The document provides information about elevators and escalators. It discusses the basic introduction of elevators including their purpose of efficiently moving people or goods between floors. It also discusses the different types of elevators classified according to hoist mechanism: hydraulic elevators, traction elevators, climbing elevators, and pneumatic elevators. The document further describes the design of elevators and escalators including their components. It provides classifications of elevators according to building type and location. Overall, the document presents an overview of elevators and escalators, their workings, types and design considerations.

1. SUBMITTED TO:-
AR. DHARMESH JUREMALANI
AR. SHADILAL
SUBMITTED BY:-
ABHISHEK KUMAR MAURYA
B.ARCH 4th YEAR
131332390002

2. BASIC INTRODUCTION
 The elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that
efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels,decks)
of a building, vessel or other structure. Elevators are
generally powered by electric motors that either drive
traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
 In agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of
conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous
stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the
chain and bucket bucket elevator, grain auger screw
conveyor using the principle of Archimedes' screw, or the
chain and paddles/forks of hay elevators
A set of lifts in the lower level of a
London Underground station. The
arrows indicate each elevator's
position and direction of travel.

3. DESIGN:-
 An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by
a mechanical means.
 In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water
hydraulic pistons or by hand.
 Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of
hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to
raise and lower the car.
 The most common configuration for elevator door is to have two panels
that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally.
 Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most of the components
fit within the shaft containing the elevator car; and a small cabinet
houses the elevator controller.the benefits of MRL are
-creates more usable space
-use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic elevators)
-uses no oil
-can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal traction
units.

4. 1. ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISUM
2. ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT
3. ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE
4. ACCORDING TO ELEVATOR LOCATION
5. ACCORDING TO SPECIAL USES

5. ELEVATORS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO HOIST
MECHANISM TO 4 MAIN TYPES AS FOLLOWS:-
 1.HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
 2.TRACTION ELEVATORS
 3.CLIMBING ELEVATORS
 4.PNEUMATIC ELEVATORS

6.  HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS ARE SUPPORTED
BY A PISTON AT THE BOTTOM OF THE
ELEVATOR THAT PUSHES THE ELEVATOR
UP.
 THEY ARE USED BY LOW-RISE
APPLICATIONS OF 2-8 STORIES AND
TRAVELS AT A SPEED OF 200 FEET PER
MINUTE.
 THE MACHINE ROOM FOR HYDRAULIC
ELEVATORS IS LOCATED AT THE LOWEST
LEVEL ADJECENT TO THE ELEVATOR SHAFT

7.  TRACTION ELEVATORS ARE LIFTED BY
ROPES, WHICH PASSES OVER A WHEEL
ATTACHED TO AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
ABOVE THE ELEVATOR SHAFT.
 THEY ARE USED FOR MID AND HIGH-RISE
APPLICATIONS AND HAVE MUCH HIGHER
TRAVEL SPEEDS THEN HYDRAULIC
ELEVATORS.
 A COUNTER WEIGHT MAKES THE
ELEVATORS MORE EFFICIENT.

8. THEY HOLD THERE OWN
POWER DEVICE ON THEM,
MOSTELY ELECTRIC OR
COMBUSTION
ENGINE.CLIMBING
ELEVATORS ARE OFTEN
USED IN WORK AND
CONSTRUCTION AREA.

9.  PNEUMATIC ELEVATORS ARE RAISED AND
LOWERED BY CONTROLLING AIR PRESSURE
IN A CHAMBER IN WHICH THE ELEVATOR
SITS.
 BY SIMPLE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS; THE
DIFFRENCE IN AIR PRESSURE ABOVE AND
BENEATH THE VACUUME ELEVATOR CAB
LITRALLY TRANSPORTS CAB BY AIR.
 THEY ARE SPECIALLY IDEAL FOR EXISTING
HOMES DUE TO COMPACT DESIGN BECAUSE
EXCAVATING A PIT AND HOIST WAY ARE NOT
REQUIRED.

10. A- LOW RISE BUILDINGS ( 1- 3 STORIES ) –
TYPICALLY USES HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
BECAUSE OF THERE LOWER INITIAL COSTS.
B- MID-RISE BUILDINGS ( 4- 11 STORIES ) –
TYPICALLY USE GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS.
C- HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ( 12 + STORIES ) –
TYPICALLY USES GEAR-LESS TRACTION
ELEVATORS.

