The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
Web service discovery methods and techniques a reviewijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
Web service discovery methods and techniques a reviewijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
Semantic web services discovery selection and composition techniquescsandit
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine
semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases
of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several
different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards
critical future work.
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES – DISCOVERY, SELECTION AND COMPOSITION TECHNIQUEScscpconf
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards critical future work
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROCESS MEDIATOR COMPONENTS THAT SUPPORT BEHAVIORAL IN...ijwscjournal
Most businesses these days use the web services technology as a medium to allow interaction between a service provider and a service requestor. However, both the service provider and the requestor would be unable to achieve their business goals when there are miscommunications between their processes. This
research focuses on the process incompatibility between the web services and the way to automatically resolve them by using a process mediator. This paper presents an overview of the behavioral incompatibility between web services and the overview of process mediation in order to resolve the complications faced due to the incompatibility. Several state-of the-art approaches have been selected and analyzed to understand the existing process mediation components. This paper aims to provide a valuable gap analysis that identifies the important research areas in process mediation that have yet to be fully explored.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
Service composition is the process of constructing new services by combining several existing ones. It considered as one of the complex challenges in distributed and dynamic environment. The composition process includes, in general, the searching for existing services in a specific domain, and selecting the appropriate service, then coordinating composition flow and invoking services. Over the past years, the problem of web service composition has been studied intensively by researchers. Therefore, a significant amount of solutions and new methods to tackle this problem are presented. In this paper, our objective is to investigate algorithms and methodologies to provide a classification of existing methods in each composition phase. Moreover, we aim at conducting a comparative study to discover the main features and limitation in each phase in order to assist future research in this area.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
In service oriented computing, services are the basic construct that aims to facilitate building of business application in a more flexible and interoperable manner for enterprise collaboration. To satisfy the needs of clients and to adapt to changing needs, service composition is performed in order to compose the various capabilities of available services. With the proliferation of services offering similar functionalities around the web, the task of service selection for service composition is complicated. It is vital to provide service consumers with facilities for selecting required web services according to their non-functional characteristics or quality of service (QoS). Therefore, the process of service selection is complicated due to divergent view of service consumers and service providers on the quality of services. The objective of this paper presents the exploration of various techniques of Quality of Service based Service Selection (QSS) approach in the literature. To evaluate the service selection process, a number of criteria for QSS approach have been identified and presented in this paper.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
Survey on Semantic Web Services and its Composition AlgorithmEditor IJMTER
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a collection of services. The
correspondence of these services takes place with one another. In SOA, Web Services are the
most important & promising part. Web services, adopted by Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA), are loosely coupled reusable software components that semantically encapsulate
discrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over the internet.
Web Service Composition plays an important role in SOA. Web Service Composition may be
dynamic or static. A composition process requires an algorithm to perform composition task.
Now-a-days various approaches for composition algorithm are used as required by research
task. In this study, we have done a survey on various web service composition algorithms.
WEB SERVICES DISCOVERY AND RECOMMENDATION BASED ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced. Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
Performance Prediction of Service-Oriented Architecture - A surveyEditor IJCATR
Performance prediction and evaluation for SOA based applications assist software consumers to estimate their applications
based on service specifications created by service developers. Incorporating traditional performance models such as Stochastic Petri
Nets, Queuing Networks, and Simulation present drawbacks of SOA based applications due to special characteristics of SOA such as
lose coupling, self-contained and interoperability. Although, researchers have suggested many methods in this area during last decade,
none of them has obtained popular industrial use. Based on this, we have conducted a comprehensive survey on these methods to
estimate their applicability. This survey classified these approaches according to their performance metrics analyzed, performance
models used, and applicable project stage. Our survey helps SOA architects to select the appropriate approach based on target
performance metric and researchers to identify the SOA state-of-art performance prediction
A Clustering Based Collaborative and Pattern based Filtering approach for Big...IIRindia
With web services developing and aggregating in application range, benefit revelation has turned into a hot issue for benefit organization and service management. Service clustering gives a promising approach to part the entire seeking space into little areas in order to limit the disclosure time successfully. In any case, semantic data is a basic component amid the entire arranging process. Current industrialized Web Service Portrayal Language (WSPL) does not contain enough data for benefit depiction. Thusly, a service clustering technique has been proposed, which upgrades unique WSPL report with semantic data by methods for Connected Open Information (COI). Examination based genuine service information has been performed, and correlation with comparable techniques has additionally been given to exhibit the adequacy of the strategy. It is demonstrated that using semantic data from COI improves the exactness of service grouping. Furthermore, it shapes a sound base for promote thorough preparing with semantic data.
