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The study tested the efficacy of two Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) bioinsecticides, Foray 76B and VBC 60074, applied via aerial spraying to control pine processionary moth populations in pine forests in Antalya, Turkey. Mortality rates of pine processionary moth larvae were measured by collecting nests from treated and untreated plots after treatment. The bioinsecticides resulted in mortality rates ranging from 97% to 99%, demonstrating the potential of Btk formulations to effectively control pine processionary moth in Turkey's pine forests.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling the solar drying kinetics of gamma irradiation-pretreated oyster mus...Nii Korley Kortei
Oyster mushroom slices (Pleurotus ostreatus) were exposed to ɣ-radiation as a pretreatment and
solar dried to investigate the influence of irradiation on drying kinetics. Processing conditions
included exposure of mushrooms to 0 kGy (control), 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy and 2.0 kGy
of ɣ-radiation at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h and drying at a mean temperature of 53.2±6.4°C.
Experimental drying data were fitted to 5 thin layer drying models by non-linear regression.
Irradiation was observed to enhance the drying rate of mushroom slices, with higher doses
causing faster moisture removal. Drying characteristics of slices exposed to lower dosages were
best described by Page’s model (R2=0.9878, 0.9967, 0.9925 correspondingly for “control” (0.0
kGy), 0.5 and 1.0 kGy while the Diffusion model best fit the data for those exposed to higher
doses of radiation (R2=0.9938, 0.9890 for 1.5 and 2.0 kGy respectively). Deff ranged from 1.88
to 2.44 x 10-08 and increase from “control”, 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy to 2.0 kGy. Irradiation
of mushrooms as a pretreatment for drying increases moisture diffusivity and drying rate with
higher doses having the most effect.
An assessment of medicinal cocus nucifera plant extracts as natural antibioti...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Cocus nucifera plant extracts against five bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method.
2. Ethanol extracts of C. nucifera roots showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.55mm to 13.08mm. The highest activity was seen against Escherichia coli.
3. Phytochemical analysis of C. nucifera root extracts revealed the presence of compounds such as saponins, tannins and flavonoids that are associated with antimicrobial effects and support the traditional use of this plant to treat infectious diseases.
The study investigated the extent of acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. It found that pesticide poisoning was a significant problem, with 29.8-91.9% of agricultural workers using pesticides. The main causes were inadequate knowledge of safe practices and lack of protective clothing. Organophosphorus compounds were a major cause of poisoning seen in hospital records. Knowledge of hazards and safe practices was generally inadequate, especially in Indonesia.
Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Dielectric Properties of a Coarse-Cereal (In...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fungicide treatment on the dielectric properties of various Indian rice varieties. The study measured the dielectric constant and loss factor of rice samples with and without fungicide treatment, over a frequency range of 0.01 to 10 MHz and temperature range of 30-45°C. The results showed that fungicide treatment significantly changed the dielectric parameters and their variation with temperature compared to untreated samples. These changes need to be accounted for when precisely determining dielectric properties for applications in agriculture technology.
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
This document evaluates the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the survival and growth of fungi in composted sawdust in Ghana. Fungal counts were evaluated on two growth media after sawdust was composted for 28 days and pretreated with gamma irradiation doses from 5-32 kGy or steam sterilization at 100°C for 2.5 hours. Both pretreatment methods significantly reduced fungal counts compared to untreated sawdust. Five fungal species were isolated on one media and ten species on the other media, with reductions in species diversity observed after pretreatment. Corresponding radiation sensitivities were also determined for fungi on the two media. The presence of microorganisms on sawdust
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modeling the solar drying kinetics of gamma irradiation-pretreated oyster mus...Nii Korley Kortei
Oyster mushroom slices (Pleurotus ostreatus) were exposed to ɣ-radiation as a pretreatment and
solar dried to investigate the influence of irradiation on drying kinetics. Processing conditions
included exposure of mushrooms to 0 kGy (control), 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy and 2.0 kGy
of ɣ-radiation at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h and drying at a mean temperature of 53.2±6.4°C.
Experimental drying data were fitted to 5 thin layer drying models by non-linear regression.
