This document provides an introduction to phonetics and the speech organs involved in producing sounds. It discusses the respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems; airstream mechanisms including pulmonic, glottalic, and velaric; speech organs such as the larynx, roof of the mouth, and articulators; and descriptions of consonants and vowels including place and manner of articulation. Diagrams are provided to illustrate key concepts. References are listed at the end for further reading.
1. Ma. Martha Manette A. Madrid, Ed.D. Professor College of Teacher Education Panpacific University North Philippines Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, Philippines martzmonette@yahoo.com
2. Besides a brain (and the knowledge of the language), what do you need to use the spoken language? These are the speech organs.
3. Lips - they serve for creating different sounds - mainly the labial, bilabial (e.g. /p/, /b/, /m/, /hw/, and /w/) and labio-dental consonant sounds (e. g. /f/ and /v/ - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus.
4. Upper Lip Lower Lip
5. - small whitish structures found in jaws - responsible for creating sounds mainly the labio-dental (e.g. /f/ and /v/and lingua-dental (e.g. /ð/and /θ/)
6. Teeth
7. tongue - with its wide variety of possible movements, it assists in forming the sounds of speech.
8. TONGUE Back Middle(Dorsum) Front(Blade) Tip(Apex)
9. Alveolar ridge - hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. It is between the roof of the mouth and the upper teeth.
10. For the sound /s/, air from the lungs passes continuously through the mouth, but the tongue is raised sufficiently close to the alveolar ridge (the section of the upper jaw containing the tooth sockets) to cause friction as it partially blocks the air that passes.
11. Alveolar Ridge
12. Hard palate a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. the interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, and /j/.
13. Hard Palate
14. Velum (soft palate) - it should have holes forming that function during speech to separate the oral cavity (mouth) from the nose, in order to produce the oral speech sounds. If this separation is incomplete, air escapes through the nose during speech and the speech is perceived as hyper nasal.
15. Velum or Soft Palate
16. Uvula - it functions in tandem with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds. - In many languages, it closes to prevent air escaping through the nose when making some sounds.
17. Uvula
18. Glottis combination of vocal folds and space in between the folds as the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a “buzzing” quality to the speech called voice or voicing or pronunciation. sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal. Example is the sound /h/.
19. Glottis
20. SPEECH ORGANS Alveolar ridge Hard Palate Soft Palate Upper lip Uvula Lower lip Back Middle(Dorsum) Teeth Front(Blade) Tip (Apex) Glottis
21. THANK YOU
The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production, including the larynx, vocal cords, soft palate, and tongue. It explains the classification of sounds based on their manner of articulation (such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives), place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic features. Key terms like pulmonic egressive airflow and voiced/voiceless are defined in the context of phonetic analysis.
The articulation of consonants involves the vocal cords and articulators like the lips, tongue, and soft palate. Consonants are formed by interrupting, restricting, or diverting airflow and can be described by their manner, place, and force of articulation. The manners include plosives, fricatives, nasals, and more. Place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the obstruction of airflow occurs, such as bilabial, dental, or velar. Force of articulation is whether the sound is voiced (vocal cords vibrate) or unvoiced, with the latter requiring more expelled air.
This document discusses the classification of speech sounds, focusing on consonants. It describes consonants based on 5 factors: 1) the air stream mechanism, 2) the state of the vocal cords, 3) the position of the soft palate, 4) the articulators involved, and 5) the nature of the stricture or obstruction. Consonants are classified according to their place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, dental), manner of articulation (e.g. stops, fricatives), and whether they are voiced or voiceless. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of consonant sounds in English.
The document summarizes the production and classification of speech sounds in English. It discusses how speech sounds are produced, including the role of the vocal cords, oral cavity, and nasal cavity. It then covers the classification of consonant sounds according to their place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar), manner of articulation (e.g. stops, fricatives), and voicing (voiced vs. voiceless). Vowel sounds are also briefly discussed. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples to explain these linguistic concepts.