Semantic web services discovery selection and composition techniquescsandit
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine
semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases
of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several
different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards
critical future work.
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES – DISCOVERY, SELECTION AND COMPOSITION TECHNIQUEScscpconf
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards critical future work
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROCESS MEDIATOR COMPONENTS THAT SUPPORT BEHAVIORAL IN...ijwscjournal
Most businesses these days use the web services technology as a medium to allow interaction between a service provider and a service requestor. However, both the service provider and the requestor would be unable to achieve their business goals when there are miscommunications between their processes. This
research focuses on the process incompatibility between the web services and the way to automatically resolve them by using a process mediator. This paper presents an overview of the behavioral incompatibility between web services and the overview of process mediation in order to resolve the complications faced due to the incompatibility. Several state-of the-art approaches have been selected and analyzed to understand the existing process mediation components. This paper aims to provide a valuable gap analysis that identifies the important research areas in process mediation that have yet to be fully explored.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
Service composition is the process of constructing new services by combining several existing ones. It considered as one of the complex challenges in distributed and dynamic environment. The composition process includes, in general, the searching for existing services in a specific domain, and selecting the appropriate service, then coordinating composition flow and invoking services. Over the past years, the problem of web service composition has been studied intensively by researchers. Therefore, a significant amount of solutions and new methods to tackle this problem are presented. In this paper, our objective is to investigate algorithms and methodologies to provide a classification of existing methods in each composition phase. Moreover, we aim at conducting a comparative study to discover the main features and limitation in each phase in order to assist future research in this area.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
In service oriented computing, services are the basic construct that aims to facilitate building of business application in a more flexible and interoperable manner for enterprise collaboration. To satisfy the needs of clients and to adapt to changing needs, service composition is performed in order to compose the various capabilities of available services. With the proliferation of services offering similar functionalities around the web, the task of service selection for service composition is complicated. It is vital to provide service consumers with facilities for selecting required web services according to their non-functional characteristics or quality of service (QoS). Therefore, the process of service selection is complicated due to divergent view of service consumers and service providers on the quality of services. The objective of this paper presents the exploration of various techniques of Quality of Service based Service Selection (QSS) approach in the literature. To evaluate the service selection process, a number of criteria for QSS approach have been identified and presented in this paper.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
Survey on Semantic Web Services and its Composition AlgorithmEditor IJMTER
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a collection of services. The
correspondence of these services takes place with one another. In SOA, Web Services are the
most important & promising part. Web services, adopted by Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA), are loosely coupled reusable software components that semantically encapsulate
discrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over the internet.
Web Service Composition plays an important role in SOA. Web Service Composition may be
dynamic or static. A composition process requires an algorithm to perform composition task.
Now-a-days various approaches for composition algorithm are used as required by research
task. In this study, we have done a survey on various web service composition algorithms.
WEB SERVICES DISCOVERY AND RECOMMENDATION BASED ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced. Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
Performance Prediction of Service-Oriented Architecture - A surveyEditor IJCATR
Performance prediction and evaluation for SOA based applications assist software consumers to estimate their applications
based on service specifications created by service developers. Incorporating traditional performance models such as Stochastic Petri
Nets, Queuing Networks, and Simulation present drawbacks of SOA based applications due to special characteristics of SOA such as
lose coupling, self-contained and interoperability. Although, researchers have suggested many methods in this area during last decade,
none of them has obtained popular industrial use. Based on this, we have conducted a comprehensive survey on these methods to
estimate their applicability. This survey classified these approaches according to their performance metrics analyzed, performance
models used, and applicable project stage. Our survey helps SOA architects to select the appropriate approach based on target
performance metric and researchers to identify the SOA state-of-art performance prediction
A Clustering Based Collaborative and Pattern based Filtering approach for Big...IIRindia
With web services developing and aggregating in application range, benefit revelation has turned into a hot issue for benefit organization and service management. Service clustering gives a promising approach to part the entire seeking space into little areas in order to limit the disclosure time successfully. In any case, semantic data is a basic component amid the entire arranging process. Current industrialized Web Service Portrayal Language (WSPL) does not contain enough data for benefit depiction. Thusly, a service clustering technique has been proposed, which upgrades unique WSPL report with semantic data by methods for Connected Open Information (COI). Examination based genuine service information has been performed, and correlation with comparable techniques has additionally been given to exhibit the adequacy of the strategy. It is demonstrated that using semantic data from COI improves the exactness of service grouping. Furthermore, it shapes a sound base for promote thorough preparing with semantic data.
SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION MODELSijwscjournal
A Web service composition is an interconnected set of multiple specialized Web service operations, which complement each other to offer an improved tool capable of solving more complex problems. Manual design and implementation of Web service compositions are among the most difficult and error prone tasks.
To face this complexity and to reduce errors at design time, the developer can alternatively search and reuse existing compositions that have solved similar problems. Thus the problem of designing and implementing Web service compositions can be reduced to the problem of finding and selecting the composition closest to an initial specification. To achieve this goal, there is the need to define and use similarity measures to determine how close is a given composition with respect to any given specification. Comparison of Web service compositions can be done using two possible sources: composition designs (models), and execution logs of compositions. In particular, in this paper a set of similarity measures are described for Web service composition models. The main objective is to measure and assess the degree of
closeness between two given compositions of Web services regardless of their modelling language.
Similarity measures for web service composition modelsijwscjournal
A Web service composition is an interconnected set of multiple specialized Web service operations, which
complement each other to offer an improved tool capable of solving more complex problems. Manual
design and implementation of Web service compositions are among the most difficult and error prone tasks.
To face this complexity and to reduce errors at design time, the developer can alternatively search and
reuse existing compositions that have solved similar problems. Thus the problem of designing and
implementing Web service compositions can be reduced to the problem of finding and selecting the
composition closest to an initial specification. To achieve this goal, there is the need to define and use
similarity measures to determine how close is a given composition with respect to any given specification.
Comparison of Web service compositions can be done using two possible sources: composition designs
(models), and execution logs of compositions. In particular, in this paper a set of similarity measures are
described for Web service composition models. The main objective is to measure and assess the degree of
closeness between two given compositions of Web services regardless of their modelling language.
The semantic Web service discovery has been given massive attention within the last few years. With the
increasing number of Web services available on the web, looking for a particular service has become very
difficult, especially with the evolution of the clients’ needs. In this context, various approaches to discover
semantic Web services have been proposed. In this paper, we compare these approaches in order to assess
their maturity and their adaptation to the current domain requirements. The outcome of this comparison
will help us to identify the mechanisms that constitute the strengths of the existing approaches, and
thereafter will serve as guideline to determine the basis for a discovery approach more adapted to the
current context of Web services.
6 ijmecs v7-n1-5 a novel testing model for soa based servicesAbhishek Srivastava
SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) filled the gap between software and commercial enterprise. SOA integrates multiple web services. We bear to secure the caliber of web services that gives guarantee about what network services work and their output results. There is close to work has to be performed for an automatic test case generation for SOA based services. But, full coverage of XML elements is missing. To the best of our knowledge this all works do not attempt to cover all possible elements of the XML schema presents in the WSDL file. There is also a need to apply different assertions on each service operation for generating the test cases. To overcome this problem we proposed a novel testing model for SOA based application. This new testing model helps us to get the automatic test cases of SOA based application. We build up our new test model with the aid of our proposed test case generation algorithm and test case selection algorithm. In the end, we generate the test suite execution results and find the coverage of XML schema elements present in the WSDL file.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
Enhancement in Web Service ArchitectureIJERA Editor
Web services provide a standard means of interoperating between different software applications, running on a
variety of platforms and/or frameworks. Web services are increasingly used to integrate and build business
application on the internet. Failure of web services is not acceptable in many situations such as online banking,
so fault tolerance is a key challenge of web services. This paper elaborates the concept of web service
architecture and its enhancement. Traditional web service architecture lacks facilities to support fault tolerance.
To better cope with the fundamental issues of the traditional client-server based web service architecture, peer to
peer web service architecture have been introduced. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the architecture,
construction methods and steps of web services and possible weaknesses in scalability and fault tolerance in
traditional client server architecture and a solution for that, peer to peer web service technology has evolved.
RECOMMENDATION FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION BY MINING USAGE LOGSIJDKP
Web service composition has been one of the most researched topics of the past decade. Novel methods of
web service composition are being proposed in the literature include Semantics-based composition, WSDLbased
composition. Although these methods provide promising results for composition, search and
discovery of web service based on QoS parameter of network and semantics or ontology associated with
WSDL, they do not address composition based on usage of web service. Web Service usage logs capture
time series data of web service invocation by business objects, which innately captures patterns or
workflows associated with business operations. Web service composition based on such patterns and
workflows can greatly streamline the business operations. In this research work, we try to explore and
implement methods of mining web service usage logs. Main objectives include Identifying usage
association of services. Linking one service invocation with other, Evaluation of the causal relationship
between associations of services.
