© Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Res.docx

© Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights
Reserved.
*
Chapter 4
Mathematical Functions, Characters, and Strings
Reserved.
Reserved.
*
Motivations
Suppose you need to estimate the area enclosed by four cities,
given the GPS locations (latitude and longitude) of these cities,
as shown in the following diagram. How would you write a
program to solve this problem? You will be able to write such a
program after completing this chapter.
Orlando (28.5383355,-81.3792365)
Savannah (32.0835407,-81.0998342)

Charlotte (35.2270869,-80.8431267)
Atlanta
(33.7489954,-84.3879824)
Reserved.
*
ObjectivesTo solve mathematics problems by using the C++
mathematical functions (§4.2).To represent characters using the
char type (§4.3).To encode characters using ASCII code
(§4.3.1).To read a character from the keyboard (§4.3.2).To
represent special characters using the escape sequences
(§4.3.3).To cast a numeric value to a character and cast a
character to an integer (§4.3.4).To compare and test characters
(§4.3.5).To program using characters
(DisplayRandomCharacter, GuessBirthday) (§§4.4-4.5).To test
and convert characters using the C++ character functions
(§4.6).To convert a hexadecimal character to a decimal value
(HexDigit2Dec) (§4.7).To represent strings using the string type
and introduce objects and instance functions (§4.8).To use the
subscript operator for accessing and modifying characters in a
string (§4.8.1).To use the + operator to concatenate strings
(§4.8.2).To compare strings using the relational operators
(§4.8.3).To read strings from the keyboard (§4.8.4).To revise

the lottery program using strings (LotteryUsingStrings)
(§4.9).To format output using stream manipulators (§4.10).To
read and write data from/to a file (§4.11).
Reserved.
Reserved.
*
Mathematical Functions
C++ provides many useful functions in the cmath header for
performing common mathematical functions.
Reserved.
*
Trigonometric Functions
Function Description

sin(radians) Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle in
radians.
cos(radians) Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle
in radians.
tan(radians) Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle
in radians.
asin(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse
of sine.
acos(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse
of cosine.
atan(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse
of tangent.

Reserved.
*
Exponent Functions
x
exp(x) Returns e raised to power of x (ex).
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x (ln(x) =
loge(x)).
log10(x) Returns the base 10 logarithm of x (log10(x)).
pow(a, b) Returns a raised to the power of b (ab).
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x (�EMBED
Equation.3��) for x >= 0.

_1173422839.unknown
Reserved.
*
Rounding Functions
ceil(x) x is rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is
returned

as a double value.
floor(x) x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This
integer is returned
as a double value.
Reserved.
*
The min, max, and abs Functions
max(2, 3) returns 3 max(2.5, 3.0) returns 4.0 min(2.5, 4.6)
returns 2.5 abs(-2) returns 2abs(-2.1) returns 2.1

Reserved.
*
Case Study: Computing Angles of a Triangle
Write a program that prompts the user to enter the x- and y-
coordinates of the three corner points in a triangle and then
displays the triangle’s angles.
ComputeAngles
Run
A
B
C
a

b
c
A = acos((a * a - b * b - c * c) / (-2 * b * c))
B = acos((b * b - a * a - c * c) / (-2 * a * c))
C = acos((c * c - b * b - a * a) / (-2 * a * b))
x1, y1
x2, y2
x3, y3

Reserved.
*
Character Data Type
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used
on char variables to get the next or preceding character. For
example, the following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
cout << ++ch;
Reserved.
*
Read Characters
To read a character from the keyboard, use
cout << "Enter a character: ";
char ch;
cin >> ch;
Reserved.
*
Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Character Escape Sequence Name ASCII Code

b Backspace 8
t Tab 9
n Linefeed 10
f Formfeed 12
r Carriage Return 13
Backslash 92
' Single Quote 39
" Double Quote 34

Reserved.
Lab #1
Write a program that accepts as input a character variable called
chrValue1.
If chrValue1 is ‘G’ or ‘g’ then write out to the screen “You
entered a g”, if chrValue1 is ‘T’ or ‘t’ then write out to the
screen “You entered a t”, if chrValue1 is ‘P’ or ‘p’ then write
out to the screen “You entered a p”, otherwise output “You
tricked me”.
Make sure you contain at least 3 commentsVariables are named
correctlyMake sure that you use the switch statement and do not
use any if statements.
*
Reserved.
*
Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to
u007f

Reserved.
*
ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to
u007f
Reserved.
*
Casting between char and Numeric Types
int i = 'a';
// Same as int i = static_cast<int>('a');
char c = 97;
// Same as char c = static_cast<char>(97);
Reserved.
*
Numeric Operators on Characters
The char type is treated as if it is an integer of the byte size. All
numeric operators can be applied to char operands. A char
operand is automatically cast into a number if the other operand
is a number or a character. For example, the following
statements

int i = '2' + '3'; // (int)'2' is 50 and (int)'3' is 51
cout << "i is " << i << endl; // i is decimal 101
int j = 2 + 'a'; // (int)'a' is 97
cout << "j is " << j << endl;
cout << j << " is the ASCII code for character " <<
static_cast<char>(j) << endl;
Display
i is 101
j is 99
99 is the ASCII code for character c
Reserved.
*
Note
It is worthwhile to note that the ASCII for lowercase letters are
consecutive integers starting from the code for 'a', then for 'b',
'c', ..., and 'z'. The same is true for the uppercase letters.
Furthermore, the ASCII code for 'a' is greater than the code for
'A'. So 'a' - 'A' is the same as 'b' - 'B'. For a lowercase letter ch,
its corresponding uppercase letter is static_cast<char>('A' + (ch
- 'a')).
Reserved.
*
Problem: Converting a Lowercase to Uppercase
ToUppercase
Run

