This document summarizes discussions from the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow. It acknowledges the urgent need to strengthen climate action and support for developing countries based on the latest science. Key points include: recognizing that impacts are already occurring at 1.1°C of warming; stressing the need to scale up adaptation funding and actions; welcoming increased pledges but noting more is needed, especially to double adaptation funding; and reaffirming commitments to limit warming to 1.5°C through deep global emissions reductions.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change issues in India. It notes that while India has strongly accepted the science of climate change, more action is needed on multilateral agreements. It outlines key challenges like increasing population, urbanization, and growing demands on land and water resources. However, India has also made progress through policies promoting renewable energy, poverty reduction, and literacy. The document discusses international collaboration through conferences like Rio+20 and efforts to set targets and provide finance and technology to developing countries.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It outlines several important conferences where the term was introduced and defined, including the 1987 Brundtland Commission report, the 1992 Earth Summit, and 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. These conferences sought to integrate environmental and development policies and establish frameworks and goals like Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals. The document also examines how sustainable development has been defined and interpreted across disciplines and contexts.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
This document discusses climate change impacts in India and the country's policy responses. It notes increasing surface temperatures and variable regional impacts on rainfall and drought. It outlines India's National Action Plan on Climate Change and its national missions to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water management, ecosystem protection, agriculture and strategic climate research. The document discusses how rural livelihoods dependent on natural resources are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. It defines concepts of vulnerability, adaptation and the UNFCCC and its role in coordinating the global response to climate change.
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in 2020. 194 countries have signed it, with 127 ratifying it, and it went into effect in November 2016. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C by reducing emissions through nationally determined contributions that are reported every 5 years. However, the contributions are not legally binding and there is no enforcement if countries do not meet their targets.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change issues in India. It notes that while India has strongly accepted the science of climate change, more action is needed on multilateral agreements. It outlines key challenges like increasing population, urbanization, and growing demands on land and water resources. However, India has also made progress through policies promoting renewable energy, poverty reduction, and literacy. The document discusses international collaboration through conferences like Rio+20 and efforts to set targets and provide finance and technology to developing countries.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It outlines several important conferences where the term was introduced and defined, including the 1987 Brundtland Commission report, the 1992 Earth Summit, and 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. These conferences sought to integrate environmental and development policies and establish frameworks and goals like Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals. The document also examines how sustainable development has been defined and interpreted across disciplines and contexts.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
This document discusses climate change impacts in India and the country's policy responses. It notes increasing surface temperatures and variable regional impacts on rainfall and drought. It outlines India's National Action Plan on Climate Change and its national missions to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water management, ecosystem protection, agriculture and strategic climate research. The document discusses how rural livelihoods dependent on natural resources are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. It defines concepts of vulnerability, adaptation and the UNFCCC and its role in coordinating the global response to climate change.
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in 2020. 194 countries have signed it, with 127 ratifying it, and it went into effect in November 2016. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C by reducing emissions through nationally determined contributions that are reported every 5 years. However, the contributions are not legally binding and there is no enforcement if countries do not meet their targets.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
Carbon Trading, Emission Balance, Types of Carbon Credit, Voluntary Emissions Reduction (VER), Certified Emissions Reduction (CER), Price of Carbon Credit, Emissions Trading Systems (ETS), Carbon tax , How does carbon pricing work?, Carbon Markets, Trading of Carbon Credits, Trading of Carbon Credits in India
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
The document summarizes key points from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report and highlights of the upcoming COP26 climate conference. It discusses the urgent need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The IPCC report finds that human influence has unequivocally warmed the planet and that impacts are intensifying. Immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are needed this decade to curb climate change risks. The COP26 conference aims to secure global commitments to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and keep 1.5 degrees within reach.
The seminar discusses carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration (CCS) technologies. It identifies major sources of CO2 emissions and explains the CCS process involving carbon capture, transportation, and storage. Methods of carbon capture discussed include pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-combustion approaches. Storage options covered are terrestrial sequestration in plants/soil, geological sequestration underground, and ocean sequestration. The seminar also addresses environmental impacts of CCS, the current maturity of CCS systems, and the potential of direct air capture technologies to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.
The document discusses India's plans to ratify the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, noting it aims to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius and was ratified by 61 countries. The summary explains that Prime Minister Modi announced India will ratify the agreement. As part of its commitments under the agreement, India will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33-35% by 2030, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. Ratifying the agreement will significantly impact India's energy sector and industry.
The document discusses India's ratification of the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, its aims to limit global warming below 2 degrees Celsius through greenhouse gas emissions reductions and climate change adaptation efforts. India had not previously ratified the agreement as it sought flexibility for economic growth. However, Prime Minister Modi recently announced India will now ratify it, becoming the 62nd country to do so. Ratifying will require India to reduce emissions intensity, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. The impacts of climate change are also discussed, noting risks to India's large agriculture sector and coastal populations from effects like drought, flooding and sea level rise.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change in India. It summarizes the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by world leaders in 2015 and India's progress and challenges in achieving these goals. Key initiatives discussed include Namami Gange Mission to clean the Ganges river, increasing resource efficiency, monitoring air pollution levels, and the International Solar Alliance to promote solar energy. Going forward, it is important for all states in India to progress towards the SDGs and for the global community to cooperate in climate action.
Scheme on labeling of ecofriendly products (ecomark)Niladri Roy
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India have instituted a scheme on labeling of Environment Friendly Products through Gazette Notification No. 71 dated 21st February 1991. The scheme is operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products which meet certain environmental criteria along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.
The Scheme is known as "ECOMARK". Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a way that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause to the environment, are categorized as environment friendly product.