Project - UG - BTech IT - Cluster based Approach for Service Discovery using ...Yogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
This is my UG Final Year Project - BTech Information Technology.
Web Services Synchronization Health Care Application dannyijwest
This With the advance of Web Services technologies and the emergence of Web Services into the
information space, tremendous opportunities for empowering users and organizations appear in various
application domains including electronic commerce, travel, intelligence information gathering and
analysis, health care, digital government, etc. In fact, Web services appear to be s solution for integrating
distributed, autonomous and heterogeneous information sources. However, as Web services evolve in a
dynamic environment which is the Internet many changes can occur and affect them. A Web service is
affected when one or more of its associated information sources is affected by schema changes.
Changes can alter the information sources contents but also their schemas which may render Web services
partially or totally undefined. In this paper, we propose a solution for integrating information sources into
Web services. Then we tackle the Web service synchronization problem by substituting the affected
information sources. Our work is illustrated with a healthcare case study.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONS
1. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
DOI : 10.5121/ijwsc.2012.3306 65
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE
FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONS
Keyvan Mohebbi1
, Suhaimi Ibrahim2
, Norbik Bashah Idris3
1
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
mkeyvan2@live.utm.my
2,3
Advanced Informatics School (AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business
processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means
to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by
encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this
paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified
and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the
strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most
appropriate one according to their needs.
KEYWORDS
Web services, Semantic Web, Semantic Web services, Semantic Web service Frameworks
1. INTRODUCTION
The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is considered to be the latest development of a long
series of advancements in software engineering addressing the reuse of software components [1].
Web services can be seen as the technical solutions to implement the SOA vision. A Web service
as defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a “ software system identified by a URI
[2], whose public interfaces and bindings are defined and described using XML. Its definition can
be discovered by other software systems. These systems may then interact with the Web service
in a manner prescribed by its definition, using XML based messages conveyed by Internet
protocols” [3].
The current Web lacks a proper support to its users when it comes to finding, extracting, and
combining information. The main reason is that the meaning of Web content is not machine-
accessible. The Semantic Web extends the current Web providing machine-processable semantics
to Web resources. The backbone of Semantic Web are ontologies [4]. They provide greater
expressiveness when modeling domain knowledge, thus facilitate knowledge reuse and sharing
between heterogeneous and distributed applications.
Semantic Web services aim at making Web services machine-processable and intelligent. This
can be realized using Semantic Web technologies for Web service annotation and processing. The
2. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
66
idea is to provide ontology-based descriptions of Web services that could be processed by
ontology reasoning tools. In that way, intelligent agents would be able to automatically
understand what a Web service does and what it needs in order to perform a task [5]. The most
common usage tasks during the Web services’ life cycle include their discovery, selection,
composition, dynamic binding, and invocation. Adding semantics to Web services is also
considered as a major factor which facilitates their foundations, managements, and engineering
[6].
There are two ways of creating semantic annotated Web services. One way is to create an
independent semantic Web service description framework and link it to the current Web services
standards. The leading research efforts are OWL-S [7] and WSMO [8]. The other way is to add
semantic annotations into the current Web services standards. The major research works in this
way are WSDL-S [9] and SAWSDL [10].
Generally, Web services are described using the Web Service Description Language (WSDL)
[11]. WSDL is an XML based, low level syntactical, and developer oriented service description
language. The main idea of the existing frameworks is to build a semantic layer either on the top
of WSDL or to be integrated into WSDL to semantically describe the capabilities of Web services
so that a software agent or other services can find out about a Web service’s capabilities and how
it can be used.
In this paper, we survey the prominent frameworks for enabling Semantic Web services. Further,
we introduce and describe a set of several criteria. Then, the reviewed frameworks are evaluated
and compared according to those criteria.
The results of this study can help researchers in the field to select the most appropriate Semantic
Web service framework matching to their needs. Such a primary decision would affect the
designation or implementation of each of the Web services' usage tasks and should be made prior
to them.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. We review related works on the comparison of
Semantic Web service frameworks in section 2. Then, we provide an overview on prominent
Semantic Web service frameworks in sections 3 to 6. After introducing some criteria and
describing them, we evaluate and compare the discussed frameworks in section 7. Our conclusion
is presented in section 8.