The document discusses the physiology of speech and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It covers the eight places of articulation in the vocal tract where consonant sounds are made, including bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. It also describes the different manners of articulation for consonant sounds, such as nasal, stop, fricative, affricate, lateral, and approximant. Finally, it discusses vowels sounds, including monophthongs like /i/ and /æ/ and diphthongs that begin with one vowel and move to another like /aʊ/.
This document provides an introduction to phonetic concepts related to speech production. It describes the main articulators in the vocal tract including the larynx, pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and tongue. It distinguishes between active articulators that move (tongue, lower lip) and passive articulators that are stationary (teeth, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx). The document also classifies consonant sounds according to voicing (voiced or voiceless) and place of articulation defined by where in the vocal tract the air flow is constricted.
The document provides an introduction to phonetics and the speech organs. It discusses phonetics as the study of human speech sounds and their production. It describes the main speech organs - the respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulatory system. It explains concepts such as the air stream mechanism, states of the glottis, places and manners of articulation for consonants, and descriptions of vowels. Diagrams of the speech organs and descriptions of acoustic phonetics concepts such as sound waves and resonance are also provided.
1. Ma. Martha Manette A. Madrid, Ed.D. Professor College of Teacher Education Panpacific University North Philippines Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, Philippines martzmonette@yahoo.com
2. Besides a brain (and the knowledge of the language), what do you need to use the spoken language? These are the speech organs.
3. Lips - they serve for creating different sounds - mainly the labial, bilabial (e.g. /p/, /b/, /m/, /hw/, and /w/) and labio-dental consonant sounds (e. g. /f/ and /v/ - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus.
4. Upper Lip Lower Lip
5. - small whitish structures found in jaws - responsible for creating sounds mainly the labio-dental (e.g. /f/ and /v/and lingua-dental (e.g. /ð/and /θ/)
6. Teeth
7. tongue - with its wide variety of possible movements, it assists in forming the sounds of speech.
8. TONGUE Back Middle(Dorsum) Front(Blade) Tip(Apex)
9. Alveolar ridge - hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. It is between the roof of the mouth and the upper teeth.
10. For the sound /s/, air from the lungs passes continuously through the mouth, but the tongue is raised sufficiently close to the alveolar ridge (the section of the upper jaw containing the tooth sockets) to cause friction as it partially blocks the air that passes.
11. Alveolar Ridge
12. Hard palate a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. the interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, and /j/.
13. Hard Palate
14. Velum (soft palate) - it should have holes forming that function during speech to separate the oral cavity (mouth) from the nose, in order to produce the oral speech sounds. If this separation is incomplete, air escapes through the nose during speech and the speech is perceived as hyper nasal.
15. Velum or Soft Palate
16. Uvula - it functions in tandem with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds. - In many languages, it closes to prevent air escaping through the nose when making some sounds.
17. Uvula
18. Glottis combination of vocal folds and space in between the folds as the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a “buzzing” quality to the speech called voice or voicing or pronunciation. sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal. Example is the sound /h/.
19. Glottis
20. SPEECH ORGANS Alveolar ridge Hard Palate Soft Palate Upper lip Uvula Lower lip Back Middle(Dorsum) Teeth Front(Blade) Tip (Apex) Glottis
21. THANK YOU
The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production, including the larynx, vocal cords, soft palate, and tongue. It explains the classification of sounds based on their manner of articulation (such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives), place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic features. Key terms like pulmonic egressive airflow and voiced/voiceless are defined in the context of phonetic analysis.
The articulation of consonants involves the vocal cords and articulators like the lips, tongue, and soft palate. Consonants are formed by interrupting, restricting, or diverting airflow and can be described by their manner, place, and force of articulation. The manners include plosives, fricatives, nasals, and more. Place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the obstruction of airflow occurs, such as bilabial, dental, or velar. Force of articulation is whether the sound is voiced (vocal cords vibrate) or unvoiced, with the latter requiring more expelled air.
This document discusses the classification of speech sounds, focusing on consonants. It describes consonants based on 5 factors: 1) the air stream mechanism, 2) the state of the vocal cords, 3) the position of the soft palate, 4) the articulators involved, and 5) the nature of the stricture or obstruction. Consonants are classified according to their place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, dental), manner of articulation (e.g. stops, fricatives), and whether they are voiced or voiceless. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of consonant sounds in English.