Irradiation was observed to enhance the drying rate of mushroom slices, with higher doses
causing faster moisture removal. Drying characteristics of slices exposed to lower dosages were
best described by Page’s model (R2=0.9878, 0.9967, 0.9925 correspondingly for “control” (0.0
kGy), 0.5 and 1.0 kGy while the Diffusion model best fit the data for those exposed to higher
doses of radiation (R2=0.9938, 0.9890 for 1.5 and 2.0 kGy respectively). Deff ranged from 1.88
to 2.44 x 10-08 and increase from “control”, 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy to 2.0 kGy. Irradiation
of mushrooms as a pretreatment for drying increases moisture diffusivity and drying rate with
higher doses having the most effect.
An assessment of medicinal cocus nucifera plant extracts as natural antibioti...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Cocus nucifera plant extracts against five bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method.
2. Ethanol extracts of C. nucifera roots showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.55mm to 13.08mm. The highest activity was seen against Escherichia coli.
3. Phytochemical analysis of C. nucifera root extracts revealed the presence of compounds such as saponins, tannins and flavonoids that are associated with antimicrobial effects and support the traditional use of this plant to treat infectious diseases.
The study investigated the extent of acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. It found that pesticide poisoning was a significant problem, with 29.8-91.9% of agricultural workers using pesticides. The main causes were inadequate knowledge of safe practices and lack of protective clothing. Organophosphorus compounds were a major cause of poisoning seen in hospital records. Knowledge of hazards and safe practices was generally inadequate, especially in Indonesia.
Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Dielectric Properties of a Coarse-Cereal (In...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fungicide treatment on the dielectric properties of various Indian rice varieties. The study measured the dielectric constant and loss factor of rice samples with and without fungicide treatment, over a frequency range of 0.01 to 10 MHz and temperature range of 30-45°C. The results showed that fungicide treatment significantly changed the dielectric parameters and their variation with temperature compared to untreated samples. These changes need to be accounted for when precisely determining dielectric properties for applications in agriculture technology.
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Effect of spawned and simple casing on the biological efficiency of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous was observed. The results exhibit that spawned casing not only takes lesser time for case run but also produces early primordial development. A positive response on mushroom biomass is also noticed in this technique.
This document evaluates the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the survival and growth of fungi in composted sawdust in Ghana. Fungal counts were evaluated on two growth media after sawdust was composted for 28 days and pretreated with gamma irradiation doses from 5-32 kGy or steam sterilization at 100°C for 2.5 hours. Both pretreatment methods significantly reduced fungal counts compared to untreated sawdust. Five fungal species were isolated on one media and ten species on the other media, with reductions in species diversity observed after pretreatment. Corresponding radiation sensitivities were also determined for fungi on the two media. The presence of microorganisms on sawdust
Quantitative analysis of different soil microbial communities (Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes) responsible for various biological processes and nutrient cycling (C, N and P) in terrestrial ecosystems.
Monitoring CH4, N2O and CO2 emission from rice and rice based cropping system and work out appropriate mitigation option.
Enumeration and isolation of GHG-mobilizing microbes (methanogens, methanotrophs, nitrifiers and denitrifiers).