2. RELATED WORKS
To the best of our knowledge, a very few number of research works have been published so far
concerning the evaluation and comparison of Semantic Web service frameworks.
In [11], a conceptual comparison is conducted that identifies the overlaps and differences of
OWL-S and WSMO. Although a wide range of aspects has been proposed for such comparison,
but it does not include WSDL-S and SAWSDL frameworks. Cabral et al. [6], compare three
enabling technologies for Semantic Web services, namely IRS-II, OWL-S, and WSMF. They
characterize the infrastructure of Semantic Web services along three orthogonal dimensions:
activities, architecture, and service ontology. Their comparison then focuses on assessing the
delivered components of three considered approaches with respect to the mentioned dimensions.
One of the most comprehensive surveys on Semantic Web service frameworks is provided in
[12]. It presents an overview and a comparative analysis of OWL-S, WSMO, and WSDL-S
framework. However, it does not consider SAWSDL. In [13] a comparison of OWL-S, WSMO,
and SAWSDL frameworks is presented which points to the syntactic and semantic
3. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
67
heterogeneities of these frameworks. However, the authors neither describe the used criteria, nor
provide an overall result.
Our work is mostly inspired by [11] and [12]. We summarize eight criteria from the past literature
and analyze four contemporary yet prominent Semantic Web service frameworks in terms of
these criteria. Such comparison is not addressed by any of the aforementioned works.
3. OWL-S (ONTOLOGY WEB LANGUAGE FOR SERVICES)
OWL-S [7] defines an upper ontology for describing the properties and capabilities of Web
services in OWL in order to facilitating the automation of Web service tasks, including Web
service discovery, execution, composition and interoperation. According to IEEE P1600.1 [14]:
“An upper ontology is limited to concepts that are meta, generic, abstract and philosophical, and
therefore are general enough to address (at a high level) a broad range of domain areas. Concepts
specific to given domains will not be included; however, this standard will provide a structure and
a set of general concepts upon which domain ontologies (e.g. medical, financial, engineering,
etc.) could be constructed.”
The structure of the upper ontology of services is divided into three main parts, as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Service Ontology in OWL-S
The class Service provides an organizational point of the reference for a declared Web service;
one instance of Service will exist for each distinct published service. The classes ServiceProfile,
ServiceModel, and ServiceGrounding are the respective ranges of the properties presents,
describedBy, and supports of a Service. Each of these perspectives provides an essential type of
information to know about the service, as explained below:
ServiceProfile: tells what the service does, in a way that is suitable for a service-seeking agent (or
matchmaking agent acting on behalf of a service-seeking agent) to determine whether the service
meets its needs, thus enabling discovery and matchmaking. The profile comprises functional and
nonfunctional aspects of the service. The functional description of the service is expressed in
terms of the transformation produced by the service. It includes information transformation
represented by inputs and outputs and the change in the state of the real world caused by the
execution of the service which is represented by preconditions and effects. Non-functional
properties include references to existing categorization schemes (e.g. UNSPC) or ontologies,
provider information, the quality rating of the service and so on.
4. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
68
ServiceModel: tells how a service works. This model is used to enable service invocation,
enactment, composition, monitoring, and recovery. The service model views the interactions of
the service as a process. A process is not necessarily a program to be executed, but rather a
specification of ways in which a client may interact with a service. OWL-S distinguishes between
two categories of services, namely atomic and composite. Atomic services are ones where a
single Web-accessible computer program, sensor, or device is invoked by a request message,
performs its task and perhaps produces a single response to the requester. With atomic services
there is no ongoing interaction between the user and the service. In contrast, complex or
composite services are built up from multiple more primitive services by workflow structures to
determine the control flow, and may require an additional interaction or conversation between the
requester and the set of services that are being utilized.
ServiceGrounding: specifies the details of how an agent can access a service. Typically a
grounding maps the constructs of the process model to detailed specifications of message formats,
protocols, and so forth. In detail, OWL-S allows one to map atomic processes to WSDL
operations and their inputs and outputs to WSDL messages. Although WSDL is the only
completely defined grounding for OWL, OWL-S does not restrict itself to WSDL as the only
underlying service technology, rather it is extensible to other grounding mechanisms.
In general, the ServiceProfile provides the information needed for an agent to discover a service,
while the ServiceModel and ServiceGrounding, taken together, provide enough information for an
agent to make use of a service.
