are acquired.
What rights go along with a copyright.
Copyright registration.
For more information, please go to LizerbramLaw.com
THE COPYRIGHT LAW
The Philippine entered another dark phase in its history on 21 September 1972 when President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law throughout the country. A total ban on all mass media was enforced initially. Even when publishing activity resumed the dictatorial rule of Marcos kept a stern eye on the output of the presses. But more than censorship, the ultimate factor that hampered the development of the publishing industry was the economy. The nation was plagued by steadily inflation, a burgeoning foreign bedt, and the constant depletion of the national treasury due to graft and corruption. The economic crisis bore significant effects on the structure of society: the gap between the classes was further widened and there was a steady increase in the number of the Filipinos migrating overseas to seek permanent resident or contractual employment. The migration of professionals (including writers and artists) and skilled workers resulted in what has been called a brain drain in the country. As far as publishing is concerned, the government took steps toward professionalizing the country. The existing copyright law (Act no. 3134), patterned after US Copyright Law of 1909 and passed in 1924, was replaced by the Decree of Intellectual Property (Presidential Decree No. 49) in November 1972. The new law granted copyright to the author from the moment of the creation of a work even without prior registration and deposit with the National Library. The duration of the copyright was for the lifetime of the author until 50 years after his/her death.
Copyright is a form of IPR which is Intellectual Property Rights, applicable to certain forms of creative work. A copyright gives the creator of original works exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or works
As per Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, a copyright disclaimer is a notice that ensures or asks for the fair use of content. Content, in this context, can refer to ideas, videos, comments, journalistic reports, scholarship research and even reviews. Fair use refers to the legal processes validated as per the enactment rules of the copyright.
Visit here to know more about copyright disclaimer: https://vakilsearch.com/copyright-registration/copyright-disclaimer
How to get copyright in India - To obtain a copyright, there are two requisites: A copyright work should be a literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work in a tangible form.The work should be original.
To get your copyright protection in India visit https://www.intepat.com/ip-services/copyright-registration-india/
Copyright - Concept & Use
- What is Copyright?
- Copyright Law of India
- Rights to the Author
- Know Your Rights
- Copyright Protection
- Copyright able Works and Its Duration (copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957)
- Non-copyright able works
- Copyright in Business
- Things to Know Before Using the Copyright
- Fair Use of Copyright Works
The presentation deals with various aspects of the act of Copyright .
The presentation explains copyright, tenure of copyright, and the infringement of copyright.
An overview of the basics of US copyright law for entrepreneurs, business people, and creative professionals. "What Is a Copyright?" includes the following:
A brief definition of copyright.
Definitions of the other forms of intellectual property (trademark, patent, and trade secrets).
How copyrights are acquired.
What rights go along with a copyright.
Copyright registration.
For more information, please go to LizerbramLaw.com
THE COPYRIGHT LAW
The Philippine entered another dark phase in its history on 21 September 1972 when President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law throughout the country. A total ban on all mass media was enforced initially. Even when publishing activity resumed the dictatorial rule of Marcos kept a stern eye on the output of the presses. But more than censorship, the ultimate factor that hampered the development of the publishing industry was the economy. The nation was plagued by steadily inflation, a burgeoning foreign bedt, and the constant depletion of the national treasury due to graft and corruption. The economic crisis bore significant effects on the structure of society: the gap between the classes was further widened and there was a steady increase in the number of the Filipinos migrating overseas to seek permanent resident or contractual employment. The migration of professionals (including writers and artists) and skilled workers resulted in what has been called a brain drain in the country. As far as publishing is concerned, the government took steps toward professionalizing the country. The existing copyright law (Act no. 3134), patterned after US Copyright Law of 1909 and passed in 1924, was replaced by the Decree of Intellectual Property (Presidential Decree No. 49) in November 1972. The new law granted copyright to the author from the moment of the creation of a work even without prior registration and deposit with the National Library. The duration of the copyright was for the lifetime of the author until 50 years after his/her death.