Write a program that prompts the user to enter a lowercase
letter and finds its corresponding uppercase letter.
Reserved.
*
Comparing and Testing Characters
Two characters can be compared using the comparison operators
just like comparing two numbers. This is done by comparing the
ASCII codes of the two characters.
'a' < 'b' is true because the ASCII code for 'a' (97) is less than
the ASCII code for 'b' (98).
'a' < 'A' is true because the ASCII code for 'a' (97) is less than
the ASCII code for 'A' (65).
'1' < '8' is true because the ASCII code for '1' (49) is less than
the ASCII code for '8' (56).
Reserved.
*
Case Study: Generating Random Characters
Computer programs process numerical data and characters. You
have seen many examples that involve numerical data. It is also
important to understand characters and how to process them.
Every character has a unique ASCII code between 0 and 127. To
generate a random character is to generate a random integer
between 0 and 127. You learned how to generate a random
number in §3.8. Recall that you can use the srand(seed) function

to set a seed and use rand() to return a random integer. You can
use it to write a simple expression to generate random numbers
in any range. For example,
Reserved.
*
Case Study: Generating Random Characters, cont.
DisplayRandomCharacter
rand() % 10
Returns a random integer between 0 and 9.
Returns a random integer between 50 and 99.
50 + rand() % 50

Returns a random number between a and a + b, excluding a + b.
a + rand() % b
Reserved.
*
Case Study: Guessing Birthdays
This section uses the if statements to write an interesting game
program. The program can find your birth date. The program
prompts you to answer whether your birth date is in the
following five sets of numbers:
GuessBirthday
Run

16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
Set2
Set1
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31

Set3
1 3 5 7
9 11 13 15
17 19 21 23
25 27 29 31
Set4
2 3 6 7
10 11 14 15
18 19 22 23
26 27 30 31

Set5
4 5 6 7
12 13 14 15
20 21 22 23
28 29 30 31
+
= 19
Reserved.
*
Character Functions
CharacterFunctions

Run
isdigit(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a digit.
isalpha(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a letter.
isalnum(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
letter or digit.
islower(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
lowercase letter.
isupper(ch) Returns true if the specified character is an
uppercase letter.
isspace(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
whitespace character.
tolower(ch) Returns the lowercase of the specified
character.

toupper(ch) Returns the uppercase of the specified
character.
Reserved.
*
Case Study: Converting a Hexadecimal Digit to a Decimal
Value
Write a program that converts a hexadecimal digit into a
decimal value.
HexDigit2Dec
Run
Reserved.

*
The string Type
string s;
string message = "Programming is fun";
Returns the number of characters in this string.
Same as length();
Returns the character at the specified index from this string.

length()
size()
at(index)
Reserved.
*
String Subscript Operator
For convenience, C++ provides the subscript operator for
accessing the character at a specified index in a string using the
syntax stringName[index]. You can use this syntax to retrieve
and modify the character in a string.

message.at(13)
message.length is 14
Reserved.
*
String Subscript Operator
string s = "ABCD";
s[0] = 'P';
cout << s[0] << endl;
Reserved.

Lab #2
Enter a sample string that is at least 10 characters in length, no
spaces.
Output to the screen the characters at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and
9th position in the string.
correctly
*
Reserved.
*
Concatenating Strings
string s3 = s1 + s2;
message += " and programming is fun";
Reserved.
*
Comparing Strings
You can use the relational operators ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= to
compare two strings. This is done by comparing their
corresponding characters on by one from left to right. For
example,

string s1 = "ABC";
string s2 = "ABE";
cout << (s1 == s2) << endl; // Displays 0 (means false)
cout << (s1 != s2) << endl; // Displays 1 (means true)
cout << (s1 > s2) << endl; // Displays 0 (means false)
cout << (s1 >= s2) << endl; // Displays 0 (means false)
cout << (s1 < s2) << endl; // Displays 1 (means true)
cout << (s1 <= s2) << endl; // Displays 1 (means true)
Reserved.
*
Reading Strings
1 string city;
2 cout << "Enter a city: ";
3 cin >> city; // Read to array city
4 cout << "You entered " << city << endl;
1 string city;
2 cout << "Enter a city: ";
3 getline(cin, city, 'n'); // Same as getline(cin, city)
4 cout << "You entered " << city << endl;

Reserved.
*
Example
Write a program that prompts the user to enter two cities and
displays them in alphabetical order.
OrderTwoCities
Run
Reserved.
*
Case Study: Revising the Lottery Program Using Strings
A problem can be solved using many different approaches. This
section rewrites the lottery program in Listing 3.7 using strings.
Using strings simplifies this program.
LotteryUsingStrings
Run
Reserved.
*

Formatting Console Output
Manipulator Description
setprecision(n) sets the precision of a floating-point number
fixed displays floating-point numbers in fixed-point
notation
showpoint causes a floating-point number to be displayed
with
a decimal point and trailing zeros even if it has
no fractional part
setw(width) specifies the width of a print field
left justifies the output to the left

right justifies the output to the right
Reserved.
*
setprecision(n) Manipulator
double number = 12.34567;
cout << setprecision(3) << number << " "
<< setprecision(4) << number << " "
<< setprecision(5) << number << " "
<< setprecision(6) << number << endl;
displays
12.3□12.35□12.346□12.3457
Reserved.
*

fixed Manipulator
double monthlyPayment = 345.4567;
double totalPayment = 78676.887234;
cout << fixed << setprecision(2)
<< monthlyPayment << endl
<< totalPayment << endl;
displays
345.46
78676.89
Reserved.
*
showpoint Manipulator
cout << setprecision(6);
cout << 1.23 << endl;
cout << showpoint << 1.23 << endl;
cout << showpoint << 123.0 << endl;
displays
1.23
1.23000
123.000
Reserved.
*

setw(width) Manipulator
cout << setw(8) << "C++" << setw(6) << 101 << endl;
cout << setw(8) << "Java" << setw(6) << 101 << endl;
cout << setw(8) << "HTML" << setw(6) << 101 << endl;
displays
□□□□□C++□□□101
□□□□Java□□□101
□□□□HTML□□□101
8
6

Reserved.
*
left and right Manipulators
cout << right;
cout << setw(8) << 1.23 << endl;
cout << setw(8) << 351.34 << endl;
displays
□□□□1.23
□□351.34
Reserved.
*
left and right Manipulators
cout << left;
cout << setw(8) << 1.23;
cout << setw(8) << 351.34 << endl;
displays
1.23□□□□351.34□□
Reserved.
*
Example: Display a Table
Degrees Radians Sine Cosine Tangent