The document summarizes Agenda 21, a non-binding action plan adopted by the UN in 1992 related to sustainable development. It includes 40 chapters organized into 4 sections covering social and economic issues, conservation, strengthening major groups, and implementation. The goal is to help the environment and was agreed at the 1992 Earth Summit. It calls for governments, UN agencies, and other groups to take action globally, nationally and locally toward sustainable development. While progress has been uneven, the UN has reaffirmed commitment to Agenda 21 over subsequent years.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
The document discusses the concept and principles of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as an approach to economic development that does not compromise the environment and resources for future generations. It explains that sustainable development can be achieved through limiting human impacts, replacing used resources, minimizing pollution, and sensible use of natural resources. The three pillars of sustainable development are described as economic, social, and environmental development. Finally, it provides examples of sustainable practices like wind and solar energy, crop rotation, and sustainable construction.
This ppt is about stockholm conference on environment 1972.less text and lucrative slides for management student.use notes for delivering presentation.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows countries with emissions targets to invest in emissions reduction projects in developing countries without targets. (1) This allows countries to meet emissions targets cost effectively while promoting sustainability projects. (2) CDM projects must demonstrate additional emissions reductions not otherwise occurring and are issued carbon credits certified amounts of reduced emissions. (3) This benefits both investor countries through low-cost emissions credits and host countries through sustainable development funds.
The Kyoto Protocol established legally binding commitments for 38 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. Carbon trading allows countries that emit less than their emissions cap to sell excess allowances to countries that exceed their cap. Countries can also invest in emission reduction projects in other countries and earn saleable credits. While carbon trading incentivizes reducing emissions and green technology, it has disadvantages like allowing the right to pollute and not guaranteeing real emission reductions globally. Stricter caps over time could help address climate change.
COP26 Draft Agreement on how to reach Paris Agreement net-zero emission targets.Dawid Hanak
This document contains a draft decision proposed by the President of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). It addresses several key issues:
1) It emphasizes the importance of multilateralism and international cooperation to implement the Paris Agreement ambition.
2) It acknowledges impacts of COVID-19 and calls for a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive global recovery with support for developing countries.
3) It contains sections on adaptation, adaptation finance, mitigation, finance for mitigation and adaptation, loss and damage, and implementation - calling for increased climate action and support in these areas based on the best available science.
4) It welcomes commitments made
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
Carbon Trading, Emission Balance, Types of Carbon Credit, Voluntary Emissions Reduction (VER), Certified Emissions Reduction (CER), Price of Carbon Credit, Emissions Trading Systems (ETS), Carbon tax , How does carbon pricing work?, Carbon Markets, Trading of Carbon Credits, Trading of Carbon Credits in India
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
The document summarizes key points from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report and highlights of the upcoming COP26 climate conference. It discusses the urgent need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The IPCC report finds that human influence has unequivocally warmed the planet and that impacts are intensifying. Immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are needed this decade to curb climate change risks. The COP26 conference aims to secure global commitments to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and keep 1.5 degrees within reach.
The seminar discusses carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration (CCS) technologies. It identifies major sources of CO2 emissions and explains the CCS process involving carbon capture, transportation, and storage. Methods of carbon capture discussed include pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-combustion approaches. Storage options covered are terrestrial sequestration in plants/soil, geological sequestration underground, and ocean sequestration. The seminar also addresses environmental impacts of CCS, the current maturity of CCS systems, and the potential of direct air capture technologies to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.
The document discusses India's plans to ratify the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, noting it aims to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius and was ratified by 61 countries. The summary explains that Prime Minister Modi announced India will ratify the agreement. As part of its commitments under the agreement, India will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33-35% by 2030, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. Ratifying the agreement will significantly impact India's energy sector and industry.
The document discusses India's ratification of the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, its aims to limit global warming below 2 degrees Celsius through greenhouse gas emissions reductions and climate change adaptation efforts. India had not previously ratified the agreement as it sought flexibility for economic growth. However, Prime Minister Modi recently announced India will now ratify it, becoming the 62nd country to do so. Ratifying will require India to reduce emissions intensity, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. The impacts of climate change are also discussed, noting risks to India's large agriculture sector and coastal populations from effects like drought, flooding and sea level rise.
The document discusses sustainable development and climate change in India. It summarizes the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by world leaders in 2015 and India's progress and challenges in achieving these goals. Key initiatives discussed include Namami Gange Mission to clean the Ganges river, increasing resource efficiency, monitoring air pollution levels, and the International Solar Alliance to promote solar energy. Going forward, it is important for all states in India to progress towards the SDGs and for the global community to cooperate in climate action.
Scheme on labeling of ecofriendly products (ecomark)Niladri Roy
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India have instituted a scheme on labeling of Environment Friendly Products through Gazette Notification No. 71 dated 21st February 1991. The scheme is operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products which meet certain environmental criteria along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.
The Scheme is known as "ECOMARK". Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a way that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause to the environment, are categorized as environment friendly product.
The document summarizes Agenda 21, a non-binding action plan adopted by the UN in 1992 related to sustainable development. It includes 40 chapters organized into 4 sections covering social and economic issues, conservation, strengthening major groups, and implementation. The goal is to help the environment and was agreed at the 1992 Earth Summit. It calls for governments, UN agencies, and other groups to take action globally, nationally and locally toward sustainable development. While progress has been uneven, the UN has reaffirmed commitment to Agenda 21 over subsequent years.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
The document discusses the concept and principles of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as an approach to economic development that does not compromise the environment and resources for future generations. It explains that sustainable development can be achieved through limiting human impacts, replacing used resources, minimizing pollution, and sensible use of natural resources. The three pillars of sustainable development are described as economic, social, and environmental development. Finally, it provides examples of sustainable practices like wind and solar energy, crop rotation, and sustainable construction.
This ppt is about stockholm conference on environment 1972.less text and lucrative slides for management student.use notes for delivering presentation.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows countries with emissions targets to invest in emissions reduction projects in developing countries without targets. (1) This allows countries to meet emissions targets cost effectively while promoting sustainability projects. (2) CDM projects must demonstrate additional emissions reductions not otherwise occurring and are issued carbon credits certified amounts of reduced emissions. (3) This benefits both investor countries through low-cost emissions credits and host countries through sustainable development funds.
