This document provides an overview of key terms and concepts in linguistics. It discusses the main branches of phonetics including articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and language-specific phonetics. Phonology is introduced as the study of sound systems in language. Morphology and syntax are summarized as the study of morphemes and sentence structure, respectively. Semantics and pragmatics refer to the study of meaning and language use. The document also outlines the main schools of thought in formal linguistics, including traditional grammar, structural linguistics, and generative/transformational grammar developed by Noam Chomsky.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Lexicography is one of the main focus of linguists. Why dictionaries are compiled? how dictionaries are compiled? who compiles a dictionary? Does he master the words or words master him? all such stuff lies in the realm of lexicographic domain.
This presentation answers some questions like: ''How are languages planned in multilingual countries?, What is the role of TDK in Turkish language reform?, What are the processes of Language Planning?'' Language planning in Switzerland, Canada, India and USA is mentioned in this presentation.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Lexicography is one of the main focus of linguists. Why dictionaries are compiled? how dictionaries are compiled? who compiles a dictionary? Does he master the words or words master him? all such stuff lies in the realm of lexicographic domain.
This presentation answers some questions like: ''How are languages planned in multilingual countries?, What is the role of TDK in Turkish language reform?, What are the processes of Language Planning?'' Language planning in Switzerland, Canada, India and USA is mentioned in this presentation.
introduce phonology ( linguistic ).
This slide explains a few things about the phonology of the linguistic.
and do not forget your criticisms and suggestions , because it is very meaningful to us .
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3. Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of
speech sounds as sound
(versus phonology, which
looks at sound in language
as a system). It is usually
divided into two main
branches:
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6. Phonetics
Note:
Other fields in phonetics
include language-specific
phonetics and the study of
accents. Phonetics is
related to other areas of
linguistics that share an
interest in speech sounds.
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7. Phonology
Phonology is the study of
speech sounds as a system
in language. The
fundamental unit of study
in many phonological
theories is the phoneme.
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8. Phonology
Phonology differs from phonetics in
that its primary focus is not on the
sounds themselves, but on how the
distinctive sound inventory of a
language or languages is used to
convey information content. Because
of this phonology is studied with
reference to a language (or
languages) and cannot be
approached in the same language-
independent theoretical manner as
phonetics sometimes is. Lic. Jesús Payán Ayala
9. Morphology
Morphology is the study
of the smallest
meaningful pieces of
language, known as
morphemes, which can
be words or parts of
words. Lic. Jesús Payán Ayala
10. Syntax
Syntax is sometimes defined
as the study of the structure
of morphological units
within a (grammatical)
sentence.
“But the function of them.”
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14. Formal linguistics is the
study of the structures
and processes of
language, that is, how
language works and is
organized.
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15. Formal linguists studies the
structures of different languages,
and by identifying and studying
the elements common among
them, seek to discover the most
efficient way to describe
language in general. There are
three main schools of thought in
formal linguistics:
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16. The Traditional School
1.- The traditional, or prescriptive.
It is what is usually taught in
school. "A noun is a person, place,
or thing" is a typical definition in a
traditional grammar. Such
grammars typically prescribe rules
of correct or preferred usage.
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17. Structural Linguistics.
2) Structural linguistics, a
principally American
phenomenon of the mid-20th
century, is typified by the work of
Leonard Bloomfield, who drew on
ideas of the behaviourist school of
psychology.
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18. Structuralists are primarily concerned
with phonology, morphology, and
syntax. They focus on the physical
features of utterances with little regard
for meaning or lexicon (Crystal, 1980).
They divide words into form classes
distinguished according to grammatical
features. For example, a noun is defined
in terms of its position in a sentence and
its inflections, such as the -s for plural.
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19. The Generative /
Transformational
3) The generative/transformational
approach to the study of grammar was
introduced by Noam Chomsky in 1957 in
his seminal work, Syntactic Structures.
Here he traced a relationship between
the "deep structure" of sentences (what
is in the mind) and their "surface
structure" (what is spoken or written).
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20. Example:
Chomsky
The surface structure of the
sentence, "The postman was
bitten by the dog," was
derived from the deep
structure, "The dog bit the
postman," through the
application of a passive
transformation.
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21. Example:
Chomsky
From transformational/generative
grammar arose the theory of Universal
Grammar. This widely accepted theory
starts from the perception that all
languages share certain linguistic features
(universals). The goal of this theory is to
explain the uniformity of language
acquisition among humans despite
ostensible differences in their native
languages. Since Chomsky's original
proposals in 1957, numerous elaborations
and alternative theories have been
proposed.
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