11.  ELEVATORS WILL BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO BUILDING
TYPE TO 6 MAIN TYPES AS FOLLOWS :-
 1. HOSPITAL ELEVATORS
 2. RESIDENTIAL ELEVATORS
 3. AGRICULTURAL ELEVATORS
 4.INDUSTRIAL ELEVATORS
 5. COMMERCIAL ELEVATORS
 6. PARKING BUILDING ELEVATORS

12.  Space to stand in, guardrails, seating cushion (luxury)
 Overload sensor — prevents the elevator from moving until excess
load has been removed.
 Electric fans or air conditioning units to enhance circulation and
comfort.
 Call buttons to choose a floor. Some of these may be key switches (to
control access).
 A set of doors kept locked on each floor to prevent unintentional
access into the elevator shaft by the unsuspecting individual.
 A stop switch to halt the elevator while in motion and often used to
hold an elevator open while freight is loaded.
 An alarm button or switch, which passengers can use to signal that
they have been trapped in the elevator.
Typical freight elevator
control station

13.  An elevator telephone, which can be used (in addition to the alarm) by
a trapped passenger to call for help.
 Hold button: This button delays the door closing timer, useful for
loading freight and hospital beds.
 Call cancellation: A destination floor may be deselected by double
clicking.
 Access restriction by key switches, RFID reader, code keypad, hotel
room card, etc..
 One or more additional sets of doors that can serve different floor
plans. For example, in an elevated crosswalk setup, the front doors
may open on the street level, and the rear doors open on the
crosswalk level.
 Plain walls or mirrored wall

16. History of escalators
Escalator = Elevator + Scala (Steps)
Nathan Ames, of Saugus, Massachusetts, in the US, invented the
first escalator in 1859.He called his invention as a revolving stairs
but in the patent he does not mentioned the type of material he
would be using. Jesse Reno patented the first endless conveyor or
elevator in 1892. He produced the first working escalator, which he
called the inclined elevator.
Introduction
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport
device for carrying people between floors of a building.
The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual,
linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the
step treads to remain horizontal. Escalators are used
around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places
where elevators would be impractical.

17. Design and layout consideration
Escalators, like moving walkways, are often
powered by constant-speed alternating
current motors and move at approximately 1–
2 feet (0.3–0.6 m) per second. The typical
angle of inclination of an escalator to the
horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a
standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). A
number of factors affect escalator design,
including physical requirements, location,
traffic patterns, safety considerations, and
aesthetic preferences.

18. COMPONENTS OF ESCALATORS
Landing platform: These two platforms house the curved sections
of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs.
The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive
gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets.
Floor plate: It provides a place for the passengers to stand before
they step onto the moving stairs.
Truss: The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower
and upper landings.
Steps: The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. The steps are linked by a continuous metal
chain that forms a closed loop. The rear wheels are set further
apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter
axles to fit into the narrower front track.

19. Handrail: The handrail provides a convenient handhold for
passengers while they are riding the escalator. In an
escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain
that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of
pulleys.
Deck board: These are used for preventing clothing from
getting caught and other such problems.
Balustrade: The side of an escalator extending above the
Steps, which includes Skirt Guard, Interior Panel, Deck
Board and Moving Handrails.
Tracks: The track system is built into the truss to
guide the step chain, which continuously pulls
the steps from the bottom platform and back to
the top in an endless loop.

20. WORKING OF ESCALATORS:-
The escalator machinery is hidden beneath its steps
in what is known as the truss and at the top of the
escalator, housed in the truss, is an electric motor
which runs the four gears that all escalators have two
drive gears on either side at the top and two return
gears on either side at the bottom and the gears have
chains that loop around the gears and run down each
side of the escalator then they are connected to each
step, these chains help the steps make their way up,
or down, the escalator where the handrails that riders
use for balance and safety on their ride up or down
escalators are powered by the same system that
powers the steps and finally at the handrails are
essentially long rubber loops connected to the two
drive gears at the top of the escalator and powered
by the same electric motor that powers the steps.

21. TYPES OF ESCALATORS
Parallel: These type of escalator go up and down simultaneously.
1 Speed: 0.5m/s
2 Inclination: 30, 35
3 Step width: 800 / 1000
4 Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5 Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
6 Step: stainless steel
7 Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
8 Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
9 Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
10 Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.
Multi parallel:
1 Speed: 0.5m/s
2 Inclinations: 30, 35
3 Step widths: 800 / 1000
4 Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5 Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
6 Step: stainless steel
7 Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel
8 Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
9 Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
10 Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.

22. Spiral type escalators: These are used to enhance the architectural beauty and to save
the space.
1 Inclined Angle : 30"
2 Rated Speed [m/sec] : 25
3 Number of Persons : 6300 per hour
4 Rated Speed (mtrs./sec.) :25 m/ min.
5 Vertical Rise ( m ) : 3500 ~ 6600
Criss-cross: They stacks the escalators that go in single direction and reduces
structural space requirement.
1 Step width: 600 / 800 / 1000
2 Power: 300V / 50 Hz / 3p
3 Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel.
4 Step: stainless steel.
5 Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
6 Operation: Emergency stop button / Key switch / Inspection operation.
7 Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
8 Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.

23. It helps a large no. of people in moving from one place to another at the same time and they
reduce the need of elevator because people would not have to wait for elevator and escalator
can carry a large no. of people at the same time.
It is helpful for the people that have pain in their legs and joints i.e it provide comfort to the
people
Escalators are effective when used as a mean of guidance and circulation.
Their speed can be adjustied which is helpful in managing the crowd.
When turned off they can be used a staircase.
Disadvantages of Escalators
1.Waste of energy when not in use.
2.Possible Injuries when stopped suddenly
3.Source of fear for small children
Sources of information- slideshare, knowledge knowhow,wikipediya,standraed sizes and data from net and through
teachers cunsultants.

24.  ..