Conceptos de Química en ingles
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Alpha rays originate from certain nuclear reactions or disintegrations and are fully ionized helium nuclei. Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that retain chemical properties and are made up of even smaller subatomic particles. Beta rays are electrons that can pass through skin but cause damage if inside the body. Electromagnetism describes electrical and magnetic phenomena and is generated by electrical charges in subatomic particles. Gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic waves generated from particle annihilation or nuclear transitions. Ionization is the process of generating ions through gaining or losing electrons. Kinetics describes changes in position over time using acceleration and speed. Transmutation is the transformation of one element into another, either naturally through unstable nuclei or artificially through
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The document provides an overview of radiation physics, beginning with the composition of matter and basic atomic structure. It describes the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom and the development of the quantum mechanical model. Key concepts covered include atomic number, mass number, ionization, electrostatic and centrifugal forces, electron binding energy, and the nature of radiation.
The document then focuses on the history and properties of x-rays, the components and functioning of an x-ray machine, including the x-ray tube, cathode, anode, target, transformers, and power supply. Factors that control the x-ray beam such as exposure time, current and voltage are also summarized.
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering MT-144-NSU(Theory).pptx
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical and electronics concepts. It discusses how electricity is present in nature and how mankind has harnessed it for use. It then covers atomic structure, defining elements, compounds, and molecules. Models of the atom including Dalton's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's are explained. The document also discusses electrons, protons, neutrons, and their roles. Energy shells and electron quotas are defined. Finally, the document introduces concepts of electric charge, static electricity, and the coulomb unit of charge.
ATOMS
1. An atom consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
2. The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 showed that atoms are made up of subatomic particles, overturning the belief that atoms are indivisible.
3. Atoms are identified by their number of protons, while isotopes of the same element differ in their number of neutrons.
Basics of electricity,AC,DC .
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Chem chapt 4
The document summarizes key ideas from a chemistry chapter on the structure of the atom. It discusses how ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus and Aristotle attempted to explain matter. John Dalton later revived the idea of atoms in the early 1800s based on his scientific experiments. The document also outlines the discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how this led to models of the structure of the atom. It describes how atoms can be unstable and undergo radioactive decay by emitting radiation like alpha, beta, or gamma particles.
Radioactivity.pptx
- Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel, who found that uranium salts emitted radiation that affected photographic plates.
- There are three main types of radiation emitted by radioactive substances: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha rays are helium nuclei, beta rays are electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves.
- The rate of radioactive decay is described by the radioactive law of disintegration and is characterized by the half-life, which is the time for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.
Chapter 2 atomic structure
1. The document discusses the historical development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic theory. It describes key experiments and discoveries such as cathode rays, electrons, radioactivity, and the discovery of the nucleus and neutron.
2. The makeup of atoms and the nucleus are explained. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Isotopes, atomic number, mass number, and average atomic mass are defined.
3. Early experiments that helped characterize the atom are described, including cathode ray experiments, discovery of the electron, discovery of the nucleus via alpha scattering experiments, and discovery of the neutron.
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Conceptos de Química en ingles
- 1. Alpha Rays: Alpha is known as the fully ionized helium nucleus, which originates from certain reactions or a disintegration. Atom: In a more formal way, we define atom as the smallest particle in which an element can be divided without losing its chemical properties. The origin of the word atom comes from the Greek, which means indivisible. At the time that these particles were baptized, it was believed that they could not really be divided, although today we know that atoms are made up of even smaller particles, distributed in the two parts of the atom, the so-called subatomic particles. Beta Rays: Beta particles are electrons. Those of lower energies are stopped by the skin, but most of those present in natural radiation can pass through it. Like alpha emitters, if a beta emitter enters the body it can cause serious damage. Electromagnetism: Electromagnetism is responsible for the description of the phenomena that develop from the intervention of electrical charges, both in motion and at rest, which give rise to magnetic and electrical fields and produce effects on gases, liquids and solids. Electromagnetism is classified as a fundamental interaction that involves subatomic particles and is generated from their electrical charge. Until 1820, magnetic phenomena and electrical phenomena were taken as independent. In that year, however, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted (or Oersted) accidentally discovered the link between them and thus arose electromagnetism. Gamma Rays: According to the energy class, it is possible to distinguish between different rays. The gamma rays, in this sense, are formed by waves that are generated from the annihilation of particles or through a nuclear transition. Ionization, therefore, is a process through which ions are generated (an atom or a molecule that has an electrical charge from winning or losing a certain amount of electrons). Ionization: Ionization is a concept that is used in the field of chemistry to name the process and the consequences of ionizing. The verb ionize, on the other hand, refers to the dissociation of a molecule in different ions or to the transformation of a molecule or an atom into an ion. Kinetics: Acceleration and speed are the most common magnitudes with which kinetics work. These data allow the description of the changes in the position of the body as time passes. The speed is calculated by dividing the space traveled and the time spent: if an object traveled two hundred kilometers in two hours, its average speed is 100 kilometers per hour. Acceleration, on the other hand, is obtained by dividing the change in speed and the time it was used. The particle that has a greater quantity of electrons in comparison to the molecule or the neutral atom is called anion (it has a negative net charge). The particle that, on the other hand, has fewer electrons than
- 2. the atom or the neutral molecule is called a cation (with a positive charge). Transmutation: The term is often used with reference to the transformation of a chemical element, which becomes another. The phenomenon can develop naturally in cases in which a chemical element has a nucleus that lacks stability. These elements generate fission or nuclear fusion and emit radiation while losing or gaining atomic weight until the nucleus reaches stability. Transmutation can also be made from human action: that is, artificially. Already in the first decades of the twentieth century, scientists managed to transmute chemical elements through bombardment with alpha particles to a nitrogen atom.