Copyright is a form of IPR which is Intellectual Property Rights, applicable to certain forms of creative work. A copyright gives the creator of original works exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or works
As per Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, a copyright disclaimer is a notice that ensures or asks for the fair use of content. Content, in this context, can refer to ideas, videos, comments, journalistic reports, scholarship research and even reviews. Fair use refers to the legal processes validated as per the enactment rules of the copyright.
Visit here to know more about copyright disclaimer: https://vakilsearch.com/copyright-registration/copyright-disclaimer
This presentation contains the good information regarding the copyright law, also includes the information regarding Indian Copyright Law, 1957; Rights of the author, Copyright infringement and its remedies etc.,. This presentation can be used for the educational/academic purpose only. And the original credits goes to the primary authors and also I acknowledge the authors and the articles which I used to make this presentation.
Refresher Course in the Library & information Science conducted by the UGC-HRDC, Univesity of Calcutta and Organised by the Department of Library & Information Science, Univesity of Calcutta
Introducing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) to academia. Primarily zeroing in on patent and copyright. Intricacies of creativity and copyright in academia is elaborated.
Invited Lecture (on 27th Feb 2017) in the Short Term Course on Computer & Digital Education conducted by the UGC-HRDC, University of Calcutta
ICT has brought to us immense possibilities for imparting teaching-learning process without compromising 3 cardinal principles of higher education i.e., access, equity and quality. Accessing to the global open knowledge also led to open innovation and it was made possible only because of global connectivity on ICT platform. Moocs to M-learning attesting the importance and indispensability of ICT to reach the unreached.
New century calls for new innovation system. Instead of individualistic closed innovation we require participative open innovation or collective creation. Closed innovation system is not adequate to solve the societal issues. However openness of open knowledge doesn't necessarily mean free access or free ride of technologies rather it aims at non-discriminatory access of technologies that may be used by IP licensing. Unlike open knowledge open innovation demands three types of open innovations like- Out side-in, Inside-out and joint innovation. Almost all big organizations like IBM, Microsoft, Philips have embraced open innovation to make better , improvised and innovative product to solve various social problems.
IPR in Life Sciences :Unlock & Harness Your Innovative Potentialsabuj kumar chaudhuri
Invited lecture on IPR in Life Sciences :Unlock & Harness Your Innovative Potential on 9th January 2017 in the Refresher Course in Life Sciences of the UGC-HRDC (University of Calcutta)(thrust area: Challenges and options in Life Science Research in the developing world today) for college and university teachers during Dec.23- Jan.13, 2017 at the Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta , 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019.
Creativity is an enigmatic issue. It is influenced and governed by so many determinants that it is yet to be defined properly. It has both philosophical and functional perspectives as well. Presentation is dealt with only its functional side which is manifested in tangible forms. IPR and life sciences has very complex relationship which became more complex with the emerging biotechnology and priority of the industries. Patenting life science invention from its ideation stage to granting a patent has been lucidly demonstrated in this presentation.
Invited lecture in 117th Orientation Programme of the Human Resource Development Centre (HRDC) , UGC of the University of Calcutta.
Creativity is the basis of our very existence on earth. It is also the precursor of societal progress. The culture of instilling of creativity, invention and innovation makes a society enriched than another society. Valley of Death is an inevitable step that has to pass through every invention before it becomes innovation that diffused to the society in the course of time. Creativity has two dimensions-one is philosophical another is functional. Creativity is based upon novel idea regardless of types and the reason which initiated the process. Even the most novel can not be protected until it is not manifested tangibly. Presentation has focused on four different basic forms of IPR i.e., Patent, Trademark, Industrial Design and copyright with suitable real life examples.