The Kyoto Protocol established legally binding commitments for 38 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. Carbon trading allows countries that emit less than their emissions cap to sell excess allowances to countries that exceed their cap. Countries can also invest in emission reduction projects in other countries and earn saleable credits. While carbon trading incentivizes reducing emissions and green technology, it has disadvantages like allowing the right to pollute and not guaranteeing real emission reductions globally. Stricter caps over time could help address climate change.
COP26 Draft Agreement on how to reach Paris Agreement net-zero emission targets.Dawid Hanak
This document contains a draft decision proposed by the President of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). It addresses several key issues:
1) It emphasizes the importance of multilateralism and international cooperation to implement the Paris Agreement ambition.
2) It acknowledges impacts of COVID-19 and calls for a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive global recovery with support for developing countries.
3) It contains sections on adaptation, adaptation finance, mitigation, finance for mitigation and adaptation, loss and damage, and implementation - calling for increased climate action and support in these areas based on the best available science.
4) It welcomes commitments made
Conclusions de la COP 28 de Dubai, décembre 2023Société Tripalio
1) The document summarizes the outcome of the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement on climate change. It recognizes progress made in climate action but notes global emissions trajectories are not yet aligned with the Paris Agreement's temperature goals.
2) It emphasizes the need to urgently close the gap between policies and actions and what is needed to meet the goals, through deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 in line with 1.5°C pathways. This includes transitioning from fossil fuels this decade and achieving net zero by 2050.
3) It acknowledges the critical role of protecting nature and ecosystems in climate mitigation and calls for enhanced efforts and support for activities like halting deforestation to help
COP28: Example of Formation of Negotiated Texts: Global StockTakeEnergy for One World
This document provides updated textual building blocks from co-chairs on the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement. It includes 15 options under sections on context/cross-cutting considerations and collective progress. The sections cover recognition of the need for urgent climate action, concerns about emissions trajectories not being aligned with Paris goals, calls to accelerate mitigation across sectors, and recognition of progress made as well as implementation and ambition gaps.
This document summarizes the outcome of the first global stocktake of the Paris Agreement. Key points include:
- Progress has been made in reducing emissions but collective efforts are still not on track to meet the Paris Agreement goals.
- Emissions need to peak before 2025 and reach net zero by 2050 to limit warming to 1.5°C, but current policies and NDCs are insufficient.
- Parties committed to accelerate climate action this decade through more ambitious NDCs and long-term strategies in a fair manner consistent with national circumstances.
- Areas highlighted for increased efforts include renewable energy, phasing down coal, zero-emissions vehicles and transport, reducing methane and HFCs, protecting ecosystems,
COP28 Presidency Draft Outcome Document.
A day before the day of closing of the Cop28.
No words on " Phase out or Phase Down
Putting pressure on Negotiators
This document contains a draft text for the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement. Some key points:
- It welcomes that the Paris Agreement has driven near-universal climate action but notes parties are not yet collectively on track to achieve its goals.
- It underscores the temperature goal of holding warming to 1.5°C and the need for urgent action this decade.
- It notes progress made but also expresses concern that emissions trajectories are not in line with the Paris Agreement goals and that pre-2020 ambition and implementation gaps remain.
- It emphasizes the need to accelerate mitigation and implementation of NDCs, energy transitions, renewable energy and efficiency, and support for developing countries.
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, and need for reductions in global emissions as a common concern of humankind, World Leaders in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition.Draft agreement is as Annexture to
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9
1. The document outlines the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan agreed upon at COP27. It recognizes the urgent need to address climate change and biodiversity loss, and stresses that geopolitical issues should not be used as an excuse to backtrack on climate action.
2. It acknowledges the latest reports from the IPCC and UNEP which highlight the impacts of climate change and the need for rapid emissions reductions. The goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C is reaffirmed.
3. Countries agree to implement ambitious transitions to low-emission development, in line with the Paris Agreement. Efforts are needed across all sectors including a transition to renewable energy and just energy partnerships.
1) The document presents a draft agreement for an international climate change accord. It includes articles on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development, capacity building, transparency, compliance, and other issues.
2) Key provisions include requiring parties to communicate and pursue progressively more ambitious emissions reduction targets, and establishing transparency requirements for mitigation actions and support provided.
3) The draft establishes a compliance mechanism and requires regular global stocktakes to assess collective progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement.
US-China Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020sEnergy for One World
The United States and China recognize the seriousness of the climate crisis based on scientific reports. They commit to tackling it through accelerated climate actions and cooperation under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C. Specifically, both countries intend to:
1) Cooperate on policies and technologies to reduce emissions such as electric vehicles and carbon capture.
2) Develop plans to significantly reduce methane emissions through measurement, policies, and research cooperation.
3) Collaborate on transitioning to renewable and efficient electricity including through supporting intermittent renewables and transmission.
This document outlines three options for a decision on a work programme to urgently scale up mitigation ambition and implementation under the Paris Agreement. The key points are:
1) The objective of the work programme is to urgently scale up mitigation through exchanges of views and ideas in a non-prescriptive manner.
2) The scope would include sectors covered by IPCC guidelines and relevant issues like technologies and transitions.
3) It would include annual global dialogues and investment events through 2030 and be overseen by two co-chairs from developed and developing countries.
This document summarizes the draft agreement and decision from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Key points include:
- The Ad Hoc Working Group agreed to transmit the draft agreement text to COP21 for further consideration. The text includes a draft agreement and draft decision.
- The draft agreement establishes the purpose of holding global temperature increase below 2°C and increasing adaptation abilities. It includes provisions for national climate commitments and a long-term decarbonization goal.
