Ian Bremmers commencement address to graduates of Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, May 2024

1. A message for those graduating in toxic times
You might be wondering … what’s it like to be the graduation speaker on an American
college campus these days? On Monday evening, I got the chance to find out.
Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, a school where I teach
a class on applied geopolitics, invited me to deliver this year’s commencement speech.
It was a privilege – and a challenge – that I took very seriously.
I’ve reprinted my speech below, but first, let me describe the experience.
Yes, there were protesters – of course there were. A number of students in the audience
wore the keffiyeh, the scarf that has become a symbol of solidarity with Palestinians,
particularly those trapped by the war in Gaza. Many brought Palestinian flags on stage
with them as they collected their diplomas. More still passed out “diplomas” calling on
Columbia University to divest from Israel in protest against the continuing conflict.
But not a single student walked out. Not one turned their back. When I began speaking
about the war, there were rumblings in the audience for me to go into more depth. I
stopped the speech briefly to assure them I intended to do just that. And then I did.
At no time did anyone try to disrupt the event or to shout me down – or anyone else.
The protesters were visible, creative, constructive, and respectful of the importance of
the event for the graduates. They made themselves seen and heard, but they allowed
everyone else to be seen and heard too.
In short, it was a beautiful thing, and I was proud to see it, particularly for the reasons I
laid out in my speech.
Here it is … in its entirety.

2. *****
Dean Yarhi-Milo, distinguished faculty, honored guests, SIPA class of 2024.
Congratulations! To the graduates, with thanks to your families that supported you in
your studies to get here today. With appreciation for the faculty and staff that make SIPA
such a unique and valuable experience.
You made it!
How, exactly, you should feel about that and what, exactly, you’ve made it to, may feel
unsettling to you today.
You’ve come to SIPA from all over the world, and you’ve finished an intense and
rigorous program in public affairs. You’ve explored how institutions can improve human
societies, and how and why they fail. You’ve studied these things so that you can help
guide the future in ways that will ultimately serve the public good. I’ve no doubt that
doing good and solving problems are your goals.
And yet …
You’re leaving behind a campus that has been ripped apart by an intractable problem of
societies in conflict. Here on this campus, in this tiny insignificant microcosm of that
deadly, decades-long crisis in the Middle East, has progress been made? Demands
have been issued by the powerless, and mostly ignored by the powerful. There have
been chants and yelling, and not much listening. And now, the players in this drama,
and all of you, depart for new jobs, internships, fellowships, and summer travel,
boundless opportunities afforded by elite institutions and the constituencies they serve.
While the war rages on. The hostages remain. And death stalks the population of Gaza.
You might ask yourselves why this particular conflict in the Middle East has so captured
our attention. It is not, of course, the only conflict out there.

3. The war in Ukraine still deserves more of our attention. No, not because they’re white
people in Europe. Hundreds of thousands have died, and more will follow. And this
war’s impact on global food and fuel supplies threatens to push tens of millions of the
world’s poorest back into poverty and starvation. Of all the conflicts in the world through
your time here at SIPA, the war in Ukraine has hurt the most people.
In Sudan, with far fewer journalists to tell the stories, we will never know how many
have already been killed or how many face starvation.
A few hundred miles from the tip of Florida, violent gangs are consuming Haiti. The
government of the United States has done nothing about it, except to send back the
desperate refugees who make it to our shores.
In Armenia, where some of my family are from, 100,000 people were ethnically
cleansed just a few months ago in Nagorno-Karabakh. An old friend of mine, who left a
comfortable life to serve his people there, has been falsely imprisoned on charges of
terrorism.
Why has Israel / Palestine taken such command of our attention? Is it because we
believe this killing results from the sins of Western civilization? Is it that America bears
greater responsibility for this conflict? Or has greater opportunity to influence the
outcome?
Let me pose a different hypothesis. Perhaps it is because this conflict is easier to
reduce to absolutes. One side is right. The other is always wrong. One is always a
victim, the other a hotbed of terrorism, or a vindictive colonial oppressor. We identify
with one side over the other. We share the greatest cultural or religious affinity with this
side or the other one.
Wherever you come from, I’ve no doubt that you — SIPA graduates — know this conflict
is deeply complex, with historical roots well beyond the fighting this year. And yet the
nature of this conflict makes it useful to powerful interests in this country. Useful to

4. generate clicks, to capture attention, to sell ad space, to secure political advantage in
this instant — and in this election — without any attention to the long, slow slog of work
and compromise that is the only path to peace.
There are so many political and commercial forces today that frustrate progress. They
ignore history and reject evidence. They amplify bias. They push made-for-the-moment
ideas that are more slogan than solution. “Build the wall.” “Defund the police.” “From the
river to the sea.”
These slogans divide us from them.
We don’t need to find shadowy forces that come from some deep global conspiracy.
These threats are the result of the political and economic systems we’ve built. In recent
decades, we thought liberal democracy would be the bulwark against dictatorships and
autocracy. But liberalism has been supplanted by corporatism, which lacks a moral
compass and makes a mockery of the public good.
Our public institutions are in decline just when we need them the most.
When I say the word “institution,” what image do you see? An edifice of stone, solid and
unyielding, built for the ages? Hamilton Hall?
As SIPA grads you know that institutions are more like gardens. Dynamic systems of
diverse and competing interests, constantly growing and reacting to their environment.
Capable of great beauty, but at constant risk of infestation and disease.
Your leaders and elites have failed to tend as they should to the institutions they
inherited. We have taken for granted the benefits of globalization with no plan to pay the
check. We have reached for short-term gains — in wealth, in power — and avoided the
hard effort of tending the gardens that sustain us.
And so, graduates, you should face the future with concern about our ability to manage
the forces that drive us apart. Are our institutions fit for today’s purpose? Information