By 1984 Paper Libraries Would Disappear, Except at Museums...We yet to have any…sabuj kumar chaudhuri
Invited Lecture on “Complementary nature of conventional and digital library in modern information dissemination system” on 22nd December at NIRJAFT, ICAR Kolkata
Whether traditional libraries or digital library or a judicious combination of those two will stay in the years to come or not- it is not only difficult to answer but also paradoxical to our socio-economic and cultural priorities. But whatever form survives or whatever policy has made for their sustenance in the future it must be aimed at holistic societal progress and reflect the aspiration of the community they serve.
We are, no doubt, quite habituated with Chalk and Talk method in our class. It is also practiced all over the world. But integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in our teaching-learning process, in our curriculum is an undeniable fact. It is not only the demand of the hour, National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) has made adopting ICT mandatory. Besides, for promotion or direct recruitment in superior position, now teachers need to furnish Academic Performance Indicator (API) that also provides points for the teachers who has integrated ICT in delivering their lectures. Thus embracing ICT not only benefits Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) but also facilitates teachers as well as preparing students for the 21st century and beyond. In today's world access, equity and quality are 3 cardinal principles to promote advancement of learning and higher education. I have divided my presentation in 3 parts-firstly I have given few introductory concepts, next, 7 practical steps to inculcate ICT in your college and thirdly, few important initiatives that have taken by the MHRD through its NMEICT project. In fact, ICT has changed our lives, the way we think, work, read and learn. Some people may think that ICT has changed everything which they may not be able to cope up with but this is not true because nothing has changed. Only the form, formats, storage and delivery mechanism have changed. We have to take our education to the next higher level to make our education globally competing and we have to connect with the world through exchanging our ideas and our resources. ICT has empowered us for better and improved communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity. ICT is change agent. These 4C's can change the higher educational scenario in our country in the years to come.
Copyright has always been very confusing in academia across the continents. It will remain so forever with the changing technological as well as socio-cultural perspectives from time to time. Among all, teacher-learner exceptions are considered to be the most debatable one. Academicians should always promote and practice fair use of the copyrighted materials in academia and scholarship. This is the basic premise to encourage creativity and proliferation of knowledge in the years to come. File sharing through internet, use of social media for academic work, submitting scholarly works in cloud has blurred the difference between copyright owners, creators and copyright file keepers or servers. Identifying, establishing and enforcing copyright for scholarly digital content gradually has become a challenging task. There can not be any simple solution to the present complexities to satisfy all kind of stakeholders in academia. Balancing al the stakeholders interests is the only key to keep afloat in the ocean of new scholarly ecosystem.
Copyright, an important variant of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is too complex to tackle after the inception of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Many cases like imprisonment of a Columbian researcher for sharing a research article online, closing of Rameshawari photocopy centre in Delhi University by Oxford University Publishing (OUP) and Cambridge University press in the charge of unfair dealing with their books, several cases of passing off, debate on the ownership of selfie taken by a female Celebes black crested monkeys are the reflections of this complexity. Creativity is the only thing without which a nation cannot be advanced. All creations must be protected and rewarded by copyright. Particularly scholarly communication in developing countries like India suffer a lot when we almost compel to publish our research outputs funded by the governmental research funders in commercial publishing houses. Copyright act, 1957 says about various types of activities that amount to fair use. Four factor analyses for fair use should be religiously followed to keep us within the limit of law. Cases of plagiarism is still rampant in educational arena here in India. Digital Rights Management (DRM) has been devised as a bunch of copyright protection technologies to ascertain the rights information of copyrighted materials being accessed in electronic environment. Internet has brought information revolution in the world but the same internet is being used for violating copyrights for distribution of counterfeited and pirated digital contents. Even people misuse BitTorrent, a communication protocol meant for for sharing large files between peer to peers and YouTube, predominantly a video sharing community and violate copyright laws for unfair use of copyrighted resources. Until we change our mindset and our moral ethics towards creativity and respect copyright of others, no plagiarised tool or any such device or mechanism can clean the academic environment and scholarly communication which in fact detrimental to progression of a nation in long term.