- The draft outlines that parties will communicate and implement successive national climate commitments to achieve the goals of the agreement. It establishes collective long-term mitigation aims and that individual parties will pursue domestic policies to implement
Draftul acordului climatic de la Paris, COP21Irina Breniuc
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action". The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
This document summarizes an agreement reached by the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. It agreed to transmit two texts to the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session for further consideration. The first text is titled "Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" and contains a draft Paris Agreement. The second text is contained in Annex II but its contents are not described.
1. The document acknowledges the global challenges from overlapping crises like food and energy shortages exacerbated by climate impacts, and stresses the need for accelerated clean energy transitions.
2. It notes the significant gap between countries' climate commitments and emissions pathways needed to limit warming to 1.5°C, and emphasizes the urgency of closing this gap this decade through more ambitious action from all countries according to the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of the latest climate science from the IPCC and other reports, and stresses the need for just and inclusive transitions to low-carbon development that provide sustainable economic opportunities for all.
Borrador del acuerdo de la conferencia del clima COP21 al 9 de diciembre. La Nacion Chile
This document contains a draft text for the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key points include:
- The draft agreement text outlines the purpose, general provisions, mitigation efforts, adaptation efforts, and means of implementation.
- On mitigation, it discusses a collective long-term temperature goal and individual nationally determined contributions, with options for goals of below 1.5°C or 2°C.
- It emphasizes differentiation between developed and developing countries and recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
- The draft remains unfinished with placeholder text and options still under negotiation particularly around specifics of mitigation efforts and support for developing countries.
1) The document outlines the Copenhagen Accord agreed to by various parties at the UN Climate Change Conference in 2009.
2) Key points of the accord include commitments by developed countries to reduce emissions and provide funding to developing countries, establishing mechanisms for reducing deforestation, and enhancing technology development and transfer.
3) Developed countries commit to providing $30 billion over 2010-2012 for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, with a goal of $100 billion annually by 2020, and a Green Climate Fund is established to support projects in developing countries.
1. The Copenhagen Accord was agreed to by heads of state and governments present at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
2. It recognizes the need to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and the scientific view that deep cuts in global emissions are required. It establishes goals for Annex I countries to implement emissions targets and developing countries to undertake mitigation actions.
3. Developed countries commit to provide $30 billion in fast-start climate financing for 2010-2012 and aim to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, to help developing countries take climate action. New funds like the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be established.
1. The Copenhagen Accord was agreed to by heads of state and governments at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.
2. It recognizes the need to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and the scientific view that deep cuts in global emissions are required. It establishes goals for Annex I countries to implement emissions targets and developing countries to undertake mitigation actions.
3. Developed countries commit to provide $30 billion in fast-start climate financing for 2010-2012 and aim to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, to help developing countries take climate action. A Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be established.
Similar to COP26 Glasgow Climate Pact- Outcome Document (20)
The Big Oil Reality Check report finds that the climate pledges and plans of 8 international oil and gas companies fail to align with international agreements to phase out fossil fuels and to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC.
Publication May 2021
IEA publication, May 2024
Critical minerals, which are essential for a range of clean energy technologies, have risen up the policy agenda in recent years due to increasing demand, volatile price movements, supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical concerns. The dynamic nature of the market necessitates greater transparency and reliable information to facilitate informed decision-making, as underscored by the request from Group of Seven (G7) ministers for the IEA to produce medium- and long-term outlooks for critical minerals.
The Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024 follows the IEA’s inaugural review of the market last year. It provides a snapshot of industry developments in 2023 and early 2024 and offers medium- and long-term outlooks for the demand and supply of key energy transition minerals based on the latest technology and policy trends.
The report also assesses key risks to the reliability, sustainability and diversity of critical mineral supply chains and analyses the consequences for policy and industry stakeholders. It will be accompanied by an updated version of the Critical Minerals Data Explorer, an interactive online tool that allows users to explore the latest IEA projections.
Science Publication
Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider
impacts from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons1–6
.
Here we use recent empirical fndings from more than 1,600 regions worldwide over
the past 40 years to project sub-national damages from temperature and precipitation,
including daily variability and extremes7,8
. Using an empirical approach that provides
a robust lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, we fnd that
the world economy is committed to an income reduction of 19% within the next
26 years independent of future emission choices (relative to a baseline without
climate impacts, likely range of 11–29% accounting for physical climate and empirical
uncertainty). These damages already outweigh the mitigation costs required to limit
global warming to 2 °C by sixfold over this near-term time frame and thereafter diverge
strongly dependent on emission choices. Committed damages arise predominantly
through changes in average temperature, but accounting for further climatic
components raises estimates by approximately 50% and leads to stronger regional
heterogeneity. Committed losses are projected for all regions except those at very
high latitudes, at which reductions in temperature variability bring benefts. The
largest losses are committed at lower latitudes in regions with lower cumulative
historical emissions and lower present-day income.
Science Publication: The atlas of unburnable oil for supply-side climate poli...Energy for One World
Nature Communication, Publication 2024
To limit the increase in global mean temperature to 1.5 °C, CO2 emissions must
be drastically reduced. Accordingly, approximately 97%, 81%, and 71% of
existing coal and conventional gas and oil resources, respectively, need to
remain unburned. This article develops an integrated spatial assessment
model based on estimates and locations of conventional oil resources and
socio-environmental criteria to construct a global atlas of unburnable oil. The
results show that biodiversity hotspots, richness centres of endemic species,
natural protected areas, urban areas, and the territories of Indigenous Peoples
in voluntary isolation coincide with 609 gigabarrels (Gbbl) of conventional oil
resources. Since 1524 Gbbl of conventional oil resources are required to be left
untapped in order to keep global warming under 1.5 °C, all of the above-
mentioned socio-environmentally sensitive areas can be kept entirely off-
limits to oil extraction. The model provides spatial guidelines to select
unburnable fossil fuels resources while enhancing collateral socio-
environmental benefits.