30 0.5236 0.5000 0.8660 0.5773
60 1.0472 0.8660 0.5000 1.7320
FormatDemo
Run
Reserved.
*
Simple File Output
To write data to a file, first declare a variable of the ofstream
type:
ofstream output;
To specify a file, invoke the open function from output object
as follows:
output.open("numbers.txt");
Optionally, you can create a file output object and open the file
in one statement like this:
ofstream output("numbers.txt");
To write data, use the stream insertion operator (<<) in the same
way that you send data to the cout object. For example,
output << 95 << " " << 56 << " " << 34 << endl;
SimpleFileOutput
Run

Reserved.
*
Simple File Input
To read data from a file, first declare a variable of the ifstream
type:
ifstream input;
To specify a file, invoke the open function from input as
follows:
input.open("numbers.txt");
Optionally, you can create a file output object and open the file
in one statement like this:
ifstream input("numbers.txt");
To read data, use the stream extraction operator (>>) in the
same way that you read data from the cin object. For example,
input << score1 << score2 << score3;
SimpleFileInput
Run
Reserved.
Lab #3
Write a program that accepts as input a string variable called
strFirstName, then another string variable called strLastName,
and then string variable called strEmail.Write out to a file each,
however make sure it looks like :First Name: DavidLast Name:
WiesnerEmail Addr: [email protected]

correctlyProgram functions as expected
*
Orlando (28.5383355,-81.3792365)
Savannah (32.0835407,-81.0998342)
Charlotte (35.2270869,-80.8431267)
Atlanta
(33.7489954,-84.3879824)
sin(radians) Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle in
radians.
cos(radians) Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle
in radians .
tan(radians) Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle
in radians .
asin(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse of
sine .
acos(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse of
cosine.
atan(a) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse of
tangent .
exp(x) Returns e raised to power of x (e
x
).
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x (ln(x) = log
e
(x)).
log10(x) Returns the base 10 logarithm of x (log
10
(x)).

pow(a, b) Returns a raised to the power of b (a
b
).
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x (
x
) for x >= 0.
ceil(x) x is rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is
returned
as a double value.
floor(x) x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This
integer is returned
as a double value.
A
B
C
a
b
c
A = acos((a * a - b * b - c * c) / (-2 * b * c))
B = acos((b * b - a * a - c * c) / (-2 * a * c))
C = acos((c * c - b * b - a * a) / (-2 * a * b))
x1, y1
x2, y2
x3, y3
Character Escape Sequence Name ASCII Code
b Backspace 8
t Tab 9

n Linefeed 10
f Formfeed 12
r Carriage Return 13
Backslash 92
' Single Quote 39
" Double Quote 34
rand()
%
10
Returns a random integer
between 0 and 9.
50
+ rand()
%
50
Returns a random integer
between 50 and 99.
a + rand()
%
b

Returns a random number between
a and a + b, excluding a + b.
Run
16 17 18
19
20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
Set1
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
Set2
1 3 5 7
9 11 13 15
17
19
21 23

25 27 29 31
Set3
2 3 6 7
10 11 14 15
18
19
22 23
26 27 30 31
Set4
4 5
6 7
12 13 14 15
20 21 22 23
28 29 30 31
Set5
+
= 19

isdigit(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a digit.
isalpha(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
letter.
isalnum(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a letter
or digit.
islower(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
lowercase letter.
isupper(ch) Returns true if the specified character is an
uppercase letter.
isspace(ch) Returns true if the specified character is a
whitespace character.
tolower(ch) Returns the lowercase of the specified character
.
toupper(ch) Returns the uppercase of the specified character
.
Returns the number of characters in this string.
Same as length();
Returns the character at the specified index from this string .
length()
size()
at(index)
Indices
W
e

12
13
message
message.at(0)
message.at(13)
message.length is 14
Manipulator
Description
setprecision(n) sets the precision of a floating
-
point number
fixed
displays
floating
-

point numbers in fixed
-
point notation
showpoint causes a floating
-
point number to
be displayed with
a decimal point
and
trailing zeros even if it has
no fractional part
setw(width) specifies the width of a print field
left justifies the output to the left
right
justifies the output to the right
□□□□□C++□□□101
□□□□Java□□□101
□□□□HTML□□□101
8

6
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY
2
THIS IS LAST WEEK PAPER WITH CORRECTION. PLEASE
NOTE FOR NEXT PAPER. THANKS.
Annotated Bibliography for Childhood ObesityJonhn King
DeVry University
ENGL 14ggggggggg7
Professor bobk king
Week Four
03/26/2015
Annotated Bibliography for Childhood Obesity
In an obesity-related report, the case of a three-year-old child
who had died from obesity complications was detailed. The
child’s Body Mass Index should have been 14.5 kg, but it was
recorded to be 38 kg. The child died from heart failure, which is
one of obesity-related complications. As shocking, as it may be,
this is not an isolated incident. All over the news, cases of
children who have died from obesity- related complications are
eminent. The common cause of obesity-related deaths has been
associated with sleep apnea, a condition where the folds of fat
block airways. According to experts, it is sad and devastating to
see children chocked by their own fat as a result of eating foods
laden with sugars and fats with little or no exercise (BBC,
2014).
Such incidences incidents highlight the severity of obesity, as
an epidemic, which is primarily caused by a fast food and
sedentary-based lifestyle that lead to severe obesity-related
health complications leading to death, thus the need for
sensitizing parents, as primary care givers, on the need to