Evaluation of the interactive effects of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O), temperature, hydrological and microbiological relations on soil carbon decomposition and nutrient release, and their impact on climate change.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
This document discusses a study that investigated the antifungal and anti-mycelium activities of biogenic silver, copper, zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were tested against four fungal strains (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of silver, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles were determined to be ≤8 μg/ml for the non-spore forming fungi and ≤16 μg/ml for the spore forming fungi. Anti-mycelium effects were observed for A. niger and F. oxysporum, with silver nanoparticles showing the highest effect at 72.8%. The
IRJET- Screening the Antibacterial Activity of Scutellaria Baicalensis Agains...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, against both human and animal pathogens. The study found that methanol extracts of S. baicalensis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae, a pathogen of both humans and shrimp. Overall, the results indicate that S. baicalensis possesses compounds with good antibacterial activity and has potential for use as an alternative to antibiotics in both human and aquaculture applications.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Alternative Control of Insect Pests Using Paper in Corn Plantsinventionjournals
Yellow paper and light traps captured the highest number of insect pests compared to red and green traps. The research studied alternative control of insect pests in corn plants using colored paper and light traps in Indonesia from July to August 2016. Yellow paper trapped the most insects at 23.25 on average, followed by green at 7.50 and red at 6.00. Similarly, yellow light trapped the most insects at 28.25 on average, followed by red at 19.25 and green at 9.50. The yellow traps captured significantly more insects than the red or green traps. The study identified several common insect pest species trapped in the various colored traps.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial properties of extracts from the leaves of two Viburnum species (Viburnum nervosum and Viburnum foetens) that grow in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The leaves were extracted using different solvents and tested against 8 bacterial pathogens using the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 to 30 mm. The chloroform extracts had moderate activity, while the petroleum ether extracts showed little to no effect. Overall, the results indicate that extracts from these Viburnum species have antibacterial properties and warrant further investigation.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity of insects associated with three fruit-bearing tree species in New Guinea forests. The study examined the composition of fruit-feeding insects on Gymnacranthera paniculata, Macaranga aleuritoides and Mastixiodendron pachyclados. A total of 184, 1938 and 289 insects were collected from the fruits of each species, respectively, representing 16, 21 and 22 insect families. The study found high insect diversity on the tree species and that total insect density decreased with increasing fruit density, supporting the Connell-Janzen hypothesis of density-dependent attack.
Formulation and evaluations of biodegradable nanoparticles based implant for ...Balasaheb Waghmare
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of biodegradable nanoparticles for antifungal drug delivery in prosthetic joint replacement surgery. The key points are:
1) Prosthetic joint infections are a major complication of joint replacement surgery and can be caused by fungi like Candida albicans. Existing antifungal treatments have limitations like need for long-term use and systemic toxicity.
2) The study aims to develop a biodegradable nanoparticle-based implant to deliver the antifungal drug fluconazole locally for a sustained period to treat fungal prosthetic joint infections.
3) The plan of work involves pre-formulation studies, formulation of fluconazole-loaded
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
This paper compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the growth and yield of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on composted wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) sawdust. Sawdust was treated with gamma radiation doses from 0-32 kGy or steam sterilized. Sorghum grains used for spawns were also treated. Highest yield of 1779g with 68.4% biological efficiency was from autoclaved spawn + 32 kGy steam sterilized sawdust. Lowest yield of 0g and 0% efficiency was from non-sterilized substrates. Irradiated and steam treated substrates generally had higher
The document compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization of sorghum grains for producing spawn of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It finds that sterilizing sorghum grains with both steam and gamma irradiation at 25 kGy (S+I) led to the fastest colonization time of 7 days, highest growth rate of 11.8 mm/day, thickest mycelial density, and no contamination. In contrast, non-irradiated sorghum grains (nI) had the slowest colonization time of 13 days, lowest growth rate of 10.0 mm/day, poorest mycelial density, and highest contamination of 80%. The study
Quantitative analysis of different soil microbial communities (Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes) responsible for various biological processes and nutrient cycling (C, N and P) in terrestrial ecosystems.
Monitoring CH4, N2O and CO2 emission from rice and rice based cropping system and work out appropriate mitigation option.
Enumeration and isolation of GHG-mobilizing microbes (methanogens, methanotrophs, nitrifiers and denitrifiers).
Evaluation of the interactive effects of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O), temperature, hydrological and microbiological relations on soil carbon decomposition and nutrient release, and their impact on climate change.
Abstract— A laboratory experiments were conducted during the year of 2012-2014 at Annamalai University of cuddalore district under irrigated conditions to formulate site –specific nutrient management and efficiency of treatments known by comparing with rice, sunflower and black gram seeds. And the treatments includes control, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% vermicompost, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% phosphobacteria, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% azospirillum. And the above treatments are applied to all the three seeds ie, rice, sunflower, black gram. The numbers of seeds used for the experiment are 50 seeds of paddy, 20 seeds of black gram and 10 seeds of sunflower. Highest values for plant biomass root and shoot length was noticed in 10 % all the treatments.