This document is a report from the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development summarizing the current state of financing for sustainable development. It finds financing gaps have increased to $4 trillion annually for developing countries. Progress on reducing poverty and hunger has stalled or reversed in some cases. Many developing economies face high debt burdens, exacerbating financing challenges. The report calls for $500 billion in additional annual investments in sustainable development and climate action through measures like development bank reforms, debt relief for vulnerable countries, and international financial system reforms to better support developing countries in achieving the SDGs. It will help inform discussions at the upcoming Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development.
This report analyzes global trends in corporate sustainability policies and practices. It finds that nearly 10,000 listed companies representing $85 trillion in market capitalization disclosed sustainability information in 2022. Most large companies report greenhouse gas emissions and set reduction targets, though target baselines are often missing. The report also examines board oversight of sustainability issues, executive compensation linked to ESG metrics, corporate lobbying activities, and stakeholder engagement practices. It concludes by recommending flexibility in disclosure standards and increased assurance of sustainability reports.
European Court of Human Rights: Judgment Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and ...Energy for One World
The European Court of Human Rights found Switzerland in violation of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights to protect citizens from climate change. The Court ruled that Article 8, the right to respect for private and family life, includes protection from serious adverse effects of climate change. However, it found the individual applicants did not have standing, while the applicant association representing over 2,000 older women did have standing. The Court also found Switzerland violated Article 6 by failing to properly consider the association's complaints in domestic courts. Overall, Switzerland failed to implement sufficient legislation and measures to meet its climate change targets in line with its international commitments.
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
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Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
1. Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to the Paris Agreement
Third session
Glasgow, 31 October to 12 November 2021
Agenda item 2(c)
Organizational matters
Organization of work, including for the sessions of the
subsidiary bodies
Organization of work, including for the sessions of the
subsidiary bodies
Proposal by the President
Draft decision -/CMA.3
Glasgow Climate Pact
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement,
Recalling Article 2 of the Paris Agreement,
Also recalling decisions 3/CMA.1 and 1/CMA.2,
Noting decision -/CP.26,1
Recognizing the role of multilateralism in addressing climate change and promoting
regional and international cooperation in order to strengthen climate action in the context of
sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty,
Acknowledging the devastating impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and
the importance of ensuring a sustainable, resilient and inclusive global recovery, showing
solidarity particularly with developing country Parties,
Also acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties
should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their
respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples,
local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable
situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women
and intergenerational equity,
Noting the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including in forests,
the ocean and the cryosphere, and the protection of biodiversity, recognized by some cultures
1
Draft decision entitled “Glasgow Climate Pact” proposed under agenda item 2(f) of the Conference of
the Parties at its twenty-sixth session.
United Nations FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
Distr.: Limited
13 November 2021
Original: English
ADVANCE VERSION
2. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
2
as Mother Earth, and also noting the importance for some of the concept of ‘climate justice’,
when taking action to address climate change,
Expressing appreciation to the Heads of State and Government who participated in
the World Leaders Summit in Glasgow and for the increased targets and actions announced
and the commitments made to work together and with non-Party stakeholders to accelerate
sectoral action by 2030,
Recognizing the important role of indigenous peoples, local communities and civil
society, including youth and children, in addressing and responding to climate change, and
highlighting the urgent need for multilevel and cooperative action,
I. Science and urgency
1. Recognizes the importance of the best available science for effective climate action
and policymaking;
2. Welcomes the contribution of Working Group I to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report2
and the recent global and regional reports on the
state of the climate from the World Meteorological Organization, and invites the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to present its forthcoming reports to the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in 2022;
3. Expresses alarm and utmost concern that human activities have caused around 1.1 °C
of warming to date, that impacts are already being felt in every region, and that carbon
budgets consistent with achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goal are now small and
being rapidly depleted;
4. Recalls Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, which provides that the Paris
Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the light of different national
circumstances;
5. Stresses the urgency of enhancing ambition and action in relation to mitigation,
adaptation and finance in this critical decade to address the gaps in the implementation of the
goals of the Paris Agreement;
II. Adaptation
6. Notes with serious concern the findings from the contribution of Working Group I to
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report, including that
climate and weather extremes and their adverse impacts on people and nature will continue
to increase with every additional increment of rising temperatures;
7. Emphasizes the urgency of scaling up action and support, including finance, capacity-
building and technology transfer, to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and
reduce vulnerability to climate change in line with the best available science, taking into
account the priorities and needs of developing country Parties;
8. Welcomes the adaptation communications and national adaptation plans submitted to
date, which enhance the understanding and implementation of adaptation actions and
priorities;
9. Urges Parties to further integrate adaptation into local, national and regional planning;
10. Requests Parties that have not yet done so to submit their adaptation communications
in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 ahead of the fourth session of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (November 2022) so as
to provide timely input to the global stocktake;
2
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. V Masson-Delmotte, P Zhai, A Pirani, et al. (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.
3. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
3
11. Recognizes the importance of the global goal on adaptation for the effective
implementation of the Paris Agreement, and welcomes the launch of the comprehensive two-
year Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme on the global goal on adaptation;
12. Notes that the implementation of the Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme will
start immediately after the third session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;
13. Invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to present to the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its fourth session
the findings from the contribution of Working Group II to its Sixth Assessment Report,
including those relevant to assessing adaptation needs, and calls upon the research
community to further the understanding of global, regional and local impacts of climate
change, response options and adaptation needs;
III. Adaptation finance
14. Notes with concern that the current provision of climate finance for adaptation
remains insufficient to respond to worsening climate change impacts in developing country
Parties;
15. Urges developed country Parties to urgently and significantly scale up their provision
of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building for adaptation so as to respond
to the needs of developing country Parties as part of a global effort, including for the
formulation and implementation of national adaptation plans and adaptation
communications;
16. Recognizes the importance of the adequacy and predictability of adaptation finance,
including the value of the Adaptation Fund in delivering dedicated support for adaptation,
and invites developed country Parties to consider multi-annual pledges;
17. Welcomes the recent pledges made by many developed country Parties to increase
their provision of climate finance to support adaptation in developing country Parties in
response to their growing needs, including contributions made to the Adaptation Fund and
the Least Developed Countries Fund, which represent significant progress compared with
previous efforts;
18. Urges developed country Parties to at least double their collective provision of climate
finance for adaptation to developing country Parties from 2019 levels by 2025, in the context
of achieving a balance between mitigation and adaptation in the provision of scaled-up
financial resources, recalling Article 9, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;
19. Calls upon multilateral development banks, other financial institutions and the private
sector to enhance finance mobilization in order to deliver the scale of resources needed to
achieve climate plans, particularly for adaptation, and encourages Parties to continue to
explore innovative approaches and instruments for mobilizing finance for adaptation from
private sources;
IV. Mitigation
20. Reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global
average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to
limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels;
21. Recognizes that the impacts of climate change will be much lower at the temperature
increase of 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C and resolves to pursue efforts to limit the temperature
increase to 1.5 °C;
22. Recognizes that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained
reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide
emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-
century, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases;
23. Also recognizes that this requires accelerated action in this critical decade, on the basis
of the best available scientific knowledge and equity, reflecting common but differentiated
4. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
4
responsibilities and respective capabilities in the light of different national circumstances and
in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty;
24. Welcomes efforts by Parties to communicate new or updated nationally determined
contributions, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies and other
actions that demonstrate progress towards achievement of the Paris Agreement temperature
goal;
25. Notes with serious concern the findings of the synthesis report on nationally
determined contributions under the Paris Agreement,3
according to which the aggregate
greenhouse gas emission level, taking into account implementation of all submitted
nationally determined contributions, is estimated to be 13.7 per cent above the 2010 level in
2030;
26. Emphasizes the urgent need for Parties to increase their efforts to collectively reduce
emissions through accelerated action and implementation of domestic mitigation measures
in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement;
27. Decides to establish a work programme to urgently scale up mitigation ambition and
implementation in this critical decade, and requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation
and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to recommend a draft
decision on this matter for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its fourth session, in a manner
that complements the global stocktake;
28. Urges Parties that have not yet communicated new or updated nationally determined
contributions to do so as soon as possible in advance of the fourth session of the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;
29. Recalls Article 3 and Article 4, paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 11, of the Paris Agreement and
requests Parties to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their nationally determined
contributions as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of
2022, taking into account different national circumstances;
30. Also requests the secretariat to annually update the synthesis report on nationally
determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, referred to in decision 1/CMA.2,
paragraph 10, to be made available to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to the Paris Agreement at each of its sessions;
31. Decides to convene an annual high-level ministerial round table on pre-2030
ambition, beginning at the fourth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;
32. Urges Parties that have not yet done so to communicate, by the fourth session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, long-
term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies referred to in Article 4, paragraph
19, of the Paris Agreement towards just transitions to net zero emissions by or around mid-
century, taking into account different national circumstances;
33. Invites Parties to update the strategies referred to in paragraph 32 above regularly, as
appropriate, in line with the best available science;
34. Requests the secretariat to prepare a synthesis report on long-term low greenhouse gas
emission development strategies referred to in Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris
Agreement to be made available to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its fourth session;
35. Notes the importance of aligning nationally determined contributions with long-term
low greenhouse gas emission development strategies;
36. Calls upon Parties to accelerate the development, deployment and dissemination of
technologies, and the adoption of policies, to transition towards low-emission energy
systems, including by rapidly scaling up the deployment of clean power generation and
energy efficiency measures, including accelerating efforts towards the phase-out of unabated
3
See document FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/8/Rev.1 and https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/message
_to_parties_and_observers_on_ndc_numbers.pdf.
5. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
5
coal power and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, recognizing the need for support towards a
just transition;
37. Invites Parties to consider further actions to reduce by 2030 non-carbon dioxide
greenhouse gas emissions, including methane;
38. Emphasizes the importance of protecting, conserving and restoring nature and
ecosystems to achieve the Paris Agreement temperature goal, including through forests and
other terrestrial and marine ecosystems acting as sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases
and by protecting biodiversity, while ensuring social and environmental safeguards;
39. Recognizes that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher
ambition in their actions;
V. Finance, technology transfer and capacity-building for
mitigation and adaptation
40. Urges developed country Parties to provide enhanced support, including through
financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building, to assist developing country
Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation, in continuation of their existing
obligations under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, and encourages other Parties to
provide or continue to provide such support voluntarily;
41. Notes with concern the growing needs of developing country Parties, in particular due
to the increasing impacts of climate change and increased indebtedness as a consequence of
the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic;
42. Welcomes the first report on the determination of needs of developing country Parties
related to implementing the Convention and the Paris Agreement4
and the fourth Biennial
Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows5
by the Standing Committee on
Finance;
43. Emphasizes the need to mobilize climate finance from all sources to reach the level
needed to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, including significantly increasing
support for developing country Parties, beyond USD 100 billion per year;
44. Notes with deep regret that the goal of developed country Parties to mobilize jointly
USD 100 billion per year by 2020 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and
transparency on implementation has not yet been met, and welcomes the increased pledges
made by many developed country Parties and the Climate Finance Delivery Plan: Meeting
the US$100 Billion Goal6
and the collective actions contained therein;
45. Calls upon developed country Parties to provide greater clarity on their pledges
referred to in paragraph 44 above through their next biennial communications under Article
9, paragraph 5, of the Paris Agreement;
46. Urges developed country Parties to fully deliver on the USD 100 billion goal urgently
and through to 2025 and emphasizes the importance of transparency in the implementation
of their pledges;
47. Urges the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism, multilateral development
banks and other financial institutions to further scale up investments in climate action and
calls for a continued increase in the scale and effectiveness of climate finance from all
sources globally, including grants and other highly concessional forms of finance;
48. Re-emphasizes the need for scaled-up financial resources to take into account the
needs of those countries particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and
in this regard encourages relevant multilateral institutions to consider how climate
vulnerabilities should be reflected in the provision and mobilization of concessional financial
resources and other forms of support, including special drawing rights;
4
See document FCCC/CP/2021/10/Add.2–FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/7/Add.2.
