Control Of Heart Beat
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The document summarizes the control of the heartbeat. The sinoatrial node (SAN) located in the right atrium acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical signals that cause the atria to contract. The atrioventricular node (AVN) located between the atria and ventricles briefly delays the signal to allow the atria to empty before ventricular contraction. The purkinje fibers then transmit the signal to the ventricle walls to cause synchronized contraction from bottom to top, pumping blood out of the heart.
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The document summarizes information about the conduction system of the heart and how cardiac output is regulated during exercise. It discusses how the cardiac control center in the brain regulates the heart rate by initiating the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. This causes the heart rate to increase or decrease by stimulating the sinoatrial node. During exercise, various receptors detect changes and inform the cardiac control center to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and stroke volume and thereby increasing cardiac output to meet the body's demand for oxygen.
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart contains three types of muscle fibers: nodal, conducting, and contractile. Nodal fibers initiate electrical impulses and are located in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. Conducting fibers transmit impulses through bundles like the bundle of His. Contractile fibers make up the bulk of the heart and contract in response to electrical signals. The heart has four main properties: rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. Rhythmicity allows the heart to beat regularly, while excitability, conductivity, and contractility enable electrical signals and contractions to propagate through the heart.
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The document describes the cardiac cycle and how blood flows through the heart. It discusses:
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2) Key steps include atrial systole filling the ventricles with blood followed by ventricular systole which pumps blood out of the heart.
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Cardiac muscle tissue forms the thick myocardium of the heart wall. It contains cardiac muscle cells that are joined together by intercalated discs to form branching networks called cardiac fibers. The contractions of cardiac muscle cells are stimulated by electrical signals that cause calcium ions to enter the cells, triggering contraction via the sliding filament mechanism. This allows for the synchronized contraction of the entire heart to pump blood throughout the circulatory system.
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The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for filling of the ventricles before contraction. Specialized fibers called Purkinje fibers rapidly conduct electrical signals from the atrioventricular node to stimulate coordinated ventricular contraction. An electrocardiogram traces the electrical activity of the heart along the conduction system.
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for filling of the ventricles before contraction. Specialized fibers called Purkinje fibers rapidly conduct electrical signals from the atrioventricular node to trigger simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram traces the electrical activity of the heart along the body surface and is used to analyze the function of the conduction system.
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
Cardiac muscle tissue
CONDUCTING SYSTEM AND INNERVATION
Cardiac muscle tissue
Electrical Signals and Blood Flow
Four Steps of Cardiac Conduction
Electrical activity of heart
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart, including:
1) Cardiac action potentials are longer than skeletal muscle potentials, allowing the heart to contract as a whole rather than through summation.
2) Depolarization during a cardiac action potential results from an increase in sodium conductance, followed by a plateau phase from high calcium conductance.
3) Excitation spreads from the pacemaker region through gap junctions between cardiomyocytes, traveling through specialized conduction pathways to coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions.
4) The electrocardiogram reflects the summed electrical activity of the heart, with distinct waves associated with atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
Physiology of heart
The document summarizes the conduction system of the heart and the cardiac cycle. It discusses the following key points:
1. The heart's conduction system originates in specialized cardiac muscle cells called autorhythmic cells, which generate electrical impulses to initiate and coordinate heart contractions. The main structures of the conduction system are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
2. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles. It begins with depolarization of the sinoatrial node, followed by atrial contraction, ventricular depolarization through the conduction system, ventricular contraction, and finally relaxation of both chambers.
physiologyofheart-181202084458.pdf
The document summarizes the electrical conduction system of the heart and the cardiac cycle. It discusses how electrical impulses originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the conduction system to coordinate contractions. The cardiac cycle involves periodic atrial and ventricular contractions and relaxations that pump blood through the heart. Key stages include atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole. The electrocardiogram records these electrical events.