This document discusses a study that investigated the antifungal and anti-mycelium activities of biogenic silver, copper, zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were tested against four fungal strains (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of silver, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles were determined to be ≤8 μg/ml for the non-spore forming fungi and ≤16 μg/ml for the spore forming fungi. Anti-mycelium effects were observed for A. niger and F. oxysporum, with silver nanoparticles showing the highest effect at 72.8%. The
IRJET- Screening the Antibacterial Activity of Scutellaria Baicalensis Agains...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, against both human and animal pathogens. The study found that methanol extracts of S. baicalensis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae, a pathogen of both humans and shrimp. Overall, the results indicate that S. baicalensis possesses compounds with good antibacterial activity and has potential for use as an alternative to antibiotics in both human and aquaculture applications.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Alternative Control of Insect Pests Using Paper in Corn Plantsinventionjournals
Yellow paper and light traps captured the highest number of insect pests compared to red and green traps. The research studied alternative control of insect pests in corn plants using colored paper and light traps in Indonesia from July to August 2016. Yellow paper trapped the most insects at 23.25 on average, followed by green at 7.50 and red at 6.00. Similarly, yellow light trapped the most insects at 28.25 on average, followed by red at 19.25 and green at 9.50. The yellow traps captured significantly more insects than the red or green traps. The study identified several common insect pest species trapped in the various colored traps.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial properties of extracts from the leaves of two Viburnum species (Viburnum nervosum and Viburnum foetens) that grow in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The leaves were extracted using different solvents and tested against 8 bacterial pathogens using the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 to 30 mm. The chloroform extracts had moderate activity, while the petroleum ether extracts showed little to no effect. Overall, the results indicate that extracts from these Viburnum species have antibacterial properties and warrant further investigation.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
1 ijmpd jan-2018-2-immunological study in vivoAI Publications
The synthesis of a nanoparticules used in drug delivery plays an important role in determining its targeting specificity and efficacy in vivo. A conventional approach relies on the surface conjugation of a nano-sized particle with two functionally distinct types of molecules, one as a targeting ligand, and the other as a therapeutic agent to be delivered to the diseased cell. However, an alternative simplified approach can be used, in which a single type of molecule displaying dual function as both a targeting ligand and therapeutic agent is conjugated to the nanoparticle. In this paper, we evaluate the validity of this new strategy by using methotrexate(MTX) and xerogel- methotrexate, (xerogel-MTX), Naproxine(NAP.), xerogel-Naproxine (xerogel-NAP.) the aim in this paper to define the procedures of sample and the applicability of FTIR and AFM and UV-Visb. techniques towards the characterization of the surface details with sub-nanometer resolution in nanoparticles (NPs) modified by MTX. And NAP ligands. To reach this aim, we prepared and analysed xerogel, xerogel-NAP. Xerogel-MTX NPs functionalized on the surface with ligands having different chemical nature and composition and capable to provide to the NPs physical chemical properties required for specific application. We tested the resulted NPs in vivo, using the whit rats animals, engineered with direct against arteries Rheumatology inflammation, proceed the evolution of some immunity parameters during the period of treatments.
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity of insects associated with three fruit-bearing tree species in New Guinea forests. The study examined the composition of fruit-feeding insects on Gymnacranthera paniculata, Macaranga aleuritoides and Mastixiodendron pachyclados. A total of 184, 1938 and 289 insects were collected from the fruits of each species, respectively, representing 16, 21 and 22 insect families. The study found high insect diversity on the tree species and that total insect density decreased with increasing fruit density, supporting the Connell-Janzen hypothesis of density-dependent attack.
Formulation and evaluations of biodegradable nanoparticles based implant for ...Balasaheb Waghmare
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of biodegradable nanoparticles for antifungal drug delivery in prosthetic joint replacement surgery. The key points are:
1) Prosthetic joint infections are a major complication of joint replacement surgery and can be caused by fungi like Candida albicans. Existing antifungal treatments have limitations like need for long-term use and systemic toxicity.
2) The study aims to develop a biodegradable nanoparticle-based implant to deliver the antifungal drug fluconazole locally for a sustained period to treat fungal prosthetic joint infections.