intervene and change their children’s lifestyle to control and
prevent obesity.
Annotated Bibliography
BBC. (2014). Three-year-old dies from obesity. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3752597.stm
This news-based article explores the incidence of a three-year-
old baby who died from heart failure, as a complication for of
obesity. Taking the obesity case further, the article explores
increased incidences of children’s deaths resulting from other
obesity- relation related complications, such as sleep apnea. The
News news article is credible and reliable because the
information put in the article is derived from experts and
credible sources, such as Health Select Committee Report that
was written comprise of by doctors from Birmingham Children's
Hospital. The article is timely because it is up- to- date in the
sense that it comprises information relating to the current state
of obesity epidemic.
My assessment: The article is of crucial importance in the paper
because it provides the anecdote that will make the readers
interested and glued to the papers. In addition, the obesity-
related deaths reported in the paper provide insight on the
severity of obesity epidemic, thus evoking in readers the need to
act on it.
Food Research and Action Center. (2014).Factors contributing
to overweight and obesity. Retrieved from
http://frac.org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/what-factors-
contribute-to-overweight-and-obesity/
This article discusses factors that lead to increased caloric
intake, thus contributing to obesity. These factors include fast
foods, such as increased intake of beverages that are sweetened,
snacking, taking huge portion sizes, eating less nutritious foods
and advertising of fast foods. In reference to inadequate
physical activities are increased use of media, such as video
games and television and lack of physical activities at home.
The Food Research and Action Center is an accredited
organization, thus making the information credible and reliable.

The information is timely because it relies on the most current
research.
Assessment: The article will help in providing insight on the
physical inactivity and fast foods as major contributors/causes
of obesity. This also goes for refuting that obesity occurs
naturally and lack of physical inactivity and fast foods do es not
contribute to obesity.
Larson, A. A. (2012). Childhood obesity in USA: A descriptive
snapshot of current responses disconnects, and what could hold
promise for additional mitigation. Movement & Sport Sciences,
78, 61-74. Retrieved from http://www.mov-sport-
sciences.org/articles/sm/abs/2012/04/sm120016/sm120016.html
This journal article examines the important importance of
physical activities in management of weight and as an obesity
intervention. The article also discussed the failure of schools in
providing comprehensive durations that allow for sufficient
physical activity engagement. Even though interscholastic
athletics tend to provide children with options for physical
activities, populations needing the activities, such as those at
risk of obesity or who are obese, are always underrepresented.
The article has been reviewed by a panel of experts for it to be
included in the Science & Motricité journal, thus meeting
academic standards of providing reliable and credible
information. It is timely because it was published n year 2012,
thus offering up-to-date information regarding childhood
obesity.
Assessment: In reference to the childhood obesity topic, the
information in this article provides insight on the sedentary
lifestyle (physical inactivity), as a major cause of obesity. In
addition, the fact that schools are unable to fully engage
children in physical activities supports the need for parents to
take over the role in controlling obesity by breaking the
sedentary lifestyle cycle.
Lindsay, A. C., Sussner, K. M., Kim, J., & Gortmaker, S.
(2006). The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity.
The Future of Children,16 (1), 169-186. Retrieved from

http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/1
6_01_08.pdf
This article reviews evidence pertaining to how parents could
help children maintain and develop physical activity habits and
healthful eating, thus helping revert and prevent obesity and
overweight during childhood. Particularly, studies focusing on
child growth and nutrition details ways that parents influence
children’s development of activity-related and food- related
behaviors to examine the role of parents in curtailing children
obesity. As a journal article in The Future of Children, it is
reviewed by a panel of experts, thus making it reliable and
credible. Although not relatively current, as it was published in
year 2006, the article is still crucial in providing insight on the
strategies parent could employ to control obesity by breaking
the cycle of sedentary and fast food based lifestyle.
Assessment: The article provides insight on solution for
children’s obesity epidemic. This relates to the critical role
parents play in preventing and reverting obesity. This also goes
for the strategies they could use in controlling obesity by
breaking the cycle of sedentary and fast food based lifestyle.
Zhao, J., & Grant, S. F. A. (2011). Genetics of childhood
obesity. Journal of Obesity, (2011), 1-9.
Doi:10.1155/2011/845148. Retrieved from
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jobe/2011/845148/cta/
This article explores the genetic factors that contribute to
obesity. The article also makes it clear that Genomegenome-
wide associations reveal a strong association of most disorders
with genomic variants. The research conducted in this article
shows that the loci that researchers had previously discovered to
contribute to obesity also contributes to childhood obesity by
increasing children’s BMI. The article is included in a journal,
Journal of Obesity, which nocomprise of a panel of experts that
review the credibility and reliability of articles. The journal
article is no, it is not timeless timeless, as it comprises the
latest research regarding the natural causes of childhood
obesity.

Assessment: This article provides insight on why some people
may refute the idea that lifestyle factors, such as fast food and
sedentary lifestyle, contribute to obesity. This is because they
are likely to believe that developing obesity is inherent in a
person’s genes.
Alphabetized (10 pts.): 10
Quality and relevance of sources (10): 10
Grammar/mechanics (20 pts.): 5
Sentences (20 pts.): 20
Word Choice (10 pts.): 7
APA format (30 pts.): 28
Total points (100 pts.): 80
I marked almost 2 dozen mechanical errors in this paper—
letters left off words, commas, subject/verb agreement,
capitalization, and other things. As I told you, I have to mark
all that stuff and you lose points each time I do. This could
have been an A if you had had it proofread carefully.
The Course Project will address a topic within one of four
course themes: education, technology, family, or health and
wellness. Each topic encompasses the potential for controversy,
which means there is more than one valid way of looking at the
issue and presenting the issue to an audience. The paper will
introduce the topic, provide background information, present a
main argument with evidence, and conclude in a way that
clearly leads a reader to take desired or recommended action.
Assignment
After thoroughly reading and researching a topic, complete the
weekly assignments addressing a topic from one of the course
themes, leading to two drafts that are revised in a final 8- to 10-
page research project.
The purpose of the assignment is to present an argument and
support it persuasively with relevant, properly attributed source

material. The primary audience for the project will be
determined in prewriting tasks. The secondary audience is an
academic audience that includes your professor and fellow
classmates.
Course assignments will help you develop your interest in a
theme and topic, engage in discussion with your professor and
classmates, and then learn to apply search strategies to retrieve
quality sources.
By the end of the course, you will submit a Course Project that
meets the requirements for scope and which includes the
following content areas.
I. Introduction
a. Attention-getting hook
b. Topic, purpose, and thesis
c. Background
d. Relevance to reader
II. Body
Logically presented, point-by-point argument with evidence
(the number of sections may differ by paper, but you should
plan to have at least three)
a. Section 1 (2–5 paragraphs)
b. Section 2 (2–5 paragraphs)
c. Section 3 (2–5 paragraphs)
d. Section 4 (2–5 paragraphs)
e. Section 5 (2–5 paragraphs)
III. Conclusion
Assignment Requirements PLEASE
[email protected]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@
· Original writing of 8–10 pages created during this course
· Attributed support from outside research with in-text citations
that correspond to the five required sources listed on the
References page; a minimum of one source must be included
from the Course Theme Reading List

