This document discusses concrete as a building material. It provides details on the ingredients of concrete including cement, water, sand, and aggregates. It describes the different methods for mixing concrete, including hand mixing and machine mixing. It also discusses formwork, requirements for concrete, types of concrete like plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete, properties and uses, and merits and demerits.

1. SHANKERSINH VAGHELA BAPU
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Bapu Gujarat Knowledge
Village

2. WELCOME TO BUILDING MATERIALS:
Courtesy of;
KENETH .N. KAUNDA
MUGUME .R. ISMAIL
OOZILCAN JIHAD
SUBMITTED TO:
FACULTY:
Enrollment Number
160750106042
160750106044
16075010604
PROF. KAUSHAL RAVAL
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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3. CONCRETE
1.1.INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a mixture of cement/lime, sand,
crushed rock and water.
It is a major building material for construction
work
The preparation of concrete is basically
divided into two namely;
1. ingredients of concrete
2. Methods of mixing concrete
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4. 1.2. INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
cement water
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5.  continued;
sand
Lake Sand
Lake Sand
Plaster Sand
Plaster Sand
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6.  continued; Aggregates
Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates
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7. 1.3. METHODS OF MIXING CONCRETE
Hand Mixing
o This is done for small and
important works.
o Hand mixing of concrete
should be done on a hard, clean
water tight surface like concrete
floor
o it requires about 10% more of
cement than in machine mixing
oIt’s usually mixed by means of
a shovel and a hoe.
Machine Mixing
o The quality of machine mixed
concrete is better than that of
hand mixed concrete.
o This is usually used for large
scale work
o Machine mixers are of two
types that is; Rotary and tilting
mixer.
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8. continued;
Hand Mixing Machine Mixing
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9. 1.4. FORMWORK IN CONCRETE WORK
Description
 Concrete is contained in a
timber or steel casing for a
certain period after its placing
This casing is known as
shuttering, centering and it’s
removed after concrete has
hardened sufficiently to support
it’s own weight.
Skill and experienced labour is
required to provide a proper
formwork.
Illustration
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10. 1.5. REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE
 The aggregates should be hard, durable and clean.
 The cement to be used for CC work should comply with standard
requirements
 Water should be clean and free from harmful impurities.
 The mixing should be prepared with right grading as per
requirement.
 The materials of concrete should be mixed thoroughly at least
three times before water is added.
 Concrete should be handled and transported in such away that
there is no segregation of aggregates.
 It should be consolidated properly by ramming, tamping,
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11. 1.6. TYPES OF CONCRETE
 Plain Cement
Concrete (PCC)
• PCC or Plain Cement Concrete
is mainly used in foundation
work or flooring works.
 Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC)
•This is one in which
reinforcement is embedded for
taking tensile stress. Steel
reinforcement is added to
concrete to make RCC. Used in
beams, columns, slabs, stairs.
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12.  continued;
 Precast Concrete(PC)
 This is used when mass
concrete work is required for
huge and speedy construction
work. It’s manufactured in
industries and transported to
the site
 Pre-stressed Concrete
(PSC)
 Here concrete is subjected to
comprehensive stresses before
external loads are applied.
Mainly used for girders for
bridges, electric poles etc.
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13. 1.7. PROPERTIES AND USES OF CONCRETE
Properties
 Workability, which is the ease
with which freshly prepared
concrete can be transported
and placed for the job.
 Strength. It’s the maximum
load a concrete can carry
without breaking.
 Durability: This is the capacity
of hardened concrete to
withstand all the forces of
detoriation.
 Dimensional stability.
Uses
 Used in foundation as base
concrete, floor concrete, slab
etc.
 Used in highways, airports,
traffic tunnels, rigid pavements
etc.
 Used in Lining of canals and
reservoirs, concrete dams,
water storage tanks.
 used as coating material for
water, sound and fire
proofings.
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14. 1.8. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CONCRETE
Merits
 Possess high comprehensive
strength
 It’s more economical than
steel
 Not subjected to corrosive
wreathing
 It’s a versatile material in
building construction.
Hard and durable material
Demerits
 Has poor tensile strength
 Develops Shrinkage stresses
 Requires skill and supervision
by technical people
 Repairing concrete is difficult
as old and fresh concrete can’t
bond easily
 Curing time of concrete is
more
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