3) The plan of work involves pre-formulation studies, formulation of fluconazole-loaded
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
This paper compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the growth and yield of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on composted wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) sawdust. Sawdust was treated with gamma radiation doses from 0-32 kGy or steam sterilized. Sorghum grains used for spawns were also treated. Highest yield of 1779g with 68.4% biological efficiency was from autoclaved spawn + 32 kGy steam sterilized sawdust. Lowest yield of 0g and 0% efficiency was from non-sterilized substrates. Irradiated and steam treated substrates generally had higher
The document compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization of sorghum grains for producing spawn of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It finds that sterilizing sorghum grains with both steam and gamma irradiation at 25 kGy (S+I) led to the fastest colonization time of 7 days, highest growth rate of 11.8 mm/day, thickest mycelial density, and no contamination. In contrast, non-irradiated sorghum grains (nI) had the slowest colonization time of 13 days, lowest growth rate of 10.0 mm/day, poorest mycelial density, and highest contamination of 80%. The study
Control of pine processionary moth, thaumetopoea pityocampa.Orman Dairesi
This document summarizes a study on using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) to control the pine processionary moth (PPM) in pine forests in Antalya, Turkey. Two Btk formulations, Foray 76B and VBC 60074, were applied by aerial spraying. Larval mortality was assessed over three sampling periods. Both Btk formulations achieved high larval mortality rates of 97-99% compared to low mortality rates of 0.4-3.1% in control plots, demonstrating the effectiveness of Btk for controlling PPM. The results were consistent with studies using Btk against PPM in other regions.
Assessing three biopesticides effectiveness on the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera ...Open Access Research Paper
In Burkina Faso, current pest control relies on synthetic chemical pesticides, which could negatively impact the environment and develop some resistances when used excessively. This study used three biopesticides (Neem oil, Bio k16 and Biopoder) to examine their effectiveness on fall armyworm (FAW) control in maize crop. The study was conducted in the central region of Burkina Faso using a randomized Fisher block design with 5 treatments in 4 replicates. The applied treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (Neem oil), T2 (Bio K16), T3 (Biopoder) and T4 (Emacot 019EC). The efficiency of these biopesticides in controlling FAW was compared with that of the Emacot 019EC in maize crop. The results showed that the biopesticides significantly reduced the infestation rate, the live larvae density and the number of corncob damaged. However, Emacot 019C was the most effective pesticide. Among the three biopesticides, neem oil was the most effective followed by Bio K 16 and Biopoder respectively. This study needs to be deepened in other sites and in taking into account the economic aspect.
This document evaluates the effect of 15 kGy gamma radiation on eight different agro-waste materials for cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eous strain P-31). Corn cobs performed the best overall with the fastest mycelia colonization rate, shortest colonization time, no contamination, and highest density. It also had the largest cap diameter, longest stipe length, most primordia and fruit bodies, largest mushroom size, and shortest time between flushes. Corn cobs achieved the highest biological efficiency of 63% and mushroom yield of 377g. The gamma irradiated substrates significantly influenced mushroom growth and yield. Gamma irradiation is concluded to be a potential alternative method for pretreating lignocell
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficienc...svchandran01
The document discusses a study on the performance of different substrates for the growth, yield and biological efficiency of two oyster mushroom varieties, MDU 2 and CO (OM) 2. The substrates tested included sawdust, banana leaves, Guinea grass, coconut leaves, sorghum stalks, sugarcane bagasse, newspaper and maize stalks. Newspaper and paddy straw supported the fastest mycelial growth of both varieties. Newspaper also supported the fastest spawn running in 18.5 days for MDU 2 and 18 days for CO (OM) 2. Newspaper and paddy straw resulted in the highest mushroom yields and biological efficiencies for both varieties.
The document discusses a study that aimed to treat tannery effluent using cyanobacteria, coir pith, and Nava Rasa Karaisal (NRK) to create an organic manure. This manure was then used to grow the Sansevieria trifasciata plant. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metals, and nutrients were analyzed in the untreated and treated effluent. The results showed reductions in these parameters after the combined treatment. The growth of S. trifasciata was also monitored and showed increased growth with the treated manure compared to untreated effluent, especially for indoor plants.