The document summarizes the production and classification of speech sounds in English. It discusses how speech sounds are produced, including the role of the vocal cords, oral cavity, and nasal cavity. It then covers the classification of consonant sounds according to their place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar), manner of articulation (e.g. stops, fricatives), and voicing (voiced vs. voiceless). Vowel sounds are also briefly discussed. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples to explain these linguistic concepts.
The document discusses the physiology of speech and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It covers the eight places of articulation in the vocal tract where consonant sounds are made, including bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. It also describes the different manners of articulation for consonant sounds, such as nasal, stop, fricative, affricate, lateral, and approximant. Finally, it discusses vowels sounds, including monophthongs like /i/ and /æ/ and diphthongs that begin with one vowel and move to another like /aʊ/.
This document provides an introduction to phonetic concepts related to speech production. It describes the main articulators in the vocal tract including the larynx, pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and tongue. It distinguishes between active articulators that move (tongue, lower lip) and passive articulators that are stationary (teeth, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx). The document also classifies consonant sounds according to voicing (voiced or voiceless) and place of articulation defined by where in the vocal tract the air flow is constricted.
The document provides an introduction to phonetics and the speech organs. It discusses phonetics as the study of human speech sounds and their production. It describes the main speech organs - the respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulatory system. It explains concepts such as the air stream mechanism, states of the glottis, places and manners of articulation for consonants, and descriptions of vowels. Diagrams of the speech organs and descriptions of acoustic phonetics concepts such as sound waves and resonance are also provided.
The speech organs can be divided into three main systems - respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory. The respiratory system includes the lungs and trachea and provides the air source for speech. The phonatory system includes the larynx and vocal folds, which can vibrate to produce voiced sounds. The articulators in the articulatory system, including the lips, tongue, jaw, and palate, can be moved in different positions and shapes to produce distinct speech sounds by modifying the air stream from the lungs. Each speech organ plays an important role in the production of speech.
The document discusses speech production and consonants. It defines phonetics and phonology, noting that phonetics studies how sounds are produced while phonology studies how sounds are organized mentally. It then describes the three areas of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Next, it outlines the six types of airstream mechanisms and defines consonants as involving constriction while vowels involve open approximation. Finally, it details the four parameters used to describe speech sounds: voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation, and whether the sound is nasal or oral.
The document summarizes the main organs involved in speech production:
- Respiratory organs (lungs, trachea) provide the air source.
- Phonation organs (larynx, vocal folds) generate acoustic energy by modifying the air flow from the lungs.
- Articulatory organs (mouth, tongue, lips etc.) shape the vocal tract and resonate cavities to produce different speech sounds.
This document provides information about consonant sounds in English and Arabic, discussing their classification based on their manner and place of articulation. It outlines the main categories of consonants - plosives, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, and laterals - and provides examples of each type of consonant with their place and manner of articulation.
This document summarizes the classification of English consonant sounds. It discusses:
1) Consonants are produced by obstructing or narrowing the air passage in the vocal tract, unlike vowels which allow air to pass more freely.
2) English consonants are classified by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. Place refers to where organs like the lips or tongue contact each other. Manner describes how the obstruction is made.
3) The main consonant types are plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, and approximants. Examples are given to illustrate the production of sounds within each type.
The document discusses the different manners of articulation for speech sounds, including nasal, stop, fricative, affricative, approximant, and lateral manners. It provides examples of sounds that use each manner of articulation in English, describing how the articulators are positioned to create each type of sound. The manners of articulation describe how speech organs like the tongue, lips, and jaw interact to either fully or partially block airflow in the vocal tract to produce different consonant sounds.
This document discusses the English sound system and the organs of speech. It identifies seven main speech organs - the pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth, and lips. It describes the functions of these organs in producing speech sounds. The document also discusses vowels, including cardinal vowels, English vowels, and diphthongs. It explains the six manners of articulation for consonants - nasal, stop, fricative, affricate, lateral, and approximant. It further discusses voicing and voiceless sounds as well as aspirated and unaspirated sounds.