· APA 6th edition use of Title page and running headers, in-text
and parenthetical citations, and References for all sources used
in the project
· Final draft addresses all professor and peer content and
citation revision suggestions and concerns from earlier drafts;
final draft of the Course Project is the result of revision and
represents consistent improvement over the first draft
Research Project Topics
Course Theme Reading List
Research on your topics begins with the Course Theme Reading
List, which is linked under the Textbook section of the Course
Syllabus. Be sure to click the word here to open the document.
While you are not required to read all of the resources, you
should plan to dedicate sufficient time to retrieve, preview, and
critically analyze sources on topics that are of interest to you.
The list of readings has been selected to help you narrow a
topic, and it also will help you generate search terms you can
use to continue your independent research.
Two readings are available for each of the topics listed below.
Start your research process by reviewing the Course Theme
Reading List. Note: All students will be required in their final
Course Project to include at least one source from the Course
Theme Reading List. Once you are introduced to library search
strategies, you will then search for the remaining number of
sources required for inclusion in-text and on the References
page of the final assignment. The table below lists the themes
and topics for the Course Project.
Education
Technology
Family
Health and Wellness
School Bullies
Multitasking and Technology
Sexualization of Girls
College Students and Weight Issues
No Child Left Behind Act/Race to the Top

Technology and Social Isolation
Gender Discrimination
Childhood Obesity
Grade Inflation
Perils of Social Networking
Unequal Rights in Marriage, Children
Fad Diets
College Students and Underage Drinking
Online Dating/Online Predators/Sex Offenders
Children of Divorce
Junk Food
Student Debt
Illegal Downloading of Protected Content
Domestic Violence
Sedentary Lifestyles
College Students, Cheating, and Plagiarism
Internet Censorship/Classified Information Leaks
Cyberbullying
Teenage Pregnancy
College Dropout Rates
Identity Theft
Life-Work (Im)balance/Flexible Work Schedules
Concussions in Athletes
High School Dropouts
Texting and Driving
Insurance Premiums for Smokers and Obese Employees
The full list of Course Theme Readings is linked from the
Course Syllabus. To access the readings, you will use the
library databases or the Course textbook. For help accessing the
library databases, please click on the following Accessing the
DeVry Library Database tutorial.
Grading Rubrics
Back to Top

Central Idea and Focus: The topic, purpose, and thesis are clear
and identifiable in the introduction; all ideas consistently
address the main argument without off-topic or irrelevant ideas.
Presentation of central idea or focus reflects revision and
refinement from prior drafts.
Support and development of ideas: Ideas are sufficiently
developed for each section. Fifteen points may be earned for
each of the five sections of the document. Introduction must
have attention-grabbing story, topic, purpose, credibility, and
why the topic is important; the thesis is graded above in the
central idea. Sections II, III, and IV must contain a main idea,
indicated by a topic sentence and followed by properly
attributed support from sources. Development of ideas
anticipates reader objections and responds appropriately.
Evidence is varied and effective. Uses argumentative strategies
and appeals to improve the logic and credibility of the presented
ideas. Conclusion contains memorable ideas and does not rely
on repetition of earlier content. Body of project reflects
improvement from earlier drafts or else points will be deducted
from each section accordingly.
Organization and Structure: The internal structure of a piece of
writing, the thread of central meaning. All ideas are organized
well without any missing or incomplete components.
Organization responds to feedback on earlier drafts and presents
an improved version from prior drafts. Points are deducted for
organization that has not been revised based on feedback.
Formatting, including use of APA: Correct title page, headers,
second page title, margins, alignment, spacing, font, and size (5
points). In-text citations and end-text References match and
demonstrate proficient use of APA style, errors in in-text
citations, or lack of in-text citations (10 points). References
page with a minimum of five sources correctly cited, match the
in-text citation, and use of citations demonstrates improvement
from early to final drafts (15 points). Formatting and layout:
Use of appropriate layout, including headings and effective use

of images, graphs, and charts that are effectively labeled and
integrated into the body of the report (10 points).
Grammar, Mechanics, and Style:Grammar refers to correctness
of language usage; mechanics refers to conventional correctness
in capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. Style includes word
choice, sentence variety, clarity, and conciseness. Also,
sentences vary in length and structure; ideas are clear, logical,
and concise. Style is persuasive and authentic to the topic and
purpose.
Milestones
Back to Top
PLEASE FOLLOW THE FOLLOWING SCHEDULE FOR THE
PROJECT.. THANKS
Week 1: Topic Selection (50 points)
Week 2: Source Summary (100 points)
Week 3: Research Proposal (50 points)
Week 4: Annotated Bibliography (100 points)
Week 5: First Draft (75 points) ………………………DUE THIS
WEEK 4/2/2015
Week 6: Second Draft (80 points)……………………DUE NEXT
WEEK BY 4/09/2015
Week 7: Final Draft (125 points)…………………….DUE ON
4/16/2015
Week 8: Reflective Postscript (50 points)……………DUE ON
4/23/2015
Best Practices
Back to Top
· Access the DeVry Library resources for the bulk of your
research. You can access the online library by clicking on the
Student Resources tab in Course Home.
· APA-style citations do not use footnotes or URLs (i.e., http://
or www.) for in-text citations. URLs are in the References page
as specified in the textbook or APA manual.
Use of Turnitin is part of this class. Avoid all forms of

plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious offense and violates our
academic integrity policy. Do not use any information from
“paper mills,” or sites that offer papers on a number of topics;
these sites are among the first to be flagged as plagiarized.
Additionally, do not turn in any paper previously used in any
course, because self-plagiarism is also not allowed.
Reserved.
*
Chapter 3 Selections
Reserved.
Reserved.
*
Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius in Listing 2.1,
ComputeArea.cpp, the program would print an invalid result. If
the radius is negative, you don't want the program to compute
the area. How can you deal with this situation?