4. WSMO (WEB SERVICE MODELING ONTOLOGY)
Web service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) [8] provides a conceptual framework and a formal
language for semantically describing Web services in order to facilitate the automation of
discovering, combining and invoking electronic services over the Web. WSMO is a meta-model
for Semantic Web services related aspects. The Meta-Object Facility (MOF) [15] specification is
used as a basis to this model. MOF defines an abstract language and framework for specifying,
constructing, and managing technology neutral meta-models.
WSMO takes the Web Service Modeling Framework (WSMF) [16] as basis and further refines
and extends its concepts through a formal ontology and language. The Web service Modeling
Language (WSML) [17] is a family of languages which formalizes WSMO.
Web Service Modeling Execution Environment (WSMX) [18] has developed to provide a
reference architecture and implementation for the dynamic discovery, selection, mediation,
invocation and inter-operation of Semantic Web services based on the WSMO specification.
Following the main elements identified in the WSMF, WSMO distinguishes four top level
elements as the main concepts which have to be described in order to explain Semantic Web
services [8]. These elements are depicted in Figure 2 and defined in the following.
5. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
69
Figure 2. The Top-Level Elements of WSMO
Ontologies: define a shared common terminology by providing concepts, and relationships
between the concepts. In order to capture semantic properties of relations and concepts, an
ontology also provides a set of axioms, which are expressions in some logical language. In
WSMO, ontologies provide the terminology used by other elements to describe the relevant
aspects of the domains of discourse.
Web services: describe the computational entity providing access to services. A service is the
actual value in a domain. Web service descriptions consist of their capabilities, interfaces and
internal working. All these aspects of a Web service are described using the terminology defined
by the ontologies. In order to allow their discovery, invocation, composition, execution,
monitoring, mediation, and compensation, Web services are described in WSMO from three
different points of view: non-functional properties, functionality and behavior. The capability of a
Web service encapsulates its functionality and an interface of a Web service describes its
behavior in terms of communication and collaboration.
Goals: describe user desire aspects with respect to the requested functionality as opposed to the
provided functionality described in the Web service capability.
Mediators: describe elements that aim to overcome interoperability problems that appear
between different WSMO elements. Mediators are the means to resolve incompatibilities that
arise on the data, process and protocol level. Mismatches between different used terminologies
are on data level, in Web services (and Goals) combinations are on process level and in Web
services communications are on protocol level.
5. WSDL-S (WEB SERVICE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE-SEMANTICS)
Building on the descriptive capability of WSDL [19], WSDL-S [9] is a lightweight approach to
enrich Web services with semantics. In WSDL-S, the semantic models are maintained outside of
WSDL documents and are referenced from the WSDL document via WSDL extensibility
elements.
WSDL-S provides mechanisms to annotate the service and its inputs, outputs and operations.
Additionally, it provides mechanisms to specify and annotate preconditions and effects of Web
services. These elements allow one to define the conditions that must hold before executing an
operation and the effects the execution would have. The preconditions and effects together with
the semantic annotations of inputs and outputs can be used to automate the process of service
6. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
70
discovery. Moreover, in order to define categorization information for publishing Web services in
registries such as UDDI, WSDL-S considers the use of category extension attribute on the
interface element [9].
Figure 3. Externalized Representation and Association of Semantics to WSDL Elements
Figure 3 captures the essence of WSDL-S. It highlights how the domain semantic model which
may consists of one or more ontologies, is kept external to a Web service model and how
semantic annotations are associated with various elements of a WSDL document (including
inputs, outputs and functional aspects like operations, preconditions and effects).
The key design principles for WSDL-S are as follows [9]:
- The Web services standards are fast becoming a preferred technology for application integration
because of the promise of their interoperability. The authors of WSDL-S aim to adding semantics
to Web services in an upwardly compatible manner based on existing Web services standards
without disrupting the existing install-base of Web services.
- WSDL-S is independent of the language used for defining the semantic models. By keeping the
semantic annotation mechanism separate from the representation of the semantic descriptions, the
approach supports user’s choice of any semantic representation language.
- WSDL-S allows multiple annotations written in different semantic representation languages to
be associated with Web services. Annotating a service in multiple semantic representation
languages will lead it to be discovered by multiple discovery engines.
- A common practice in the integration of Web services is to reuse interfaces that are described in
XML. XML schema-based types are widely used in the definition of business documents.
Supporting semantic annotations of Web services whose data types are described in XML,
WSDL-S allows the gradual upgrade of deployed WSDL documents to include semantics.