This document discusses articulation of speech sounds. It describes articulation as the proper production and formation of vowel and consonant sounds through the movement of articulators in the mouth. It outlines the three aspects of describing consonant sounds: manner of articulation, place of articulation, and force of articulation. It provides examples of different manners of articulation including plosive, affricate, fricative, nasal, lateral, and approximant. It also describes different places of articulation such as bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Finally, it distinguishes voiced consonants which involve vocal cord vibration
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their physical properties, while phonology examines the sound system of a language. It discusses the three areas of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. The document also defines consonants and vowels. It classifies consonants according to their place and manner of articulation, as well as according to voicing. The places of articulation include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manners of articulation include stops, fricatives,
This document provides an overview of the vocal organs and mechanisms involved in singing. It describes the anatomy of the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, lungs and diaphragm. It explains that pitch is determined by vocal cord vibrations, intensity depends on air pressure and vibration amplitude, and timbre is shaped by the resonance chambers of the pharynx and oral cavity. Breathing and expiration are also covered, noting the importance of slow, controlled expiration for vocal flexibility and clarity.
This document summarizes key aspects of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses phonology, the production and transmission of speech sounds, and the principal cavities and organs involved in speech. It also defines consonants and vowels, and describes the place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. Key terms covered include bilabial, alveolar, voiced, voiceless, stops, fricatives, nasals, laterals, and approximants. The document also briefly mentions vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and suprasegmentals like stress, pitch, and intonation.
Consonants are sounds produced with an obstruction of airflow in the vocal tract, while vowels have no obstruction. Consonants are classified based on voicing (voiced or voiceless), place of articulation (bilabial, labiodental, etc.), and manner of articulation (plosive, affricate, fricative, etc.). Vowels are classified based on tongue height and position and lip rounding. There are about 25 consonants and 12 vowels in English.
This book provides basic understanding of linguistic knowledge that introduces linguistics as a science discussing the essence of language. This book provides the students with basic and general concept, terms, theories, and fields of linguistics. To help the students understand the basic linguistic knowledge, this book includes theoretical explanation and exercises.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It discusses the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds. Phonetics involves the study of articulatory phonetics, which examines speech sound production, acoustic phonetics which studies sound transmission, and auditory phonetics concerning sound reception. The document outlines the principal speech organs and cavities, describes places and manners of articulation for different consonant sounds, and distinguishes between vowels and consonants. It also includes diagrams of the speech organs and English vowel chart.
Voice production occurs in the larynx when air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate and produce sound. The pitch of the sound varies based on the tension of the vocal cords, which is controlled by muscles in the larynx. Consonants are formed either when air is released suddenly or cut off from the vocal cords.
1. The document discusses different types of airstream mechanisms involved in speech production.
2. The pulmonic airstream mechanism uses the lungs and respiratory muscles to push air out (egressive) or draw air in (ingressive) for speech.
3. The glottalic airstream mechanism uses movements of the larynx to push air out ejectively or suck air in implosively.
4. The velaric airstream mechanism uses the back of the tongue against the soft palate to make clicks by pulling air in or pushing air out.
This document discusses speech organs and the three dimensions of articulation. It defines speech organs as the parts of the body involved in sound production, including passive organs like the lips and alveolar ridge, as well as active organs like the tongue. It then explains the three dimensions of articulation - voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. Voicing refers to whether vocal cords vibrate during sound production. Place of articulation is where in the mouth a sound is made. Manner of articulation describes how the air stream is modified, such as stops, fricatives, nasals, etc.
The document discusses speech articulation and categorizes consonant sounds. It divides consonants into three main types: stops, fricatives, and affricates. Stops are formed by blocking air flow with full closure. Fricatives use a narrow constriction that creates turbulence. Affricates combine a stop and fricative release. Consonants are also classified by their place of articulation in the mouth, whether they are voiced or voiceless, and if the air passage is oral or nasal. Examples of different consonant pairs and their articulation are provided to illustrate these classifications.
