Consciousness
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Consciousness is a complex topic with different views across cultures. Some cultures see an important connection between mind, body, and spirit world, while Western societies tend toward a mind-body dualism. Recent fMRI experiments on seemingly vegetative patients found brain activity in response to commands, suggesting consciousness despite outward signs. The nature of consciousness remains debated, with differing perspectives in traditional versus modern Western societies.
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The document discusses the concept of infinite creativity in language and recursion. It explores the idea that language rules allow for an infinite number of sentences to be generated through recursive embedding of phrases. While this ability seems infinite, the document notes that in practice recursion becomes difficult beyond a certain point due to issues like boredom, confusion or lack of meaning. It then discusses how generative grammar approaches like those of Chomsky analyze the deep structure of language in the brain using rules of syntax, metaphor, and the merging and embedding of phrases. The history of these ideas is traced back thousands of years, but significant modern work began in the 1960s, though many open questions still remain about concepts like Universal Grammar.
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Consciousness
- 4. Unconscious?
- 5. How about CHANGED consciousness?
- 8. Why ILLEGAL?
- 10. Not truly AWARE
- 11. Sometimes legal
- 12. Why LEGAL?
- 13. Changed consciousness is OK in some cultures?
- 14. But not in others
- 15. IMPORTANT in some cultures
- 16. Some cultures NEED this?
- 17. Sometimes TOLERATED in the west
- 18. Legal in SOME places
- 19. But NOT in others
- 20. Why is consciousness so important?
- 21. What is the MIND?
- 22. Where does the MIND end?
- 23. And the BODY begin?
- 24. Or is mind and body the same?
- 26. But legal
- 29. But legal
- 31. How about a spirit world?
- 32. Encouraged in some cultures
- 33. Important part of BELONGING
- 36. Cast OUT of society!
- 37. Very big CULTURAL divide
- 38. Traditional cultures: spirit world is important
- 39. Experience is NECESSARY for growth
- 40. Oneness
- 41. No big split between dream and reality
- 43. Dualism
- 44. MIND and MATTER
- 46. Big split between REALITY and dream
- 47. What is the SCIENTIFIC view?
- 48. The “WESTERN” view: consciousness is electical signals
- 49. Brain activity
- 51. No signals = brain dead
- 52. Brain dead = dead person
- 53. Brain dead = you don’t need your body
- 54. Other people can take your organs
- 56. A modern, RATIONAL view
- 57. “Traditional” societies see connections
- 59. Difficult to split MIND and BODY
- 60. Consider recent scientific experiments
- 61. Coma patient
- 62. Vegetative
- 63. Vegetative = no response
- 64. Vegetative = not truly aware
- 65. Vegetative = cannot answer questions
- 66. Vegetative = cannot respond
- 67. No response = no consciousness?
- 68. No RESPONSE = no CONSCIOUSNESS?
- 70. Experiments on “vegetative” patients
- 71. Brain scan
- 76. … different kinds of activity
- 78. Imagine walking around the house
- 79. Try it!
- 80. Imagine walking around the house
- 83. You should FEEL a big difference
- 84. And brain activity IS different
- 85. Let’s say TENNIS = yes
- 86. WALKING = no
- 87. Imagine walking around the house
- 88. Yes
- 89. No
- 91. fMRI scanner
- 93. NORMAL response
- 95. NORMAL response = consciousness
- 96. So the VEGETABLE was CONSCIOUS!
- 98. … same result
- 99. This time …
- 100. … the scientists taught the yes-no code
- 101. Yes
- 102. No
- 103. Scientists asked lots of questions about life history?
- 104. What kind of questions? • Are you a man? • Did you live in New York? • Is your wife’s name Anne? • etc
- 105. The patient answered correctly!
- 106. Eyes closed
- 107. No sign of consciousness
- 109. So MUST be conscious
- 110. Lots of patients did this
- 111. So it’s proof
- 112. But what IS consciousness
- 113. The most basic questions …
- 114. … still not answered
- 115. Whose idea of consciousness is better?