Reserved.
*
ObjectivesTo declare bool variables and write Boolean
expressions using relational operators (§3.2).To implement
selection control using one-way if statements (§3.3).To program
using one-way if statements (GuessBirthday) (§3.4).To
implement selection control using two-way if statements
(§3.5).To implement selection control using nested if and multi-
way if-else statements (§3.6).To avoid common errors and
pitfalls in if statements (§3.7).To program using selection
statements for a variety of examples (BMI, ComputeTax,
SubtractionQuiz) (§§3.8–3.10).To generate random numbers
using the rand function and set a seed using the srand function
(§3.9).To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||,
and !) (§3.10).To program using selection statements with
combined conditions (LeapYear, Lottery) (§§3.11–3.12).To
implement selection control using switch statements (§3.13).To
write expressions using the conditional operator (§3.14).To
examine the rules governing operator precedence and operator
associativity (§3.15).To debug errors (§3.16).
Reserved.
Reserved.
*
The bool Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two values, such as
whether i is greater than j. C++ provides six relational operators
(also known as comparison operators) in Table 3.1 that can be
used to compare two values.

Reserved.
*
Relational Operators
Operator Name Example Result
< less than 1 < 2 true
<= less than or equal to 1 <= 2 true
> greater than 1 > 2 false
>= greater than or equal to 1 >= 2 false ==
equal to 1 == 2 false
!= not equal to 1 != 2 true

Reserved.
*
One-way if Statements
if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s);
}
if (radius >= 0)
{
area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area for the circle of " <<
" radius " << radius << " is " << area;
}
Boolean
Expression
true

Statement(s)
false
false
cout << "The area for the circle of " <<
" radius " << radius << " is " << area;
true
(radius >= 0)
(a)

(b)
Reserved.
*
Note
(a)
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))
{
cout << "i is an " <<
"integer between 0 and 10";

}
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))
cout << "i is an " <<
"integer between 0 and 10";
Equivalent
Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single statement
(b)
Outer parentheses required

Reserved.
*
Examples
Listing 3.1 gives a program that checks whether a number is
even or odd. The program prompts the user to enter an integer
(line 9) and displays “number is even” if it is even (lines 11-12)
and “number is odd” if it is odd (lines 14-15).
TestBoolean
Run
Reserved.
*
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation
error or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
(a)
if (radius >= 0);

{
cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}
if (radius >= 0) { };
{
cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}

Equivalent
Empty Body
(b)
Logic Error
Reserved.
*
Lab #1 – Hand In
C++ Program
Write a program that accepts as input first one integer into a
variable named intValue1.
Next input a character into a variable named chrValue1.
If the intValue1 is even, then output to the screen “Integer is
even”.
If the chrValue1 is greater than ‘G’, then output to the screen

“Character is greater than G”.
Make sure you contain at least 2 comments
Variables are named correctly
The use of the if statement is done twice
Reserved.
*
The if...else Statement
if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else
{
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
false
Boolean

Expression
Statement(s) for the true case
true
Statement(s) for the false case
Reserved.
*
Nested if Statements
if (i > k)
{
if (j > k)
cout << "i and j are greater than k";
}
else
cout << "i is less than or equal to k";

Reserved.
*
Multiple Alternative if Statements
(a)
if (score >= 90.0)
cout << "Grade is A";
else
if (score >= 80.0)
cout << "Grade is B";
else
if (score >= 70.0)
cout << "Grade is C";

else
if (score >= 60.0)
cout << "Grade is D";
else
cout << "Grade is F";
(b)
Equivalent
This is better
if (score >= 90.0)

cout << "Grade is A";
else if (score >= 80.0)
cout << "Grade is B";
cout << "Grade is C";
cout << "Grade is D";
else
cout << "Grade is F";

Reserved.
*
Trace if-else statement
if (score >= 90.0)
cout << “Grade is A";
cout << “Grade is B";
cout << “Grade is C";
cout << “Grade is D";
else
cout << “Grade is F";
Suppose score is 70.0
The condition is false
animation
Reserved.
*
if (score >= 90.0)

else
The condition is false
animation
Reserved.
*
if (score >= 90.0)
else
The condition is true
animation
Reserved.
*

if (score >= 90.0)
else
grade is C
animation
Reserved.
*
if (score >= 90.0)
else

Exit the if statement
animation
Reserved.
*
Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same
block.
(a)
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
cout << "A";

else
cout << "B";
(b)
Equivalent
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)

cout << "A";
else
cout << "B";
This is better with correct indentation
Reserved.
*
Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force the
else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of
braces:
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
{
if (i > k)

cout << "A";
}
else
cout << "B";
This statement prints B.
Reserved.
*
TIP
(a)
if (number % 2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even = false;

(b)
Equivalent
This is better
bool even
= number % 2 == 0;
Reserved.
*
CAUTION

(a)
if (even == true)
cout <<"It is even.";
(b)
Equivalent
if (even)
cout << "It is even.";

This is better
Reserved.
*
Common Errors in Selection Statements
Common Error 1: Forgetting Necessary Braces
(a) Wrong
if (radius >= 0)
cout << "The area "

<< " is " << area;
if (radius >= 0)
{
cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}
(b) Correct

Reserved.
*
Common Error 2: Wrong Semicolon at the if Line
(a)
if (radius >= 0);
{
cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;

}
if (radius >= 0) { };
{
cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}
Equivalent
Empty Body
(b)

Logic Error
Reserved.
*
Common Error 3: Mistakenly Using = for ==
if (count = 1)
cout << "count is zero" << endl;
else
cout << "count is not zero" << endl;
Reserved.
*