Invited Lecture on 8th December 2015 in Orientation Programme of UGC-HRDC of Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal>>>
Invention is the key to economic development of any nation. No invention can be diffused to the desired level in the society until it is successfully innovated and induce further invention. Creation of any new idea, conceptualization of the idea to its production of new product or process to solve a specific problem-in every stage requires protection by Intellectual property rights (IPR). Protection of invention and innovation through various forms of IPR particularly patents not only act as a lever of economic growth but also minimise the social inequality in the society. Creating a climate of invention, subsequent innovation protected by IPR will help us to recreate our future.
History of public libraries in West Bengal dates back to almost 200 years or so. Presently there are almost 2500 public libraries including Govt., and Govt. sponsored libraries at different tiers. Over the years unplanned growth, dismal services and poor infrastructure made the public library system in West Bengal not only ineffective but also defunct tool to promote mass education, literacy and social awareness. The situation calls for a comprehensive mapping of the whole public library system in West Bengal to make it an effective and inclusive tool for social change and social innovation.
Building green library is a well-informed and conscious choice and responding to environmentalism. In fact, library has long been practising ‘reuse’ principle as one of the three basic principles of sustainability. We just need to address other two i.e., reduce and recycle through its actions and choices. Present study has closely examined the potential aspects of the library for greening through which we can realise sustainable library and information services. Finally it is concluded with notes for further research challenges for this complex as well as economically, philosophically, culturally and climatologically challenging issue.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Copyright for Teaching-Learning in the 21st Century
1. Copyright For
Teaching-Learning in
the 21st Century
Dr. Sabuj Kumar Chaudhuri
Department of Library & Information Science
University of Calcutta
Email: sabujkchaudhuri@gmail.com
15. India Innovating...Poorly
66
76 81
66 60 57
Rank in Global Innovation Index
India in Innovation
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source-WIPO
2 November 2018
17. Contd...
• The petition was filed by three publishers—Oxford
University Press, Cambridge University Press and
Taylor & Francis —against the University of Delhi
and Rameshwari Photocopy Services, alleged to
have violated India’s copyright law by selling
photocopied compilations of study material as
‘course packs’. The petitioners argue that this
amounts to a parallel publishing enterprise of sorts
that is not just illegal, but also harms their market
sales.
30. Basics of IPR
• What is property?
• What is Intellectual property (IP)?
• What is Intellectual Property
Rights(IPR)?
3011/2/2018
31. Property
• The primary definition in the Oxford English Dictionary states
that ‘proper’ means ‘belonging to oneself or itself.
• Generally it has 3 understandings :
• Scientific Understandings:
• Properties are attributes, characteristics or qualities that can be
applied generally to a group of objects.
• Legal Understandings:
• Property is the inclusion of rights of exclusive use and alienability
• Economic Understandings:
• Property includes all rights of individuals to valuable resources.
3111/2/2018
32. Rights of A Property Owner
• Right to own
• Right to exclusive use
• Right to disallow
others from its use
• Right to sell
• Right to transfer
• Right to donate
• Right to rent
• Right to lend
• Right to derive profit
out of it
• Property involves a
bundle of rights
• The entire bundle can
be held by one person
or divided among
multiple parties.
• Property rights confer
power.
11/2/2018 32
33. Types of Property
• The tangible property
includes physical
objects such as land,
household goods, car
etc.
• The intangible property
includes a list of
products of human
intellect such as
patents, copyright,
trademarks and
industrial designs etc.
3311/2/2018
34. IP IPR
• Intellectual property (IP)
deals with the creations
of the human intellect and
protects the creations of
the human mind, the
human intellect. This is
why this kind of property
is called “intellectual
property”.
• Intellectual property rights
(IPR) are the rights awarded
by society to individuals or
organizations principally
over Intellectual Property
i.e., creative works:
inventions, literary and
artistic works, and symbols,
names, images, and
designs used in commerce.
They give the creator the
right to prevent others from
making unauthorized use of
their property for a limited
period.