Structure of the Cardiac muscles
Cardiac myocytes are striated muscle cells connected by gap junctions that allow electrical activity to pass between cells, causing them to function as a syncytium. The heart possesses four main properties - rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. Rhythmicity originates from the sinoatrial node, which acts as the primary pacemaker. Electrical impulses then conduct through specialized fibers to the atrioventricular node and further to the ventricles. The cardiac muscle contracts in an all-or-none manner and exhibits staircase phenomena with repeated stimulation.
HEART CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BPHARM 1ST YEAR 1.pptx
The heart is located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is about the size of a closed fist and pumps blood throughout the body via a dual circulatory system. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. It beats regularly due to a natural pacemaker and conduction system that generates electrical signals to coordinate contractions. During each heartbeat, the atria contract to push blood into the ventricles which then contract to pump blood out through the arteries. The heart continuously circulates oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood returning from the tissues.
Cardiac cyclen
The document summarizes the cardiac cycle, including the electrical and mechanical events of the heart. It describes the conduction system that controls heart rhythm, including the sinoatrial node as the pacemaker. The main phases of the cardiac cycle are described in detail: atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and ventricular filling. Pressure values for the different chambers are also provided. The coordination of these electrical and mechanical events ensures effective pumping of blood throughout the cardiovascular system.
Heart block
This document provides information about heart block, including its definition, types, causes, characteristics, and significance. It begins with an introduction to heart block and the electrical conduction system of the heart. It then defines and describes the three types of heart block - first, second, and third degree heart block - and provides details about their characteristics, causes, and clinical significance. Mobitz types I and II are discussed as subtypes of second degree heart block. The document aims to explain heart block and its different classifications to nursing students.
Cardiovascular system (cardiac ap, ECG)
Cardiac muscle has three types of membrane ion channels that play important roles in causing the voltage changes of the action potential. They are (1) fast sodium channels, (2) slow sodium-calcium channels, and (3) potassium channels
Depolarization: First, the action potential of cardiac muscle is caused almost entirely by sudden opening of large numbers of so-called fast sodium channels that allow tremendous numbers of sodium ions to enter the cardiac muscle fiber from the extracellular fluid. These channels are called “fast” channels because they remain open for only a few thousandths of a second and then abruptly close. After depolarization, there's a brief repolarization that takes place with the efflux of potassium through fast acting potassium channels.
Plateau: Secondly, another entirely different population of slow calcium channels, which are also called calcium-sodium channels. This second population of channels differs from the fast sodium channels in that they are slower to open and, even more important, remain open for several tenths of a second. During this time, a large quantity of both calcium and sodium ions flows through these channels to the interior of the cardiac muscle fiber, and this maintains a prolonged period of depolarization, causing the plateau in the action potential.
Repolarization: When the slow calcium-sodium channels do close at the end of 0.2 to 0.3 second and the influx of calcium and sodium ions ceases, the membrane permeability for potassium ions also increases rapidly; this rapid loss of potassium from the fiber immediately returns the membrane potential to its resting level, thus ending the action potential.
05 ecg 2011
1. The document discusses the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electrical signals that control heart activity.
2. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates an electrical impulse that travels to the atrioventricular node and then to the ventricles via the bundle branches.
3. This causes the muscles of the heart to contract and the valves to open and close, pumping blood through the heart and into the lungs and body.
Term paper on ecg and cardiac arrhythmias
The document provides information on ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction to ECGs and what they measure. It then discusses the history of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common indications for ECGs, how ECGs are arranged and interpreted, and definitions of heart rate and rhythm. The majority of the document categorizes and describes different types of cardiac arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, junctional rhythm, junctional tachycardia, premature junctional contractions, and supraventricular tachycardia. For each type it discusses causes
Term paper on ECG and cardiac arrhythmias
The document provides information about ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It discusses the history and development of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia, and how to diagnose and manage various types of cardiac arrhythmias using ECGs. The document contains diagrams of ECG readings and the heart to illustrate different arrhythmias and the heart's structure and function.
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