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
The speech organs can be divided into three main systems - respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory. The respiratory system includes the lungs and trachea and provides the air source for speech. The phonatory system includes the larynx and vocal folds, which can vibrate to produce voiced sounds. The articulators in the articulatory system, including the lips, tongue, jaw, and palate, can be moved in different positions and shapes to produce distinct speech sounds by modifying the air stream from the lungs. Each speech organ plays an important role in the production of speech.
The document discusses speech production and consonants. It defines phonetics and phonology, noting that phonetics studies how sounds are produced while phonology studies how sounds are organized mentally. It then describes the three areas of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Next, it outlines the six types of airstream mechanisms and defines consonants as involving constriction while vowels involve open approximation. Finally, it details the four parameters used to describe speech sounds: voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation, and whether the sound is nasal or oral.
The document summarizes the main organs involved in speech production:
- Respiratory organs (lungs, trachea) provide the air source.
- Phonation organs (larynx, vocal folds) generate acoustic energy by modifying the air flow from the lungs.
- Articulatory organs (mouth, tongue, lips etc.) shape the vocal tract and resonate cavities to produce different speech sounds.
This document provides information about consonant sounds in English and Arabic, discussing their classification based on their manner and place of articulation. It outlines the main categories of consonants - plosives, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, and laterals - and provides examples of each type of consonant with their place and manner of articulation.
This document summarizes the classification of English consonant sounds. It discusses:
1) Consonants are produced by obstructing or narrowing the air passage in the vocal tract, unlike vowels which allow air to pass more freely.
2) English consonants are classified by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. Place refers to where organs like the lips or tongue contact each other. Manner describes how the obstruction is made.
3) The main consonant types are plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, and approximants. Examples are given to illustrate the production of sounds within each type.
The document discusses the different manners of articulation for speech sounds, including nasal, stop, fricative, affricative, approximant, and lateral manners. It provides examples of sounds that use each manner of articulation in English, describing how the articulators are positioned to create each type of sound. The manners of articulation describe how speech organs like the tongue, lips, and jaw interact to either fully or partially block airflow in the vocal tract to produce different consonant sounds.
This document discusses the English sound system and the organs of speech. It identifies seven main speech organs - the pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth, and lips. It describes the functions of these organs in producing speech sounds. The document also discusses vowels, including cardinal vowels, English vowels, and diphthongs. It explains the six manners of articulation for consonants - nasal, stop, fricative, affricate, lateral, and approximant. It further discusses voicing and voiceless sounds as well as aspirated and unaspirated sounds.
This document discusses articulation of speech sounds. It describes articulation as the proper production and formation of vowel and consonant sounds through the movement of articulators in the mouth. It outlines the three aspects of describing consonant sounds: manner of articulation, place of articulation, and force of articulation. It provides examples of different manners of articulation including plosive, affricate, fricative, nasal, lateral, and approximant. It also describes different places of articulation such as bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Finally, it distinguishes voiced consonants which involve vocal cord vibration
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their physical properties, while phonology examines the sound system of a language. It discusses the three areas of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. The document also defines consonants and vowels. It classifies consonants according to their place and manner of articulation, as well as according to voicing. The places of articulation include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manners of articulation include stops, fricatives,
This document provides an overview of the vocal organs and mechanisms involved in singing. It describes the anatomy of the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, lungs and diaphragm. It explains that pitch is determined by vocal cord vibrations, intensity depends on air pressure and vibration amplitude, and timbre is shaped by the resonance chambers of the pharynx and oral cavity. Breathing and expiration are also covered, noting the importance of slow, controlled expiration for vocal flexibility and clarity.
This document summarizes key aspects of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses phonology, the production and transmission of speech sounds, and the principal cavities and organs involved in speech. It also defines consonants and vowels, and describes the place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. Key terms covered include bilabial, alveolar, voiced, voiceless, stops, fricatives, nasals, laterals, and approximants. The document also briefly mentions vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and suprasegmentals like stress, pitch, and intonation.
Consonants are sounds produced with an obstruction of airflow in the vocal tract, while vowels have no obstruction. Consonants are classified based on voicing (voiced or voiceless), place of articulation (bilabial, labiodental, etc.), and manner of articulation (plosive, affricate, fricative, etc.). Vowels are classified based on tongue height and position and lip rounding. There are about 25 consonants and 12 vowels in English.