3411/2/2018
35. IPR
Industrial Property
Patent
Industrial Design
Trademark
Trade Secret
Geographical Indications (GI)
Utility Models
Artistic & Literary Property
Copyright
Sui generis System (“Latin Word means “of its own kind”)
Database
Integrated Circuit
Plant Breeders’ Right (PBR)
Classification of IPR
3511/2/2018
36. The Idea of Copyright
• Let’s go to 500 yrs
back……
-Johann Gutenberg in
Germany around 1440
Invented movable
printing press
-Introduced to England by
William Caxton in the
last quarter of the 15th
century
3611/2/2018
37. First Copyright Law
• England's Statute of
Anne (1710) is widely
regarded as the first
modern copyright law
that for the first time
protected the rights of
authors rather than
publishers of books.
• Term of copyright
was 28 years [14 years
+ 14 years if the author
was still alive]
3711/2/2018
39. Theories of Copyright
( By William Fisher , Harvard Law School for CopyrightX (CC BY-NC-SA 2.5)
11/2/2018 39
40. Legal Aspects
• Indian Copyright Act, 1957
• Various International Copyright Agreements
The Berne convention
Rome convention
The TRIPS agreement.
Universal copyright convention.
WIPO copyright treaty
WIPO performances and phonogram treaty
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
• Various case studies and its interpretations
• Copyright compliance and infringement
11/2/2018 40
41. History of Copyright in India
3 distinct phases>>>>
Phase I: 1847 Copyright Law East India Company
Phase II: 1914 Indian Copyright Act ( UK Copyright
Act ,1911 as template)
Phase III: 1957 Indian Copyright Act (repealed
Indian Copyright Act of 1914)
Amended 6 times> 1983, 84, 92, 94, 99 & 2012
http://www.copyright.gov.in/
4111/2/2018
42. 2 November 2018
3 Options before Creators of Any Creative Expressions
43. What is Copyright?
Copyright is a kind of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical
and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound
recordings for a limited period of time after that it goes into the public
domain.
For copyright protection:
1. The work must be original.
2. The work must be fixed, or presented in a tangible form such as writing, film, or
photography.
3. Minimal Creativity ,creativity need only be extremely slight for the work to be
eligible for protection.
Let Us Discuss The Functional Aspects of Copyright
4311/2/2018
44. Copyright is a Bundle of Rights
Rights for reproduction
Rights for
modification/adaptation
Rights for distribution,
Rights for public performance
Rights for public display
Right to make the work
available in the Internet
11/2/2018 44
45. Copyright as Economic or Moral Right
Copyright
Economic Right Moral
Right
licensed, assigned, Can not be
or reserved transferred
11/2/2018 45
46. Who is Author?
• In the case of a literary or dramatic work the
author, i.e., the person who creates the work.
• In the case of a musical work, the composer.
• In the case of a cinematograph film, the
producer.
• In the case of a sound recording, the producer.
• In the case of a photograph, the photographer.
• In the case of a computer generated work, the
person who causes the work to be created.
4611/2/2018
47. Copyright for Sound Recordings
• Ordinarily the author is
the first owner of
copyright in a work.
• There are many right
holders in a musical
sound recording. For
example, the lyricist who
wrote the lyrics, the
composer who set the
music, the singer who
sang the song, the
musician (s) who
performed the
background music, and
the person or company
who produced the sound
recording.
11/2/2018 47
48. Copyright for Cinema
• The cine artiste who acts
in the film is not protected
by copyright law for his
acting.
• A film is essentially a
collection of copyrights, i.e.
a screenplay, possibly
based on a book, music,
directing talent, actors’
performances, as well as
the contributions of creative
technical crew such as
costumers and set
designers.
11/2/2018 48
49. No. Acquisition of copyright is automatic and it
does not require any formality. Copyright comes
into existence as soon as a work is created and no
formality is required to be completed for
acquiring copyright. However, certificate of
registration of copyright and the entries made
therein serve as prima facie evidence in a court of
law with reference to dispute relating to
ownership of copyright.
