This document discusses the four main types of conditionals in English: zero, first, second, and third. It provides examples of each conditional and explains how they are used to talk about different hypothetical situations in the present, future, and past. The zero conditional describes general facts. The first conditional talks about possible future events. The second conditional is for unlikely or impossible present/future situations. The third conditional expresses regrets about unreal past situations. A mixed conditional can refer to past conditions and present results or unreal present situations and past results.

1. Conditionals
Sentence
By:
Aornwara Nitkhosakul No.1
Isaya Lorjitsa-ard No.3

2. • They describe the result of something that might
happen (in the present or future) or might have
happened but didn't (in the past)
• What could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen

3. 4 Main Types
1. Zero - if + present simple, ... present simple
2. First - if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
3. Second - if + past simple, ... would + infinitive
4. Third - if + past perfect, ... would + have + past
participle
** Mixed

4. The Zero Conditional
• Used when the result will always happen (facts)
If + present simple,.... present simple
Example :
• If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
• People die if they don't eat.
Inversion: The 'if' in this conditional can usually be
replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.
Example:
• When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

5. The First Conditional
• the future possible/real conditional
• Used to talk about things which might happen in
the future.
If + present simple, ... will + infinitive
• Example:
• If I see her, I'll tell her.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• If you sit in the sun, you'll get burned
o Zero VS First : The first conditional describes a particular
situation but the zero conditional describes what
happens in general.

6. Inversion
can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as
'will'.
Example :
• If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I
am.
can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and
'must'.
Example :
• If you go to New York, you must have the
cheesecake in Lindy's.
• If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.

7. The Second Conditional
if + past simple, ... would + infinitive
1. Talk about things that are unlikely (improbable)
or impossible to happen now or anytime
Examples:
• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I
probably won't win the lottery)
• If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
• She would travel all over the world if she were
rich

8. 2. Giving advice in the form 'If I were you'
Examples:
• If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
• If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more
qualifications.
**We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and
'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing
Example:
• If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be
looking for another one.

9. **Sometimes, we use should, could or might
(modal verbs) instead of would
Example:
• If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.
• If I won the lottery, I might donate some of it to
charity.
** Difference between first and second is second
is a lot more unlikely to happen

10. Inversion: Use ‘Were’ instead of if clause
Examples:
• If she were older, it would be better
Were she older, it would be better
• If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
Were I to meet the Queen of England,…….

11. The Third Conditional
if + past perfect, ... would + perfect
1. Talk about things that didn't happen in the past
2. Show regrets no possibility
Examples:
• If she had studied, she would have passed the
exam.
• If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt
sick.
• If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed
the plane

12. **Sometimes, we use should have, could
have, might have instead of would have
Example:
• If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might
have won.
Inversion: Use ‘Had’ instead of if clause
Examples:
• Had she studied, she would have passed the
exam.
• Had I not eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt
sick. NO contracted forms

13. The Mixed Conditional
1. Refer to a condition in the past and its ongoing
result in the present
If + Past Perfect….would + infinitive
If this thing had happened, that thing would happen
Examples:
• If I had worked harder at school, I would have a
better job now
• If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost

14. 2. Refer to an unreal present situation and its
probable (but unreal) result in the past
If + simple past… would + perfect
Examples:
• If I wasn't afraid of spiders, I would have picked it
up.
• If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to
lunch.