This book provides basic understanding of linguistic knowledge that introduces linguistics as a science discussing the essence of language. This book provides the students with basic and general concept, terms, theories, and fields of linguistics. To help the students understand the basic linguistic knowledge, this book includes theoretical explanation and exercises.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It discusses the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds. Phonetics involves the study of articulatory phonetics, which examines speech sound production, acoustic phonetics which studies sound transmission, and auditory phonetics concerning sound reception. The document outlines the principal speech organs and cavities, describes places and manners of articulation for different consonant sounds, and distinguishes between vowels and consonants. It also includes diagrams of the speech organs and English vowel chart.
Voice production occurs in the larynx when air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate and produce sound. The pitch of the sound varies based on the tension of the vocal cords, which is controlled by muscles in the larynx. Consonants are formed either when air is released suddenly or cut off from the vocal cords.
1. The document discusses different types of airstream mechanisms involved in speech production.
2. The pulmonic airstream mechanism uses the lungs and respiratory muscles to push air out (egressive) or draw air in (ingressive) for speech.
3. The glottalic airstream mechanism uses movements of the larynx to push air out ejectively or suck air in implosively.
4. The velaric airstream mechanism uses the back of the tongue against the soft palate to make clicks by pulling air in or pushing air out.
This document discusses speech organs and the three dimensions of articulation. It defines speech organs as the parts of the body involved in sound production, including passive organs like the lips and alveolar ridge, as well as active organs like the tongue. It then explains the three dimensions of articulation - voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. Voicing refers to whether vocal cords vibrate during sound production. Place of articulation is where in the mouth a sound is made. Manner of articulation describes how the air stream is modified, such as stops, fricatives, nasals, etc.
The document discusses speech articulation and categorizes consonant sounds. It divides consonants into three main types: stops, fricatives, and affricates. Stops are formed by blocking air flow with full closure. Fricatives use a narrow constriction that creates turbulence. Affricates combine a stop and fricative release. Consonants are also classified by their place of articulation in the mouth, whether they are voiced or voiceless, and if the air passage is oral or nasal. Examples of different consonant pairs and their articulation are provided to illustrate these classifications.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Phonetics and Phonology
1. By:
Dr. Muhammad Mooneeb Ali
Saudi Aramco Saudia Arabia
H.E.D. Punjab Pakistan
Phonetics and Phonology
Introduction to Airstream Mechanisms,
Speech Sounds and Speech Organs
2. Phonetics
12/8/2023
2
Phonetics is the study of the medium of spoken
language, that is, the production, transmission
and reception of the sounds of human speech.
Spoken language is produced by the movements
of the organs of speech.
All human beings have the same organs of
speech. So, theoretically speaking, every normal
human being can produce any of the sounds of
human speech.
3. What is Phonetics ?
12/8/2023
3
Study of human speech as a physical
phenomenon
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
4. Articulatory Phonetics
12/8/2023
4
Study of how speech sounds are produced by
human vocal apparatus
Anatomy of vocal organs
Air stream Mechanism
Voicing
Articulation
5. Bernoulli Effect
12/8/2023
5
Air pumped from the lungs applies pressure on
closed glottis
High pressure opens vocal cords
High velocity air flow creates low pressure region
pulling vocal cords together again
Process is repeated, producing vibrations in the
vocal cords
7. The Organs of Speech
12/8/2023
7
The respiratory system, consisting of the lungs,
the muscles of the chest, and the wind-pipe
(trachea)
The phonatory system, formed by the larynx
The articulatory system, consisting of the nose,
the mouth (including the tongue, the teeth, the
roof of the mouth, and the lips)
8. 12/8/2023
8
Respiratory System Phonatory System Articulatory System
Lungs Muscles of
the chest
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx Roof
of the
mouth
Teeth
Lips
Organs of Speech
Tongue
Vocal
cords
Tip
Uvula
Hard
palate
Teeth
ridge
Soft
palate
Blade Front Back Rims
10. The larynx
12/8/2023
10
The air from the lungs comes through the wind
pipe or trachea, at the top of which is the larynx.