Is It Necessary To Register A Work To
Claim Copyright ?
4911/2/2018
50. Is copyright assignable?
• Yes. The owner of the copyright in an
existing work or the prospective owner of
the copyright in a future work may assign
to any person the copyright either wholly
or partially and either generally or subject
to limitations and either for the whole term
of the copyright or any part thereof.
11/2/2018 50
51. Is Copyright Licensable ?
• Yes. A copyright owner may grant a
license some or all of his rights to others to
exploit his work for monetary benefits. A
license may be exclusive or Non-
exclusive.
• License differs from Assignment as the
former means renting but the latter one is
giving ownership.
52. Difference Between Copyright Transfer and License
• A transfer of copyright is a
conveyance of ownership,
much like the sale of
personal property. When
you transfer your entire
interest in a copyrighted
work, or one or more of
your exclusive rights under
copyright, you give up all
claim to the right(s) you
convey.
• A license is a grant of
permission to exercise
your rights under
copyright. In copyright
terminology, there are
"non-exclusive" and
"exclusive" licenses.
53. Contd...
What will be the period of assignment if not
specifically stated in the assignments?
• If the period of assignment is not stated, it shall be
deemed to be five years from the date of assignment.
What will be the territorial extent of the assignment if
not specified in the assignment?
• If the territorial extent of assignment of the rights is not
specified, it shall be presumed to extend within the
whole of India.
Can an author relinquish copyright and, if so, how?
• The author of a work may relinquish all or any of the
rights comprising the copyright in the work by giving
notice in the prescribed form to the Registrar of
Copyrights.
11/2/2018 53
54. Registration Fees
Application
• Literary, Dramatic,
Musical or Artistic work
• Rs. 500/- per work
• Cinematograph Film
• Rs. 5000/- per work
• Sound Recording
• Rs. 2,000/- per work
Republish
• Literary, Dramatic,
Musical or Artistic work
• Rs. 5000/- per work
• Cinematograph Film
• Rs. 15,000/- per work
• Sound Recording
• Rs. 10,000/- per work
11/2/2018 54
55. Yes. Any individual who is an author or
rights owner or assignee or legal heir
can file application for copyright of a
work either at the copyright office or by
post or by e-filing facility from the
copyright Office web-site
"www.copyright.gov.in"
Can I Myself File An Application For Registration of Copyright
of A Work Directly?
5511/2/2018
56. Yes. Both published and unpublished works can be
registered.
When a work has been registered as unpublished
and subsequently it is published, the applicant may
apply for changes in particulars entered in the
Register of Copyright in Form V with prescribed
fee.
The process of registration and fee for registration
of copyright is same.
Whether Unpublished Works Are Registered?
5611/2/2018
57. Yes. Computer Software or programme can
be registered as a ‘literary work’. As per
Section 2 (o) of the Copyright Act, 1957
“literary work” includes computer
programmes, tables and compilations,
including computer databases. ‘Source Code’
has also to be supplied along with the
application for registration of copyright for
software products.
Whether Computer Software or Computer Programme
Can Be Registered?
5711/2/2018
58. 2/3 Months
Submission for Registration
30 days mandatory time for waiting for objection (if any)
Next 30 days for removing In the Second month work may be
if any discrepancy found registered if no objection is found
In the third month work may be registered for copyright
How Long I Have To Wait To Get My Work To Get
Registered By The Copyright Office?
5811/2/2018
59. Terms of Copyright
• Literary
• dramatic,
• musical and
• artistic works
• photographs
• Lifetime + 60 years from the
beginning of the calendar year next following
the year in which the author dies.
Example: if Author dies in say 2nd
Nov, 1979. So, duration of
protection of 60 years period will
be from 1st Jan, 1980 to 31st Dec,
2040.