Common Error 4: Redundant Testing of Boolean Values
(a)
if (even == true)
cout <<"It is even.";
(b)
Equivalent
if (even)

cout << "It is even.";
This is better
Reserved.
*
Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on weight. It can
be calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing
by the square of your height in meters. The interpretation of
BMI for people 16 years or older is as follows:
ComputeBMI

BMI Interpretation
below 16 serious underweight
underweight
normal weight
overweight
29-35 seriously overweight
above 35 gravely overweight
Reserved.
*
Example: Computing Taxes

The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on the
filing status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses:
single filers, married filing jointly, married filing separately,
and head of household. The tax rates for 2002 are shown in
Table 3.6.
Reserved.
*
Example: Computing Taxes, cont.
ComputeTax
if (status == 0)
{
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1)
{
// Compute tax for married file jointly
}
{
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
{
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else
{
// Display wrong status
}

Reserved.
*
Example: A Simple Math Learning Tool
SubtractionQuiz
Run
This example creates a program for a first grader to practice
subtractions. The program randomly generates two single-digit
integers number1 and number2 with number1 >= number2 and
displays a question such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student, as
shown in the sample output. After the student types the answer,
the program displays a message to indicate whether the answer
is correct.
Reserved.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design,
Fourth Edition
*
Lab #2 – Hand In
C++ Program
Accept a second integer from input into a variable named
intValue2.
If the intValue1 is even, then output to the screen “Value 1 is
even”, otherwise say “Value 1 is odd”.

even”, otherwise say “Value 2 is odd”.
If intValue2 is greater than intValue1, than output to the screen
“Value2 is greater than Value1” and then also output another
line saying “If part is true”, otherwise output to the screen
“Value1 is greater than Value2” and then also output another
line saying “else part is true”.
The use of the if-else statement is used 3 times.
Fourth Edition
Reserved.
*
Logical Operators
Operator Name Description
! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction
Reserved.
*
Truth Table for Operator !

p !p
true false
false true
Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
!(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
!( weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.
Reserved.
*
Truth Table for Operator &&

(age > 28) && (weight < 140) is false, because (age > 28) and
(weight < 140) are both false.
(age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because both (age > 18)
and (weight >= 140) are true.
p1 p2 p1 && p2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true

Reserved.
*
Truth Table for Operator ||
(age > 34) || (weight < 140) is false, because both (age > 34)
and (weight < 140) are false.
(age > 18) || (weight >= 150) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
p1 p2 p1 || p2
false false false

false true true
true false true
true true true
Reserved.
*
Examples
Listing 3.3 gives a program that checks whether a number is
divisible by 2 and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3,
and whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:
TestBooleanOperators
Run
Reserved.
*
Short-Circuit Operator

When evaluating p1 && p2, C++ first evaluates p1 and then
evaluates p2 if p1 is true; if p1 is false, it does not evaluate p2.
When evaluating p1 || p2, C++ first evaluates p1 and then
evaluates p2 if p1 is false; if p1 is true, it does not evaluate p2.
Therefore, && is referred to as the conditional or short-circuit
AND operator, and || is referred to as the conditional or short-
circuit OR operator.
Reserved.
*
Examples
Write a program that lets the user enter a year and checks
whether it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or if it
is divisible by 400. So you can use the following Boolean
expression to check whether a year is a leap year:
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)
LeapYear
Run
Reserved.

*
Problem: Lottery
Randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit number, prompts
the user to enter a two-digit number, and determines whether
the user wins according to the following rule:
LotteryIf the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the
award is $10,000.If the user input matches the lottery, the award
is $3,000.If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.
Reserved.
Fourth Edition
*
Lab #3 – Hand In
C++ Program
Accept a second integer from input into a variable named
intValue2.
even”.
If intValue1 is not even, then test to see if the intValue2 is
even, then output to the screen “Value 2 is even”, otherwise say
“Both values is odd”.

The use of the if-else statement is used 3 times.
Fourth Edition
Reserved.
*
switch Statements
switch (status)
{
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: cout << "Errors: invalid status“ << endl;
}
Reserved.
*
switch Statement Flow Chart
status is 0

Compute tax for single filers
break
Compute tax for married file separately
break
Compute tax for married file jointly
status is 1
status is 2
break
Compute tax for married file separatly

status is 3
break
Compute tax for head of household
default
Next Statement
Default actions
Reserved.
*
switch Statement Rules
switch (switch-expression) {
case value1: statement(s)1;
break;

break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or
int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses.
The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same data type as the
value of the switch-expression. The resulting statements in the
case statement are executed when the value in the case
statement matches the value of the switch-expression. Note that
value1, ..., and valueN are constant expressions, meaning that
they cannot contain variables in the expression, such as 1 + x.
Reserved.
*
switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at the
end of each case in order to terminate the remainder of the
switch statement. If the break statement is not present, the next
case statement will be executed.
switch (switch-expression) {
break;
break;
…

case valueN: statement(s)N;
break;
default: statement(s)-for-default;
}
When the value in a case statement matches the value of the
switch-expression, the statements starting from this case are
executed until either a break statement or the end of the switch
statement is reached.
The default case, which is optional, can be used to perform
actions when none of the specified cases matches the switch-
expression.
Reserved.
*
Trace switch statement
switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 5: cout << "Weekday"; break;
case 6: cout << "Weekend";
}
Suppose day is 3:
animation

Reserved.
*
switch (day)
{
}
Suppose day is 3:
animation
Reserved.
*
switch (day)
{
}

Suppose day is 3:
animation
Reserved.
*
switch (day)
{
}
Suppose day is 3:
animation
Reserved.
*
switch (day)
{

}
Suppose day is 3:
animation
Reserved.
*
Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year and
displays the animal for the year.
ChineseZodiac
rabbit
tiger
ox

rat
dragon
snake
horse
sheep
monkey
rooster
dog
pig

0: monkey
1: rooster
2: dog
3: pig
4: rat
5: ox
6: tiger
7: rabbit
8: dragon
9: snake
10: horse
11: sheep

year % 12 =
Reserved.
*
Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y = 1
else
y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2
Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
Reserved.
*

Conditional Operator
cout << ((num % 2 == 0) ? "num is even" : "num is odd");
Reserved.
*
Conditional Operator, cont.
(booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2
Reserved.
Fourth Edition
*
Lab #4 – Hand In
C++ Program
Write a program that accepts as input a character variable called
chrValue1.
If chrValue1 is ‘G’ or ‘g’ then write out to the screen “You
entered a g”, if chrValue1 is ‘T’ or ‘t’ then write out to the
screen “You entered a t”, if chrValue1 is ‘P’ or ‘p’ then write
out to the screen “You entered a p”, otherwise output “You
tricked me”.
Make sure that you use the switch statement and do not use any
if statements.