In the larynx are two vocal cords, which are like a
pair of lips placed horizontally from front to back.
They are joined in the front, but can be separated
at the back, and the opening between them is
called the glottis.
11. The roof of the mouth
12/8/2023
11
The roof of the mouth can be subdivided into four
parts:
the teeth-ridge or the alveolar ridge, i.e., the hard convex
surface just behind the upper front teeth
the hard palate, i.e., the hard concave surface behind the
teeth-ridge
the soft palate, i.e., the soft portion behind the hard palate
the uvula, i.e., a small fleshy structure at the end of the soft
palate
12. The Air-Stream Mechanism
12/8/2023
12
Three types of air-stream mechanism:
pulmonic
in which the lungs and the respiratory muscles set the
air-stream in motion
glottalic
in which the larynx, with the glottis firmly closed, is
moved up or down to initiate the air-stream
Velaric
in which the back of the tongue in firm contact with the
soft palate is pushed forward or pulled back to initiate
the air-stream
13. Pulmonic Sounds
12/8/2023
13
Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral
cavity
Pressure built by compression of lungs
English [p], [n], [s], [l], [e]
14. Glottic Egressive Sounds
12/8/2023
14
Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral
cavity
Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis
Georgian [p’], [t’], [k’]
15. Glottic Ingressive Sounds
12/8/2023
15
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity
Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis
Hausa, Sindhi [ɓ,ɠ ]
16. Velaric Sounds
12/8/2023
16
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity
Pressure reduced by forming velaric and alveolar
closure and pulling down tongue
clicks
17. The State of the Glottis
12/8/2023
17
When we breath in and out, the glottis is open.
That is, the vocal cords are drawn wide apart
producing voiceless sounds.
If the vocal cords are held loosely together, the
pressure of the air coming from the lungs makes
them vibrate; that is, they open and close
regularly many times a second. Sounds produced
in this way are called voiced sounds.
18. 12/8/2023
18
Raised Lowered
Nasal passage blocked
Oral sounds produced
Nasal passage open
State of the soft palate
Oral passage blocked Oral passage open
Nasal sounds produced
Nasalized sounds produced
19. The Articulators
12/8/2023
19
The organs of speech above the glottis are the
articulators involved in the production of consonants:
Active articulator
the lower lip and the tongue
Passive articulator
the upper lip, the upper teeth, the roof of the mouth and the
back wall of the throat (or Pharynx).
In the production of a consonant, the active articulator
is moved towards the passive articulator.
20. Consonants and Vowels: Two broad
categories of sounds
12/8/2023
20
The description of a consonant includes the
following description:
the nature of the air-stream mechanism
pulmonic / glottalic / velar , egressive / ineggressive
the state of the glottis
voiced / voiceless/ whispered
The position of the velum or the soft palate
The articulators involved (i.e, the place of articulation)
The nature of stricture involved (i.e., the manner of
articulation)
21. The Nature of Stricture Involved-I
12/8/2023
21
that is, the different ways in which the passage of
air is restricted in the production of consonants
Complete closure
The active and the passive articulators making a firm
contact with each other, thus preventing the passage of
air between them. E.g., /p/, /b/
Complete oral closure
The active and passive articulators make a firm contact
with each other, thus preventing the passage of air
between them, but the soft palate is lowered, thereby
allowing the air to escape through the nose. E.g., /m/, /n/
22. The Nature of Stricture Involved-
II
12/8/2023
22
Intermittent closure
The air passes between the active and passive
articulators intermittently. It involves the vibration of the
active articulator against the passive. [Scottish r]
Flap
For some consonants the active articulator strikes
against the passive articulator once only. /r/ in very
Close approximation
The two articulators are brought very close to each
other so that the space between them is very narrow.
E.g., /f/, /v/, etc.
23. The Nature of Stricture Involved-
III
12/8/2023
23
Partial closure
There may be a contact of the articulators in the centre
of the vocal tract but the air may pass through the
sides. e.g., /l/
Open approximation
The two articulators are brought close to each other but
the space between them is wide enough for the air to
escape without friction. E.g., all vowels and the English
/j/ and /w/ as in yes, west.