Also, in case of joint author, year
count for this process will depend
upon the author who dies last.
Example: Author X and Y are co-
author of a work. Author X dies on
4th April 1988 and Y dies on 26th
August 1991. So duration of
protection of sixty years period will
start from 1st Jan, 1992.
5911/2/2018
60. • Anonymous and
pseudonymous works
• Posthumous work
• Cinematograph films
• Computer Programs
• Sound records
• Government work
• Public undertakings
• International
Agencies
• 60 Years
period is counted from the
date of first publication
• Period starts from the
beginning of next year,
following the year in which
film was first published.
6011/2/2018
Contd...
63. Use Fairly (Section 52 of Indian Copyright Act)
– for the purpose of research or private study,
– for criticism or review,
– for reporting current events,
– in connection with judicial proceeding,
– performance by an amateur club or society if the
performance is given to a non-paying audience,
– Any reproduction of copyrighted works in
teaching –learning process, making questions by
teachers and answers by pupils
– Publication in newspapers or magazines a report of a
lecture delivered in public
– Making a maximum of 3 copies for the use of a public
library
– Reproduction of unpublished work kept in a museum
or library for the purpose of study or research
11/2/2018 63
68. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation"
and "stealing and publication" of another author's
"language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and
the representation of them as one's own original
work
• publication: the presentation of another
person's material, work, or idea.
• content: the presentation of another person's
material, work, or idea.
• appropriation: the presentation of another
person's material, work, or idea as one's own.
• lack of credit given: the presentation of
another person's material, work, or idea as his
or her own
• Source:Clarke R /Plagiarism by Academics
Journal of the Association for Information
Systems Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 91-121/February 2006
6811/2/2018
70. Creative Commons (CC)
• It’s free, easy-to-use
copyright licenses
provide a simple,
standardized way to give
the public permission to
share and use your
creative work — on
conditions of your
choice. CC licenses let
one easily change the
copyright terms from the
default of “all rights
reserved” to “some
rights reserved.”
11/2/2018 70
71. CC Licenses
7111/2/2018
By Attribution CC BY Copy, distribute, display,
perform & derivative works-
commercial & non-commercial
Non-Commercial CC BY NC Same term but only for non-
commercial
No Derivative Works CC BY ND Only verbatim no derivative works
Share Alike CC BY SA Any derivative works must share
with similar terms i.e., Share Alike
Non-commercial -
Share Alike
CC BY NC SA Any derivative works must share
with similar terms for non-
commercial only
Non-commercial- No
derivatives
CC BY NC ND No commercial or derivative works
allowed
Choose your License>>>
73. Public Domain
• Works in the public domain
are those whose intellectual
property rights have
expired, have been forfeited,
or are inapplicable.
• Examples include the works
of Gurudev Rabindranath
Tagore, Shakespeare and
Beethoven, most of the early
silent films, the formulae of
Newtonian physics, and the
patents on powered flight.
• In informal usage, the
public domain consists of
works that are publicly
available
7311/2/2018
75. Contd...
• ‘Counterfeiting’
refers to selling
works made to
resemble a
genuine copy, as
by replicating the
label, the
packaging, or the
recording itself
• ‘Piracy' refers to the
activity of
manufacturing
unauthorized copies
(‘pirate copies’) of
protected material
and dealing with such
copies by way of
distribution and sale.
7511/2/2018
77. Various Components of DRM
Content Provider Distributor
Consumer
Clearing House
Royalty
7711/2/2018
78. Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• A digital object identifier is a unique
number that can be used to identify any
type or portion of content. DOI numbers
perform for long term (persistent) and
locatable (actionable) identification
information for specific content or
elements of content. The DOI system is
managed by the International DOI
foundation (IDF) that was established in
1998.
7811/2/2018
82. Before using YouTube
• YouTube strictly
maintains ‘fair use ‘
principle
• It also adheres to CC
licences
• Check Copyright
Protection in
YouTube
8211/2/2018