5. warfare is fought on all sides, and we are the civilian casualties. Algorithms —
controlled by people and business models that don’t care about civil society — shape
our perceptions of what is true.
Israel and its supporters don’t see and hear the same news that Palestinians and their
supporters see. Russians don’t get the same information about their war as Ukrainians,
Europeans, and Americans do. In today’s America, the political information consumed
by Biden and Trump voters comes from different planets.
I wish I was overstating that problem. But here at SIPA, you know that I’m not.
Our technological futures are being shaped by corporate leaders who don’t answer to
elections, who will oversimplify the challenges we face and promote fixes only the
technologists can provide. Techno-utopianism is a dangerous fantasy. Look at what it
offers us: painless solutions to complex problems. Endless profits for its high priests.
Civil society becomes an externality. The public good, a helpless bystander.
Disinformation, conspiracies, and performative outrage are the most dangerous rot in
the gardens of our institutions. They will be impossible to eradicate if we huddle
comfortably within our own bubbles, rejecting all the ideas and information that
challenge us to question our assumptions, refusing to hear the other side.
How do we prevent these outcomes, and the violence that will inevitably ensue?
I have built my professional career on thoughtful analysis, but on these questions, I
have no easy answers. We live in a world of complexity, where real evidence, critical
thinking, and the dogged, persistent pursuit of practical solutions are so essential.
I am certain of a few things. First, it does not have to be this way. Humans created
these problems, and humans can solve them.

6. Second, your generation — particularly you who have been so fortunate to study at this
place and in this moment — YOU MUST find different paths from those who came
before you.
I know that you have goals as varied as your backgrounds. Some of you are ready to
change the world, you will pursue the heights of public service and government or found
innovative startups to make a difference. Some of you have debts to pay, families to
support, responsibilities too great to think about taking big risks. Some of you, like me
over 30 years ago, have absolutely no idea what you really want to do. I’ll be honest,
when I came to New York from Stanford so long ago, I just wanted a good job. But no
one would hire me. They thought they didn’t need political scientists. I’ve spent the past
three decades trying to show them they were wrong, and I’m looking forward to you
doing the same.
Regardless of the path you choose, now or in the future, ALL of you have something to
offer. All of you can make a difference. You know how to analyze problems, and you
understand much of what makes societies stable, what brings countries into conflict.
You can see where the choices that governments and institutions make can either help
or hurt your fellow humans. You can help others to see clearly. You can choose to do
the right thing.
In my own history, even when crammed into a borrowed cubicle, eating ramen under a
leaky roof off West End Avenue, there were easy paths to financial success I would not
follow. And later, when my company Eurasia Group finally became something more than
Eurasia Guy, there were clients we would not take, governments we would not serve.
That remains true today.
You may feel that your role today is small, that nothing you do will matter so much.
Resist such feelings. Hard work is never a hopeless cause. Each step in the right
direction matters.

7. You will make endless decisions over your careers in public affairs. Countless
opportunities for small steps forward when you remain focused on doing right, with an
eye toward the long term, toward repairing public confidence in our civic institutions.
This is what you have been trained for, and this is what our institutions need.
As you set off on the next phase of your lives, I hope that you will keep a few principles
in mind, some themes to help us create a truly civil society:
1. Change your mind
The world never stops changing.
If you’re afraid to change your mind …
even about things you consider fundamentally important …
ESPECIALLY those things,
the more wrong you will become as the world around you changes. Having a fixed
worldview is the one thing that guarantees you’ll be wrong as the world changes.
2. Listen to the other side
Are you a tolerant person?
I’m really asking you.
If you’re a tolerant person, you can listen to people you disagree with, even strongly
disagree with, and learn something you didn’t know.
Learn something that can help you do what you think you should do.
Make a list of people you respect …
… but with whom you disagree on questions you feel are truly important.
Listen to those people. Read what they write. Follow them on social media.
They may not shift your core convictions. It doesn’t matter.
Listening to them and considering FAIRLY, HONESTLY what they say will broaden and
deepen your perspective.

8. 3. Remember that your work is about helping people
If your work is on the problems of international and public affairs, your work is about
people and their lives.
Don’t forget that.
It’s not mainly about ideas and principles.
It’s about creating opportunities for people alive today and others not yet born.
Opportunities to live securely. To learn. To realize potential. And to share.
When life gets in the way, as it surely will, remember what brought you here, to this
place, to this field of study. Remember how fortunate you are, and never forget those
whose most basic needs are constantly under pressure. Resist the gentle tug of
fatalism. Resist the long slide into complacency.
And please remember, cynicism is toxic. It’s pure poison. Do not swallow it.
And last but not least (at least not for those of you who know me)
4. Take your work, but not yourself seriously
I was going to make this speech funny.
Because I’m generally a funny person.
But I take this moment seriously.
If you’re a generous person, your WORK will outlive you.
When we go, we can’t take anything with us.
Give what you have.
I believe this is a secret of happiness.
The happiness of those who will benefit because you shared what you had to give.
I believe that can make you happy too.

9. Class of 2024, today’s wars will grind on a while longer, and America’s election season
will only get uglier.
We’re not going to kid ourselves.
None of us will change the world this week.
But each of us has a chance to use whatever talent and wisdom we have to learn what
this world has to teach us … and to work with other people, especially those we
disagree with, to build a more cooperative future.
I wish you, graduates, the very best.
And I thank you.