5
See document FCCC/CP/2021/10/Add.1–FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/7/Add.1.
6
See https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Climate-Finance-Delivery-Plan-1.pdf.
6. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
6
49. Welcomes with appreciation the initiation of deliberations on a new collective
quantified goal on climate finance, and looks forward to the ad hoc work programme
established under decision -/CMA.37
and to engaging constructively in the actions contained
therein;
50. Underscores the importance of the deliberations referred to in paragraph 49 above
being informed by the need to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change
in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty and to make finance
flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emission and climate-resilient
development taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries and
building on the work of the Standing Committee on Finance;
51. Emphasizes the challenges faced by many developing country Parties in accessing
finance and encourages further efforts to enhance access to finance, including by the
operating entities of the Financial Mechanism;
52. Notes the specific concerns raised with regard to eligibility and ability to access
concessional forms of climate finance, and re-emphasizes the importance of the provision of
scaled-up financial resources, taking into account the needs of developing country Parties
that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change;
53. Encourages relevant providers of financial support to consider how vulnerability to
the adverse effects of climate change could be reflected in the provision and mobilization of
concessional financial resources and how they could simplify and enhance access to finance;
54. Underscores the urgency of enhancing understanding and action to make finance
flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emission and climate-resilient
development in a transparent and inclusive manner in the context of sustainable development
and poverty eradication;
55. Calls upon developed country Parties, multilateral development banks and other
financial institutions to accelerate the alignment of their financing activities with the goals of
the Paris Agreement;
56. Acknowledges the progress made on capacity-building, particularly in relation to
enhancing the coherence and coordination of capacity-building activities towards the
implementation of the Convention and the Paris Agreement;
57. Recognizes the need to continue supporting developing country Parties in identifying
and addressing both current and emerging capacity-building gaps and needs, and to catalyse
climate action and solutions to respond;
58. Welcomes the outcomes of the “COP26 Catalyst for Climate Action” and the strong
commitments made by many Parties to take forward action on capacity-building;
59. Also welcomes the joint annual reports of the Technology Executive Committee and
the Climate Technology Centre and Network for 2020 and 2021,8
and invites the two bodies
to strengthen their collaboration;
60. Emphasizes the importance of strengthening cooperative action on technology
development and transfer for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation action,
including accelerating, encouraging and enabling innovation, and the importance of
predictable, sustainable and adequate funding from diverse sources for the Technology
Mechanism;
VI. Loss and damage9
61. Acknowledges that climate change has already caused and will increasingly cause loss
and damage and that, as temperatures rise, impacts from climate and weather extremes, as
7
Draft decision entitled “New collective quantified goal on climate finance” proposed under agenda
item 8(e) of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement
at its third session.
8
FCCC/SB/2020/4 and FCCC/SB/2021/5.
9
It is noted that discussions related to the governance of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss
7. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
7
well as slow onset events, will pose an ever-greater social, economic and environmental
threat;
62. Also acknowledges the important role of a broad range of stakeholders at the local,
national and regional level, including indigenous peoples and local communities, in averting,
minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate
change;
63. Reiterates the urgency of scaling up action and support, as appropriate, including
finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, for implementing approaches for
averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of
climate change in developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to these effects;
64. Urges developed country Parties, the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism,
United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations and other bilateral and
multilateral institutions, including non-governmental organizations and private sources, to
provide enhanced and additional support for activities addressing loss and damage associated
with the adverse effects of climate change;
65. Recognizes the importance of demand-driven technical assistance in building capacity
to implement approaches to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated
with the adverse effects of climate change;
66. Welcomes the further operationalization of the Santiago network for averting,
minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate
change, including the agreement on its functions and process for further developing its
institutional arrangements;
67. Decides that the Santiago network will be provided with funds to support technical
assistance for the implementation of relevant approaches to avert, minimize and address loss
and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change in developing countries in
support of the functions set out in paragraph 9 of decision -/CMA.3;10
68. Also decides that the modalities for the management of funds provided for technical
assistance under the Santiago network and the terms for their disbursement shall be
determined by the process set out in paragraph 10 of decision -/CMA.3;11
69. Further decides that the body providing secretarial services to facilitate work under
the Santiago network to be determined in accordance with paragraph 10 of decision -
/CMA.312
will administer the funds referred to in paragraph 67 above;
70. Urges developed country Parties to provide funds for the operation of the Santiago
network and for the provision of technical assistance as set out in paragraph 67 above;
71. Acknowledges the importance of coherent action to respond to the scale of needs
caused by the adverse impacts of climate change;
72. Resolves to strengthen partnerships between developing and developed countries,
funds, technical agencies, civil society and communities to enhance understanding of how
approaches to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage can be improved;
73. Decides to establish the Glasgow Dialogue between Parties, relevant organizations
and stakeholders to discuss the arrangements for the funding of activities to avert, minimize
and address loss and damage associated with the adverse impacts of climate change, to take
place in the first sessional period of each year of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation,
concluding at its sixtieth session (June 2024);
74. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to organize the Glasgow Dialogue
in cooperation with the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for
Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts;
and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts did not produce an outcome: this is without
prejudice to further consideration of this matter.
10
Draft decision entitled “Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with
Climate Change Impacts” proposed under agenda item 7 of the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third session.
11
As footnote 10 above.
12
As footnote 10 above.
8. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
8
VII. Implementation
75. Resolves to move swiftly with the full implementation of the Paris Agreement;
76. Welcomes the start of the global stocktake, and expresses its determination for the
process to be comprehensive, inclusive and consistent with Article 14 of the Paris Agreement
and decision 19/CMA.1, in the light of paragraph 5 above;
77. Encourages the high-level champions to support the effective participation of non-
Party stakeholders in the global stocktake;
78. Recalls the Katowice climate package, and welcomes with appreciation the
completion of the Paris Agreement work programme, including the adoption of decisions on
the following:
(a) Common time frames for nationally determined contributions referred to in
Article 4, paragraph 10, of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);13
(b) Methodological issues relating to the enhanced transparency framework for
action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);14
(c) Modalities and procedures for the operation and use of a public registry
referred to in Article 4, paragraph 12, of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);15
(d) Modalities and procedures for the operation and use of a public registry
referred to in Article 7, paragraph 12, of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);16
(e) Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of
the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);17
(f) Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6,
paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);18
(g) Work programme under the framework for non-market approaches referred to
in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Paris Agreement (decision -/CMA.3);19
79. Urges Parties to swiftly make the necessary preparations for ensuring timely reporting
under the enhanced transparency framework in line with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement
and the timelines set out in decision 18/CMA.1;
13
Draft decision entitled “Common time frames for nationally determined contributions referred to in
Article 4, paragraph 10, of the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 3(b) of the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third session.
14
Draft decision entitled “Guidance operationalizing the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the
enhanced transparency framework referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement” proposed under
agenda item 5 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement at its third session.
15
Draft decision entitled “Modalities and procedures for the operation and use of a public registry
referred to in Article 4, paragraph 12, of the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 6(a) of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third
session.
16
Draft decision entitled “Modalities and procedures for the operation and use of a public registry
referred to in Article 7, paragraph 12, of the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 6(b) of
the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third
session.
17
Draft decision entitled “Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of
the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 12(a) of the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third session.
18
Draft decision entitled “Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6,
paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 12(b) of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third session.
19
Draft decision entitled “Work programme under the framework for non-market approaches referred to
in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Paris Agreement” proposed under agenda item 12(c) of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its third
session.
9. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
9
80. Acknowledges the call from developing countries for increased support for the
implementation of the enhanced transparency framework under Article 13 of the Paris
Agreement in a timely, adequate and predictable manner;
81. Welcomes decision -/CP.26,20
which encourages the Global Environment Facility, as
part of the eighth replenishment process, to duly consider ways to increase the financial
resources allocated for climate, and recognizes that the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency, established pursuant to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 84, will continue to
support developing country Parties, upon their request, in building their institutional and
technical capacity for the enhanced transparency framework;
82. Welcomes decision -/CMA.3,21
which requests the Global Environment Facility to
continue to facilitate improved access to the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency by
developing country Parties, and encourages the Global Environment Facility to work closely
with other institutions and initiatives to enhance these efforts, such as the Taskforce on
Access to Climate Finance and the “COP26 Catalyst for Climate Action”;
83. Takes note of the revised terms of reference of the Consultative Group of Experts,
contained in the annex to decision -/CP.26;22
84. Recognizes the need to take into consideration the concerns of Parties with economies
most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties,
in line with Article 4, paragraph 15, of the Paris Agreement;
85. Also recognizes the need to ensure just transitions that promote sustainable
development and eradication of poverty, and the creation of decent work and quality jobs,
including through making financial flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse
gas emission and climate-resilient development, including through deployment and transfer
of technology, and provision of support to developing country Parties;
VIII. Collaboration
86. Notes the urgent need to close the gaps in implementation towards the goals of the
Paris Agreement and invites the Secretary-General of the United Nations to convene world
leaders in 2023 to consider ambition to 2030;
87. Recognizes the importance of international collaboration on innovative climate action,
including technological advancement, across all actors of society, sectors and regions, in
contributing to progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement;
88. Also recognizes the important role of non-Party stakeholders, including civil society,
indigenous peoples, local communities, youth, children, local and regional governments and
other stakeholders, in contributing to progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement;
89. Welcomes the improvement of the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action23
for enhancing ambition, the leadership and actions of the high-level champions, and the work
of the secretariat on the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action platform to support
accountability and track progress of voluntary initiatives;
90. Also welcomes the high-level communiqué24
on the regional climate weeks and
encourages the continuation of regional climate weeks where Parties and non-Party
stakeholders can strengthen their credible and durable response to climate change at the
regional level;
20
Draft decision entitled “Report of the Global Environment Facility to the Conference of the Parties
and guidance to the Global Environment Facility” proposed under agenda item 8(d) of the Conference
of the Parties at its twenty-sixth session.
21
Draft decision entitled “Guidance to the Global Environment Facility” proposed under agenda item
8(c) of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its
third session.
22
Draft decision entitled “Revised terms of reference of the Consultative Group of Experts” proposed
under agenda item 5 of the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-sixth session.
23
See https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Improved%20Marrakech%20Partnership%202021-
2025.pdf.
24
Available at https://unfccc.int/regional-climate-weeks/rcw-2021-cop26-communique.
10. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/L.16
10
91. Urges Parties to swiftly begin implementing the Glasgow work programme on Action
for Climate Empowerment, respecting, promoting and considering their respective
obligations on human rights, as well as gender equality and empowerment of women;
92. Also urges Parties and stakeholders to ensure meaningful youth participation and
representation in multilateral, national and local decision-making processes, including under
the Paris Agreement;
93. Emphasizes the important role of indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ culture
and knowledge in effective action on climate change, and urges Parties to actively involve
indigenous peoples and local communities in designing and implementing climate action;
94. Expresses its recognition of the important role the observer organizations play,
including the nine non-governmental organization constituencies, in sharing their knowledge,
and their calls to see ambitious action to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and in
collaborating with Parties to that end;
95. Encourages Parties to increase the full, meaningful and equal participation of women
in climate action and to ensure gender-responsive implementation and means of
implementation, which are vital for raising ambition and achieving climate goals;
96. Takes note of the estimated budgetary implications of the activities to be undertaken
by the secretariat referred to in this decision;
97. Requests that the actions of the secretariat called for in this decision be undertaken
subject to the availability of financial resources.