6. SAWSDL (SEMANTIC ANNOTATIONS FOR WSDL)
Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema SAWSDL [10] defines mechanisms for
adding semantic annotations to WSDL components. SAWSDL is not a language for representing
the semantic models rather it provides mechanisms by which WSDL components can reference
concepts from the semantic models that are defined either within or outside the WSDL document
[20]. SAWSDL is a restricted version of on an earlier proposal WSDL-S, submitted to W3C in
7. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
71
which annotations like preconditions and effects have not been explicitly considered. However,
SAWSDL does not prevent the use of these annotations.
The key design principles for SAWSDL are as follows:
- The specification enables semantic annotations for Web Services based on the extensibility
framework of WSDL.
- It is agnostic to both semantic representation and mapping languages.
- It enables semantic annotations for Web Services both for discovering and for invoking Web
Services.
- SAWSDL annotates WSDL interfaces and operations with categorization information that can
be used to publish a Web service in a registry. The annotations on schema types can be used
during Web service discovery and composition. In addition, SAWSDL defines an annotation
mechanism for specifying the data mapping of XML Schema types to and from an ontology; such
mappings could be used during invocation. The annotation mechanism is independent of the
ontology expression language and requires no particular of such languages. It is also independent
of mapping languages and does not restrict the possible choices of mapping languages [20].
- The disadvantage of existing Semantic Web service formalisms is that they take a top down
approach to model Web services concepts without considering WSDL. SAWSDL takes a bottom-
up approach building on top of WSDL. Because SAWSDL is agnostic to ontology language used
to model Web service aspects, it is possible to use different Semantic Web service formalisms
according to the needs of a particular domain.
- SAWSDL specification addresses the problem of adding data semantics by annotating WSDL
input/output messages and XML schema types. Moreover, SAWSDL adds functional semantics
through supporting the categorization of the Web service interface. But still SAWSDL does not
model other functional semantics e.g. pre and post-conditions of a service [21].
7. THE COMPARISON OF SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS
In this section, first we define some criteria and then evaluate and compare the aforementioned
Semantic Web service frameworks according to these criteria. The result can be seen in Table 1.
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Table 1. Comparison of Semantic Web service Frameworks
Criteria
Semantic Web Service Framework
OWL-S WSMO WSDL-S SAWSDL
Supported Elements for
Annotating
Semantically
Service,
Operation,
Input/Output,
Pre/Post-
Condition
Service,
Operation,
Input/Output,
Pre/Post-
Condition
Service,
Operation,
Input/Output,
Pre/Post-
Condition
Service,
Operation,
Input/Output
Directly Supporting
Non-Functional
Properties
Service Profile All Elements No Element No Element
Relation with WSDL
Defines
connectivity to
WSDL via
Grounding
Model
Defines
connectivity to
WSDL via
Grounding
Model
Specifies
annotations
directly in
WSDL
Specifies
annotations
directly in
WSDL
Support Complex
Services (Processes)
Yes Yes No No
Ontology Description
Language
OWL WSML User Choice User Choice
Formalism DL DL-FOL-LP User Choice User Choice
Support Multiple
Semantic Annotations
for Services
No No Yes Yes
Support Conditional
Result
Yes Yes No No
Overall Result Good Good Medium Medium
7.1. Definition of Comparative Evaluation Criteria
1) Supported Elements for Annotating Semantically
Indicates the elements that are considered to annotate by the framework. This will affect service
discovery as the more elements annotates semantically, the more precise discovery will be.
2) Directly Supporting Non-Functional Properties
Indicates whether the framework supports expressing non-functional properties or not. Taking
into account non-functional properties in addition to functional properties (inputs, outputs, pre-
conditions, post-conditions), leads to a more precise service discovery.
3) Relation with WSDL
Indicates the way that a framework semantically extends traditional Web service descriptions in
WSDL as an important industry standard.
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4) Support Complex Services (Processes)
Indicates whether the framework supports complex services in addition to default atomic ones.
An atomic service is that invoked by a requester and perhaps returns a single response, with no
ongoing interaction between the requester and the service. Complex service is composed of
multiple primitive services, and may require a set of interactions between the requester and the
service.
5) Ontology Description Language
Indicates the ontology description language used by the framework.
6) Formalism
Indicates the formal logic language used by the framework.
7) Support Multiple Semantic Annotations for Services
Indicates whether the framework supports multiple semantic annotations for services or not.
Using this feature, providers may choose to annotate their services in multiple semantic
representation languages to be discovered by multiple discovery engines [9].
8) Support Conditional Result
Indicates whether the framework supports conditional result for operations or not. Using this
feature the framework provides better representation in terms of outcome or effect.