Fourth Edition
Reserved.
*
Operator Precedence
How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) – 1?
Reserved.
*
Operator Precedencevar++, var--+, - (Unary plus and minus),
++var,--var(type) Casting! (Not)*, /, % (Multiplication,
division, and remainder)+, - (Binary addition and subtraction)<,
<=, >, >= (Comparison)==, !=; (Equality) && (Conditional
AND) Short-circuit AND|| (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR=,
+=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
Reserved.
*
Enumerated Types
enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY};
Once a type is defined, you can declare a variable of that type:
Day day;
The variable day can hold one of the values defined in the

enumerated type. For example, the following statement assigns
enumerated value MONDAY to variable day:
day = MONDAY;
Companion Website
Reserved.
*
Enumerated Types
As with any other type, you can declare and initialize a variable
in one statement:
Day day = MONDAY;
Furthermore, C++ allows you to declare an enumerated type and
variable in one statement. For example,
enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY} day = MONDAY;
TestEnumeratedType
Run
Companion Website
Operator Name Example Result

< less than 1 < 2 true
<= less than or equal to 1 <= 2 true
> greater than 1 > 2 false
>= greater than or equal to 1 >= 2 false
== equal to 1 == 2 false
!= not equal to 1 != 2 true
Boolean
Expression
true
Statement(s)
false
(radius >= 0)
true
cout <<
"The area for the circle of "
<<
" radius "
<<
radius
<<

" is "
<< area
;
false
(
a
)
(
b
)
if
(
(i >
0
) && (i <
10
)
)
{
cout <<
"i is an "
<<
"integer between 0 and 10"

;
}
(
a)
Equivalent
(b)
if
(
(i >
0
) && (i <
10
)
)
cout <<
"i is an "
<<
"integer between 0 and 10"
;
Outer parentheses required
Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single

statement
if
(radius >=
0
)
;
{
cout <<
"The area "
<<
" is "
<<
area;
}
(a
)
Equivalent
Logic Error

if
(radius >=
0
)
{ }
;
{
cout <<
"The area "
<<
" is "
<<
area;
}
(b)
Empty Body
Boolean
Expression

false
true
Statement(s) for the false case
Statement(s) for the true case
if
(score >=
90.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
A
"
;
else
if
(score >=
80.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
B"
;
else

if
(score >=
70.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
C"
;
else
if
(score >=
60.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
D"
;
else
cout
<<
"Grade is
F"

;
(a
)
Equivalent
if
(score >=
90.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
A
"
;
else if
(score >=
80.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
B"
;
else if
(score >=

70.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
C"
;
else if
(score >=
60.0
)
cout <<
"Grade is
D"
;
else
cou
t <<
"Grade is
F"
;
(b
)

This is better
int
i =
1
;
int
j =
2
;
int
k =
3
;
if
(i > j)
if
(i > k)
cout <<
"A"
;
else

cout <<
"B"
;
(a
)
Equivalent
(
b
)
int
i =
1
;
int
j =
2
;
int
k =
3
;
if
(i > j)

if
(i > k)
cout <<
"A"
;
else
cout <<
"B"
;
This i
s better
with correct
indentation
if
(number %
2
==
0

)
even =
true
;
else
even =
false
;
(a
)
Equivalent
bool
even
= number %
2
==
0
;
(
b

)
This is better
if
(even ==
true
)
cout <<
"It is even."
;
(
a
)
Equivalent
if
(even)
cout <<
"It is even."
;

(b)
This is better
if
(radius >=
0
)
cout <<
"The area "
<<
" is "
<<
area;
(a
)
Wrong
if
(radius >=
0
)

{
cout <<
"The area "
<<
" is "
<<
area;
}
(b)
Correct
Run
BMI
Interpretation
below 16
serious underweight

16
-
18
underweight
18
-
24
normal weight
24
-
29
o
verweight
29
-
3
5
seriously overweight
above 35
gravely overweight
Operator Name Description
! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction
p !p
true false
false true
Example
(
assume
age = 24,
weight = 140
)
!(
age > 18
)
is
false
, because
(
age
>
18
)
is
true
.
!(
weight =

=
150
)
is
true
, because
(
weight
=
= 150
)
is
false
.
p1 p2 p1 && p2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
Example
(assume age = 24,
weight = 140
)
(
age

>
2
8
) && (
weight <
140
)
is
false
, because
(age
>
2
8)
and
(
weight <
140
)
are bo
th
false
.
(age > 18) && (
weight >
=
140
)

is
true
, because
both (age > 18) and
(
weight >
=
140
)
are true
.
p1 p2 p1 || p2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true
Example (assume age = 24,
weight = 140
)
(age > 34) || (
weight <
140

)
is
false
, because
both
(age
> 34) and
(
weight <
140
)
are false
.
(age >
18
) ||
(
weight >= 1
5
0
)
is
false
, because
(age >
18
)

is true
.
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers
break
Compute tax for married file jointly
break
status is 1
Compute tax for married file separatly
break
status is 2
Compute tax for head of household
break
st
atus is 3
Default actions
default
Next Statement

rat
ox
tiger
rabbit
dragon
snake
horse
sheep
monkey
rooster
dog
pig
0: monkey
1: rooster
2
: dog
3
: pig
4
: rat

5
: ox
6
: tiger
7
: rabbit
8
: dragon
9
: snake
10
: horse
11: sheep
year % 12
=

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