Application Of Common Duckweed (Lemna Minor) In Phytoremediation Of Chemicals...Kathryn Patel
This document reviews the application of the common duckweed (Lemna minor) in phytoremediation of pollutants in the aquatic environment. It discusses how phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from air, soil, and water. Aquatic macrophytes like duckweed are effective at remediating wastewater and various pollutants from water bodies. The document then focuses on the biology and uses of L. minor, describing how it has been used to remove organic pollutants, heavy metals, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, radioactive waste, and more from polluted water. It concludes by identifying gaps in research that need further study to advance ecological solutions for remediating polluted
This document discusses the use of nano-agrochemicals in pest management and compares their mode of action to organophosphate (OP) compounds. It notes that nano-agrochemicals can have multiple modes of action, including inducing oxidative stress, damaging insect guts and cuticles, and acting as slow-release formulations. Their high surface area allows them to be more effective at lower doses than OP compounds, which primarily target the nervous system as nerve poisons. While nano-agrochemicals offer benefits like increased efficacy, OP compounds present more risks to non-target organisms from their narrow and acute mode of action.
Effect of some abiotic factors on the concentration of β- sitosterol of Prunu...Innspub Net
This research paper examines the effect of abiotic factors like altitude and soil chemistry on the concentration of β-sitosterol in Prunus africana bark across Cameroon. Samples of bark and soil were collected from 9 populations ranging from 885-1639 meters above sea level. Qualitative analyses using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of β-sitosterol in all bark samples. Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determined the concentration of β-sitosterol in each population, ranging from 0 to 38.65 μg/ml. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate relationships between β-sitosterol concentration, altitude, and soil chemical properties.
The document provides information on chemical control of forest pests. It discusses definitions of chemical control and insecticides. It also covers the history of insecticide development, different classifications of insecticides based on origin, mode of entry, mode of action and toxicity. Properties of an ideal insecticide are also outlined, including being non-toxic to non-target species and having a wide range of compatibility. The classifications include inorganic, organic and synthetic insecticides as well as contact, stomach and systemic types.
Current applications of biotechnology to forestry are modest, especially when compared to agriculture or pharmaceuticals. However, the potential for application of biotechnology to forestry and forest plantations is great.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Growth, rhizome yield and biochemical components of turmeric (Curcuma longa L...Open Access Research Paper
The work aimed at contributing to the agricultural valuation of poultry droppings and mycorrhizal biofertilizers in order to increase the productivity of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric). Thereby, the effect of some amendments on the growth, the composition of some biochemical and mineral components of C. longa was studied during 23 weeks of cultivation in a greenhouse. The experimental device was a completely randomized block with five treatments (T0= control; T1= poultry droppings; T2= NPK; T3= mycorrhizae; T4= poultry droppings + mycorrhizae). Concerning growth parameters, the T4 improves the height of the stems (38.1 ± 2.8cm), the basal stem diameter (9.2 ± 1.0mm) and the dry biomass of the leafy stems (16.2 ± 2.3g). Concerning the roots, the best results were obtained by T1 (4.3 ± 1.6g). The best results on the productivity of fresh rhizomes of C. longa, have been obtained to the T4 (308.8 ± 43.2g). According to biochemical components, the contribution of mycorrhizae and droppings increased the carotenoids content with the respective values of 2.63 ± 0.1g/l and 2.75 ± 0.1g/l. For the mineral constituents, the contribution of the T4 and T1 obtained better results in minerals such as: N and Fe inmg/100g DW. The results show the importance of using the droppings of laying hens in combination with mycorrhizae. It was found to be very promoting the turmeric plants and therefore can be used as an alternative to replace chemical fertilizer usually employed for cultivation.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the vermicomposting of sandalwood leaf litter using earthworms. Some key findings include:
- Physical and chemical parameters like pH, temperature, moisture content, and odor fluctuated more at the initial stages of vermicomposting but stabilized over time.
- The vermicomposting process reduced volume and density of the waste material and resulted in a darker, finer-grained final product.
- Seed germination rates increased from 47% with the raw material to over 80% when tested with the mature vermicompost, indicating it was a nutrient-rich growth medium.
- The study demonstrated the ability of earthworm species
This study evaluated the effect of pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator, on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae larvae under forested and deforested conditions in Tanzania. The study found that pyriproxyfen increased larval mortality rates and developmental time and decreased pupation and adult emergence rates more in the forested area compared to the deforested area. The presence of tree canopy cover in the forested area appeared to enhance the efficacy of pyriproxyfen against An. gambiae larvae. The findings suggest that maintaining or increasing forest cover could help improve the effectiveness of larvicides for malaria vector control.