7.2. Discussion
If a framework does address majority of the criteria or fulfill them in a more complete manner,
has been evaluated as “Good” and if it addresses some of the criteria or fulfill them in a less
complete manner, has been evaluated as “Medium”. This way, OWL-S and WSMO are evaluated
as “Good” frameworks, while WSDL-S and SAWSDL are evaluated as “Medium”. Evaluating of
these frameworks with respect to each criterion is explained as follows:
1) Supported Elements for Annotating Semantically
All of the frameworks support semantically annotating Services, Operations, Inputs and Outputs.
However, unlike OWL-S, WSMO and WSDL-S, SAWSDL does not support the definition of
service's Pre- and Post-conditions. This seriously limits the annotation possibilities for the
functional behavior of Web services. For a more precise service discovery, Pre- and Post-
conditions are essential [22].
2) Directly Supporting Non-Functional Properties
Non-functional properties in OWL-S are restricted to the Service Profile. However, these can be
expressed in any WSMO element. On the other hand, WSDL-S and SAWSDL do not support
such properties directly rather points to several existing proposals for standards from the Web
service community [23].
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3) Relation with WSDL
While OWL-S and WSMO define necessary links to WSDL via their Grounding Model to use its
invocation model, WSDL-S and SAWSDL specify semantic annotations directly in WSDL as
extensibility elements [24]. Compared with other two, WSDL-S and SAWSDL do not claim to be
a fully-fledged description framework/ ontology rather they are minimalist approaches which aim
at a direct extension of the existing “traditional” Web service descriptions in WSDL with
semantics. Extending the industry standards such as WSDL to include semantics is a more
practical approach for adoption [23].
4) Support Complex Services (Processes)
OWL-S presents a framework for simple (atomic) as well as complex (process) services. WSMO
includes frameworks for Web service choreography and orchestration. WSDL-S and SAWSDL
exclude the process specification models (i.e. complex services) from the scope [24].
5) Ontology Description Language
By keeping semantic model outside WSDL, WSDL-S and SAWSDL are impartial in relation to
any ontology representation language. The advantage of this approach is that it builds upon and
stays close to the existing industry standards. But on the other hand, without a certain degree of
commitment to a specific language, or a definition of how different semantics of usable languages
relate to one another, it is impossible to formally define requests, queries, or notions of a “match”
between service requests and service descriptions [23].
6) Formalism
For formal logic language, OWL-S relies on Description Logics and WSMO relies on Description
Logics, First-Order Logic and Logic Programming. On the other hand, both WSDL-S and
SAWSDL are agnostic to ontology language. Therefore, users can freely choose any formalism
[24].
7) Support Multiple Semantic Annotations for Services
Only WSDL-S and SAWSDL allow multiple annotations to be associated with Web services.
8) Support Conditional Result
OWL-S and WSMO use a conditional result mechanism and hence, operations may result in
different outcomes. OWL-S’ conditional outputs and effects can be expressed in WSMO, as post-
conditions and effects are defined using a logical expression. However, WSDL-S and SAWSDL
lack the notion of conditional outputs and effects [9].
8. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we aimed to provide an overview and compare the prominent Semantic Web service
frameworks. All of these contemporary frameworks, namely OWL-S, WSMO, WSDL-S, and
SAWSDL have been submitted to W3C as alternate proposals . After introducing a set of criteria,
the reviewed frameworks are evaluated and compared according to those criteria.
Generally, there are two different paths to define a framework for enabling Semantic Web
services. One path takes a revolutionary approach in that all aspects of semantic services are
reconsidered. OWL-S and WSMO follow this line. The other path represents a more evolutionary
11. International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.3, No.3, September 2012
75
approach that stays consistent with existing standards and industrial practices. Concrete examples
are WSDL-S and SAWSDL.
In addition, the results of this study show that OWL-S and WSMO provide much richer semantic
formalisms for Web services. In contrast, WSDL-S and SAWSDL provide quite a lightweight
approach for such purpose. However, it is worth noting that SAWSDL is currently the only
official standard for Semantic Web services recommended by W3C.
All of these Semantic Web services research efforts try to overcome the drawback of lack of
semantics of the current Web services standards and realize automatic Web service discovery,
composition, and invocation by providing appropriate description means that enable the effective
exploitation of semantic annotations. However, semantically annotating functional components,
i.e. Web services, is much more complicated than annotating static web information [25].
Therefore, further research efforts are still required in this area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under the Vot. 00H74. The
authors would like to thank UTM and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia.
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