24. The Place of Articulation - I
12/8/2023
24
The place of articulation simply means the
active and passive articulators involved in the
production of a particular consonant.
A few are:
Bilabial : The two lips are the articulators. E.g., /p/, /b/, /m/
Labio-dental: The lower lip is the active articulator and the
upper teeth are the passive articulators. E.g., /f/, /v/
Dental: the tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the
upper front teeth are the passive articulators.
25. The Place of Articulation - II
12/8/2023
25
Alveolar: The tip or blade of the tongue is the active
articulator and the teeth-ridge is the passive
articulator.
Post-alveolar: The tip of the tongue is the active
articulator and the back of the teeth-ridge is the
passive articulator.
Retroflex: the tip of the tongue is the active
articulator, and it is curled back. The back of the
teeth-ridge or the hard palate is the passive
articulator.
26. The Place of Articulation - III
12/8/2023
26
Palato-alveolar: The tip, blade, and front of the
tongue are the active articulators and the teeth-
ridge and hard palate are the passive articulators.
Palatal: The front of the tongue is the active
articulator and the hard palate is the passive
articulator.
Velar. The back of the tongue is the active
articulator and the soft palate is the passive
articulator. E.g. /k/, /g/
27. The Place of Articulation - IV
12/8/2023
27
Uvular: The rear part of the back of the tongue is the
active articulator and the uvula is the passive
articulator. There are no uvular sounds in English.
Glottal: Produced at the glottis. E.g., [h]
28. The Manner of Articulation - I
12/8/2023
28
According to the manner of articulation consonants
are usually classified as follows:
Plosive: In the production of a plosive, there is a
simultaneous oral and nasal closure. The air behind the
oral closure is compressed and when the active articulator
is removed suddenly from contact with the passive one, the
air escapes with an explosion.
Nasal: A nasal is produced by a stricture of complete oral
closure, but in this case there is no closure of nasal
passage. The soft palate is lowered and the air passes
through the nose.
29. The Manner of Articulation - II
12/8/2023
29
Trill (rolled consonant) The active articulator taps
several times against the passive articulator (i.e.,
stricture of intermittent closure). E.g., [r] in horse.
Flap: For a flap the active articulator strikes against
the passive articulator once only. E.g., [r] in very.
Lateral : A lateral consonant is produced by a
stricture of closure in the centre of the vocal tract ,
but the air has a free passage on the sides. E.g., /l/.
30. The Manner of Articulation - III
12/8/2023
30
Fricative: In the production of a fricative
consonant the articulator is one of close
approximation. The active articulator is brought
so close to the passive articulator that the
passage between them is very narrow and the
air passes through it with audible friction. E.g.,
/f/, /v/
Frictionless continuant: [r] in red
Semi-vowel: /j/, /w/
31. Vowels - I
12/8/2023
31
The stricture involved in the production of vowels is
open approximation.
The active articulators: the front, the back, the centre
of the tongue
The passive articulators: the hard palate, the soft
palate, the meeting point of the hard and soft palates
The active articulator is raised towards the passive
articulator in such a way that there is a sufficient gap
between the two for the air to escape through the
mouth without any friction.
32. Vowels - II
12/8/2023
32
A vowel is described using a three-term label:
part of the tongue raised (front, centre, back)
the height to which the tongue is raised (close, half-
close, half-open, open)
the position of the lips (unrounded or rounded)
33. Vowels - III
12/8/2023
33
Monophthong: A vowel that does not change its
quality (also called pure vowels)
Diphthongs: There are some vowels, the quality
of which is not constant, but changes from one
vowel to another.
45. Phonetic Transcription
12/8/2023
45
In English there is no one-to-one correspondence between
spelling and pronunciation.
To overcome this problem a need had been felt to evolve an
alphabet in which words of any language could be written
unambiguously.
One such alphabet that is used extensively by phoneticians all
over the world is the International Phonetic Alphabet, devised
by International Phonetic Association.
It is claimed to have symbols to represent all the sounds that
exist in the natural languages of the world.
It is used to transcribe words of any natural language.
It is based primarily on Roman Alphabet and a set of diacritics.