The document discusses the theories of constructivism proposed by Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Lev Vygotsky. It summarizes Piaget's key concepts including schema, adaptation process, assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium, and four stages of cognitive development. It outlines Bruner's modes of learning, spiral curriculum, discovery learning, and categorization. It also explains Vygotsky's emphasis on social interaction and role of more knowledgeable others, the zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and how their theories contributed to constructivism.

1. Jal. (PB) ,
Innocent Hearts College of Education,

2. Constructivism
- is a school of learning which assume study of a
learner as own constructor of knowledge. This knowledge is
constructed and interactions with the outside world
.

3. 321
Jean Piaget
Swiss
Psychologist
Jerome
BrunerAmerican
Psychologist
Lev
VygotskySoviet
Psychologist
Who Contributed to Constructivism?
TCP PRESENTO-2020

4. 1
Jean
Piaget
Swiss
Psychologist
Basic components to
Piaget’s Theory
Schema
Adaptation Process
Stage 1 : Sensory-motor Stage
Stage 4 : Formal operational Stage
Stage 3 : Concrete operational Stage
Stage 2 : Pre-operational Stage
Stages
Of
Development
Key terms in Piaget Theory TCP PRESENTO-2020

5. • Schema : Schema is previous knowledge or behaviour pattern
in the mind of learner.
• Adaptation Process : The Adaptation is a fundamental process
of building schema through direct interaction with the
physical environment/world.
• Assimilation : It is a process of matching new knowledge with
previous knowledge schema.
• Accommodation : It is a process in which learner either
modified old schema or create new schema in the mind to
make balance between self and environment.
• Equilibrium : It is not an activity/mechanism like Assimilation
and Accommodation. It is a fundamental driving force to seek
balance (equilibrium) between self and environment.
Key terms in Piaget Theory (Construction of Knowledge)
Adaptation Process
TCP PRESENTO-2020

6. • Stage 1 - Sensory-motor Stage : In this period, Knowledge is to acquire or to construct through motor
activities.
• Stage 2 - Pre-operational Stage : According to Piaget, In this stage, children do not understand concrete
logic and also cannot mentally manipulate information and cannot perceives other’s point of view.
Stages of Development
• Stage 3 - Concrete operational Stage : According
to Piaget, In this Stage, there is qualitative change
in children thinking. They begin to develop a set
of rules, reasoning become more logical, flexible
and organised than pre-operational stage.
• Stage 4 - Formal operational Stage : It is the
highest stage of cognitive development in which
adolescents develop the ability for abstract and
scientific thinking. It means now they do not
require concrete object of thinking.
TCP PRESENTO-2020

7. 2
Jerome
Bruner
Soviet
Psychologist
• Modes of Learning
Bruner’s Concept
• Spiral curriculum
• Discovery Learning
• Categorization
TCP PRESENTO-2020

8. Concepts of Bruner’s Constructivism
• Modes of Learning : There are three mode of
Learning.
• Enactive mode : It is represented by doing.
Hence it is action based mode. Learning or
knowing occur by hands on experience.
• Iconic mode : It is way to understand through
the formation of images in the mind.
• Symbolic mode : It is way to understand through
words, symbols, numbers etc. In this mode,
information of things is internally represented
or stored in the mind in the form of symbols.
• Spiral curriculum : Curriculum should be organised
in spiral manners so that student continually builds
upon what they have already learned.
Difficulty Level
New
Content
Revision
Mastery
Spiral curriculum

9. Concepts of Bruner’s Constructivism
• Discovery Learning : refers to obtaining knowledge for
oneself.
• Pre-disposition to learn- “ readiness for learning”.
• Structure of Knowledge- the ways in which a
body of knowledge can be structured so that it
can be most readily gasped by the learner.
• Effective Sequencing- presentation of lessons in
increasing difficulty.
• Reinforcement- rewards and punishment that
should be selected and paced appropriately.
• Categorization : Bruner believed that perception,
conceptualization, learning, decision making, and
making inferences all involved categorization.
• Identity Categories- include objects based on their
attributes or features.
• Equivalent Categories- provide rules for
combining categories.
• Coding Systems- serve to recognize sensory input.
Discovery
Learning
Reinforcement
Structure of
Knowledge
Effective
Sequencing
Predisposition
to learn
Identity
Categories
Coding
Systems
Equivalent
Categories
Steps of Categorization
TCP PRESENTO-2020

10. 3
Lev
Vygotsky
Soviet
Psychologist
• Role of Social Interaction
Vygotsky’s Concept
• Scaffolding
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
TCP PRESENTO-2020