Similar to Control of pine processionary moth, thaumetopoea pityocampa. (20)
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
2. 358 Cebeci et al.
the most widely used method in control of PPM in the EU and in design within three blocks having a size of 15 ha. Each block was
some Mediterranean countries (Kallidis, 1966; Demolin and Milet, subdivided into three plots having a size of 5 ha. The buffer zones
1981; Masutti and Battisti, 1990; Saphir et al., 1997; Navon, 2000; were then established to avoid cross contamination from treatments
Shevelev et al., 2001; Battisti, 2004; Ben Jamaa, 2005; Niccoli, between the blocks and plots (Fig. 1). Foray 76B was applied at the
2005; Panzavolta, 2005; Pilarska, 2005; Gindin et al., 2007). Also, rate of 2.5 litres 50 BIU-1 ha-1 on three plots. VBC 60074 was applied
Btk preparations used against mosquito species show significant at the rate of 0.6625 kg + 2.5 litres water 50 BIUha-1 on three plots.
results for control (Senthil Kumar et al., 2009) These bioinsecticides were sprayed at 16 oC, 3 km h-1 wind speed
and in partly cloudy weather conditions on December 21, 2005 by
Our extensive literature search confirmed that there had not been Pawnee Brave (PA-36) aircraft. The aircraft equipped with 4 Micronair
yet any comprehensive study on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki AU 4000 rotary atomizers. During the spraying operation, the aircraft
Btk aerial application in field conditions in Turkey. In this study, our flew 5-7 m above the forest canopy.
aim was to investigate the efficacy of the improved Btk bioinsecticides
Foray 76B and VBC 60074 on PPM populations by aerial application. After the application on December 21, 2005, twenty-five
nests were collected from each plot on January 19, 2006 (P1),
Materials and Methods February 09, 2006 (P2) and March 03, 2006 (P3). Determination of
This study was conducted between September 2005 and the numbers of dead and live larvae into the collected nests was
March 2006 on 8 year-old Pinus brutia stands in Antalya-Doyran at counted. There were totally collected 675 nests on shoots during P1,
95 m altitude. The previous winter nests remaining from 2005 and egg P2 and P3 (Fig. 2). To calculate the percentage of larval mortality, the
batches on shoots were observed the pine forests of Antalya at the dead larvae numbers were divided by the dead and live larvae
beginning of the first week of September 2005 to have an idea about numbers for each nest.
population density and infestation levels of PPM. Therefore, the region
having four to more winter nests and four to seven egg batches on the Data were analysed using ANOVA. Before performing
young pine trees was considered as an appropriate place to establish ANOVA, data transformation was done with Arcsin. Means were
the experiment. After that, hatching of eggs were observed to find out compared with Duncan multiple range test at alpha level of 0.05.
the preliminary larval stages, especially L1 and L2 instars of PPM with Results and Discussion
two or three day intervals during the following days till December
The mortality rates obtained in the treatment plots were
2005. The timetable of the field studies and trials can be seen at the
significantly greater than the mortality rate in the control plots. In
Table 1. The treatment was realized when almost all egg batches
hatched and nearly 30% of L1 instars turned to and L2 stage. Table - 1: The timetable of field studies and trials
Two different Btk formulations were used for checking the Studies Time intervals
effectiveness on PPM in this study; (1) Foray 76B having a potency Determining and establishment From end of September, 2005 to
of 16.700 I.U per mg is a water based formulation, (2) VBC 60074 of experimental blocks Mid-October, 2005
having a potency of 64 B.I.U per kg is a wettable granule formulation. Observation of egg-hatching From end of September, 2005 to
Both bioinsecticides contain the spores and crystals of Btk. We end of October, 2005
arranged the field trial by means of two-factor randomised block Development of L1 and L2 stages From Mid-October, 2005 to
Mid-December, 2005
Flying Route Flying Route Spraying operation December 21, 2005