11. Concepts and principles of Vygotsky’s Constructivism
• Role of Social Interaction : Vygotsky believed that language
was the most important tool that human could utilize.
Vygotsky believed that there are three forms of language.
• Private speech : It is ‘speech to self’. According to
Vygotsky, it is self-directed speech that children use to
guide their thinking and behaviour.
• Inner speech : Inner speech is just like silent speaking,
learner use it for some purpose as private speech.
• Social speech : That audible sound speech by which
children communicate with others and Express his
thinking and views and receiving information from
others.
• More knowledgeable others (MKO) : The more
knowledgeable other refers to someone who has a better
understanding or higher ability level then learner with
respect to a particular task.
Private speech Inner speech Social speech
More knowledgeable others (MKO)
TCP PRESENTO-2020

12. Concepts and principles of Vygotsky’s Constructivism
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD) : There are
three zones or area of development.
• Zone 1 : The actual development level refers to
all the functions and activities that a child can
perform on his own, interdependently without
the helping of anyone else.
• Zone 2 : The zone of proximal development
includes all the functions and activities that a
child or a learner can perform only with the
assistance of someone else.
• Zone 3 : It includes all activities or functions or
task that learner cannot do even with experts
help.
• Scaffolding : Vygotsky, emphasized social nature of
learning or constructing knowledge. He suggests
Scaffolding is a temporarily support structure
around that learner’s attempt to understand new
ideas and complete new task.
Out of Reach
ZPD
Current
Understandi
ng
Model
All Teacher
Guide
Mostly
Teacher
Gradual
Release
Mostly
Student
Independent
All Student
Start
Finish

13. Comparison Between Theories of Piaget and Bruner

14. • Stages of Development
• Learning occurs
internally ‘lone
scientist’
• Children acquire
knowledge on their
own
• Not Stick with Stages
• Learning occurs in a
Social environment
• Children work with
others to acquirer
knowledge
• Environment
has influence
on
development
• Learner are
active in their
learning
• Exploration /
Discovery
Comparison Between Theories of Piaget and Vygotsky
Piaget Vygotsky

15. Comparison Between Theories of Bruner and Vygotsky
• Bruner believes that student learn
better if they acquire the
information themselves by active
participation.
• Vygotsky believes that students
should never acquire information
independently.
Differences
Similarities
• Both put great emphasis on child's
environment.
• Both recommended social
environment.
• Other people should help children
with their skills through
scaffolding.
TCP PRESENTO-2020

16. Summary
• Constructivism : Constructivism is a school of learning which assume study of a learner as own constructor of
knowledge.
Jean Piaget
• Key terms
• Schema
• Adaption Process
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Equilibrium
• Stages of Development
• Stage 1 : Sensory-motor
• Stage 2 : Pre-operational
• Stage 3 : Concrete operational
• Stage 4 : Formal operational
Jerome Bruner
• Modes of Learning
• Enactive mode
• Iconic mode
• Symbolic mode
• Spiral curriculum
• Discovery Learning
• Pre-disposition to learn
• Structure of Knowledge
• Effective Sequencing
• Reinforcement
• Categorization
• Identity Categories
• Equivalent Categories
• Coding Systems
Lev Vygotsky
• Role of Social Interaction
• Private speech
• Inner speech
• Social speech
• More knowledgeable others
(MKO)
• Zone of proximal development
• Zone 1 : Current
Understanding
• Zone 2 : ZPD
• Zone 3 : Out of Reach
• Scaffolding
• Contribution toward Constructivism :
TCP PRESENTO-2020

17. Conclusion
Jean Piaget
• Jean Piaget show that how children
grew intellectual from infancy to
adult. He gave four stages of
intellectual development and
knowledge construction’s process.
Jerome Bruner
• Bruner’s Framework is based on
the learning is an active process
and learners construct new
concepts based upon existing
knowledge.
Lev Vygotsky
• Vygotsky’s theory leads us to
expect highly variable
development, depending on the
child’s cultural experience to the
environment.
TCP PRESENTO-2020

18. References
• https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
• https://www.slideshare.net/mariaceliadarosa/constructivism-piaget-and-vygotsky
• https://www.slideshare.net/zicharajumawan/bruners-const-ructivist-theory
• https://www.slideshare.net/jkravit/vygotsky-updated-1-1-12757545
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky
• https://www.pinterest.com/pin/443604632020181842/
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/12988475/
• https://prezi.com/4usehqq2srmy/bruner-and-vygotsky/
• https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCngkX2grzKhYBx1stz08Z3Q
• https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaEPKLsvtAZBtGtG5ZKwVWg
TCP PRESENTO-2020

19. TCP PRESENTO-2020