Foray 76B VBC 60074 First sampling (P1) January 19, 2006
Second sampling (P2) February 09, 2006
Third sampling (P3) March 03, 2006
Table - 2: Percentages of larvae mortality
70 m
Sampling periods
Bioinsecticide P1 P2 P3
Control 0.97a* ± 0.34 0.44a ± 0.06 3.15b ± 0.46
n = 75 n = 75 n = 75
300 m
Foray 76B 97.54c ± 0.81 99.83d ± 0.18 99.27e ± 0.46
n = 75 n = 75 n = 75
N VBC 60074 97.30c ± 0.13 99.66df ± 0.48 99.39ef ± 0.29
Control Block
n = 75 n = 75 n = 75
* Means ± SD with different superscript letters are statistically significant
for bioinsecticides within the same column and for nest collection periods
Fig. 1: Flying route of aircraft within the same row as determined by Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05)
Journal of Environmental Biology May, 2010
3. Control of PPM with Btk in forests of Turkey 359
Table - 3: Larvae mortality (%) for each plot
Control plots Foray 76B plots VBC 60074 plots
Application Periods
I II III I II III I II III
1st P1 1.33 0.90 0.66 98.23 96.65 97.71 97.43 97.17 97.29
1st P2 0.48 0.45 0.37 99.88 99.62 99.96 99.11 99.94 99.93
1st P3 2.95 3.66 2.81 99.18 98.85 99.77 99.06 99.64 99.45
140 addition, there was no significant difference between mortality
Control
rates of bioinsecticides in both treatment plots (Table 2). The
120 statistical analysis showed a minor difference between Foray
100
76B and VBC 60074. The plots treated with VBC 60074 had not
Number of larvae
statistically significant while Foray 76B had a slight statistical
80 contrast according to their effects on the percentage of larval
mortality between P2 and P3 periods. Although this contrast was
60
not statistically significant at p<0.05 level stated that VBC 60074
40
had a slightly long lasting residual dose than Foray 76B
preparation on the needles.
20
Both the bioinsecticides provided acceptable results, as far
0 as larval mortality was concerned, in 28 days after spraying (Table
1 2
Periods
3 3). These results were similar to the results of other authors studying
Periods
on the Bacillus thrungiensis based products (Besceli, 1969;
140
Foray 76B
Foray 76 B Ozkazanc, 1986; Avtzis, 1998; Battisti et al., 1998; Ozcankaya and
Can, 2004).
120
Various Btk commercial preparations were used against
100 PPM by several researchers. According to their studies, the larval
Number of larvae
N um ber of larvae
mortality rates were 71-80% (Niccoli and Pelagatti, 1986), 96% (El
80
Yousfi, 1990), 93-99% (Sanchis et al., 1990), 100% (Osuna et al.,
60 1994), 89-100% (Avtzis, 1998), 95-98% (Ghent, 2003), 75-98%
(Martin et al., 2003), 85% (Orphanides et al., 2003) and 100%
40 (Vandenbrouck, 2007) in EU and in some Mediterranean countries.
Ground applications of the Btk resulted in larval mortality 100%
20
(Besceli, 1969), 40-99% (Ozkazanc, 1986) and 94% (Ozcankaya
0
and Can, 2004) in Turkey. The results of our analysis coincide with
1 2 3 those mentioned authors.
Periods
In the control plots, average of percentage mortality values
140 VBC 60074
VBC 60074 showed a slight increase throughout the survey periods although
remaining significantly lower than the mortality rate in the treatment
120 plots. The mortality rate differences among P1, P2 and P3 within the
control plot can be attributed to the effect of parasitical, predatorial,
100
pathogenetic and other environmental factors. However, the low
Num ber of larvae
Number of larvae
mortality results obtained in the control plot revealed that the biotical
80
and abiotical factors were not favourable to the natural control of the
60 PPM caterpillar in the area. The percentage mortality values in the
control plot were 0.44% after 22 days and 3.15% after 45 days
40 (Table 2). However, the results were not consistent with the study
conducted in Greece by Avtzis (1998). The author obtained 40.5
20 and 52.3% of larval mortality in control plots at almost similar time
intervals.
0
1 2 3 These results suggest that the application of Foray 76B
Periods and VBC 60074 gave satisfied results against PPM when used in
Fig. 2: Number of average larvae (dead and live) in each nest proper conditions in Turkey’s pine forests.
Journal of Environmental Biology May, 2010
4. 360 Cebeci et al.
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