Unsymmetrical Faults
Unsymmetrical faults are the faults which leads unequal currents with unequal phase shifts in a three phase system.
The unsymmetrical fault occurs in a system due to presence of an open circuit or short circuit of transmission or distribution line. It can occur either by natural disturbances or by manual errors. The natural disturbances are heavy wind speed, ice loading on the lines, lightening strokes and other natural disasters.
The open circuit or short circuits of transmission or distribution lines will lead to unsymmetrical or symmetrical faults in the system. In case of tree branches falling on lines, a short circuit of transmission lines will occur.
These line faults are classified as,
1. Single line to ground faults (LG fault)
2. Double line fault (LL fault)
3. Double line to ground fault (LLG fault)
Single line to ground fault is the most frequently occurring fault (60 to 75% of occurrence). This fault will occur when any one line is in contact with the ground. Double line fault occurs when two lines are short circuited. This type of fault occurrence ranges from 5 to 15%. Double line to ground fault occurs when two lines are short circuited and is in contact with the ground. This type of fault occurrence ranges from 15 to 25% of occurrence.
Unsymmetrical Faults
Unsymmetrical faults are the faults which leads unequal currents with unequal phase shifts in a three phase system.
The unsymmetrical fault occurs in a system due to presence of an open circuit or short circuit of transmission or distribution line. It can occur either by natural disturbances or by manual errors. The natural disturbances are heavy wind speed, ice loading on the lines, lightening strokes and other natural disasters.
The open circuit or short circuits of transmission or distribution lines will lead to unsymmetrical or symmetrical faults in the system. In case of tree branches falling on lines, a short circuit of transmission lines will occur.
These line faults are classified as,
1. Single line to ground faults (LG fault)
2. Double line fault (LL fault)
3. Double line to ground fault (LLG fault)
Single line to ground fault is the most frequently occurring fault (60 to 75% of occurrence). This fault will occur when any one line is in contact with the ground. Double line fault occurs when two lines are short circuited. This type of fault occurrence ranges from 5 to 15%. Double line to ground fault occurs when two lines are short circuited and is in contact with the ground. This type of fault occurrence ranges from 15 to 25% of occurrence.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
A step-by-step approach to prepare fault studies of electrical power systemsH. Kheir
The following are covered: the classification of faults, sources of fault currents, sequence impedance networks, the calculation of the fault currents for different types of shunt faults, the preparation of coordination studies and the inclusion of the different current time characteristics curves, damage curves/points and inrush (energization) currents.
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
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ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
A step-by-step approach to prepare fault studies of electrical power systemsH. Kheir
The following are covered: the classification of faults, sources of fault currents, sequence impedance networks, the calculation of the fault currents for different types of shunt faults, the preparation of coordination studies and the inclusion of the different current time characteristics curves, damage curves/points and inrush (energization) currents.
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
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The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
Detailed presentation created on the topic of electrical power subject on the power system analysis. Shown about Ybus details, Ybus calculations, Power flow and design, Interconnected operation of power system etc.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
Consideration of Three Phase Faults on Transmission Line with Distance Protec...ijtsrd
In a modern power system, electrical energy from the generating station is delivered to the consumers through a network of transmission and distribution. Transmission lines are also important elements of electric power system and require attention of protecting for safety against the possible faults occurring on them. The detection of a fault and disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can be achieved by using fuses or relays in conjunction with circuit breakers. Distance relay has the ability to detect a fault within a distance along a transmission line or cable from its location. Distance relay protection is the most widely used in case of high voltage and extra high voltage in the transmission line. In this paper discussion about how to protect the long transmission line with distance relay. June Tharaphe Lwin | Christ Tine Lin "Consideration of Three Phase Faults on Transmission Line with Distance Protection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28013.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/28013/consideration-of-three-phase-faults-on-transmission-line-with-distance-protection/june-tharaphe-lwin
This presentation represents Power system Protection & Transient Stability introduction.
Protection systems must be designed with both primary protection and backup protection in case primary protection devices fail
There are several common protection schemes; multiple overlapping schemes are usually used
To avoid inadvertent tripping for faults on other transmission lines, impedance relays usually have several zones of protectionIn order to study the transient response of a power system we need to develop models for the generator valid during the transient time frame of several seconds following a system disturbance
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Matlab Simulink in Three-Phase Fault Analysis on Transmission linepamu17
When different types of fault occurs in power system then in the process of transmission line fault analysis, determination of bus
voltage and the rms line current are possible. While consulting with the power system the terms bus voltage and rms current of line are very important. In case of three phase power system mainly two faults occurs, three phase balance fault and unbalance fault on transmission line of power system, such as line to ground fault, double line to ground fault and double line fault. The transmission line fault analysis helps to select and develop a better for protection purpose[1]. For the protection of transmission line we place the circuit breakers and its rating is depends on triple line fault. The reason behind is that the triple line fault current is very high as compare to other fault current.
simulation in computer, the analysis of transmission line fault can be easily carried out. The main purpose of this paper is to study the general fault type which is Unbalance faults of transmission line in the power system. Also to perform the analysis and obtain the Result of various parameters (voltage, current, power etc.) from simulation on those types of fault Using MATLAB. A new
modeling framework for analysis and simulation of unbalance fault
in power system on IEEE 14 bus system is Procedure includes the frequency information in dynamical models and produces approximate nonlinear Models that are well adopted for analysis and simulation. The transformer model includes Saturation. The parameters have been obtained from practical or experimental measurement.
Conclusion:-
The aforementioned benefits are typically seen to increase transmission lines capacity. Benefits of TCSC are not subject only to newly built TCSC installation but they can also be achieved by upgrading existing series compensation on the thyristors controlled series compensation or only its part, thus considerably extended its influence and usefulness.
Need for protection
Nature and causes of faults
Types of faults
Fault current calculation using symmetrical components
Zones of protection
Primary and back up protection
Essential qualities of protection
Typical protection schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Swing Phenomena and Comparative Study of Its Detection on Transmission ...ijsrd.com
Power systems are subject to a wide range of small or large disturbances during operating conditions. Small changes in loading conditions occur continually. The power system must adjust to these changing conditions and continue to operate satisfactorily and within the desired limits of voltage and frequency. The power system should be designed to survive larger types of disturbances, such as faults, loss of a large generator, or line switching. Certain system disturbances may cause loss of synchronism between a generator and rest of the utility system, or between interconnected power systems of neighboring utilities. If such a loss of synchronism occurs, it is imperative that the generator or system areas operating asynchronously are separated immediately to avoid widespread outages and equipment damage. Here it is described to distinguish between power swing and real fault. It is also discussed recent enhancements in the design of out of step tripping and blocking protection functions that improve the security and reliability of the power system. In addition to that the behavior of distance relay element during power swing and during fault is simulated using MATLAB and SIMULINK simulations.
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maglev train runs upt0 300 km/hrs bt ultra high train can run upto 70km/hr but at this state ripple factor is produced in order to remove that ripple mpss method is used
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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CONCEPT OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT AS A TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF FAULT AND IMPROVEMENT OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME
1. A SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
“CONCEPT OF SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENT AS A TECHNIQUE FOR
ANALYSIS OF FAULT AND
IMPROVEMENT OF OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION SCHEME”
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Ankush Tandon Saurabh Varshney
Mrs. Deepti Arela (10ESKEE106) 1
2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
PROTECTION SYSTEM
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
FAULT
OVERCURRENT RELAY
ALGORITHM
SIMULATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
RESULTS
CONCLUSION 2
3. INTRODUCTION
Aim of my seminar topic is better
understanding the concept of symmetrical
components for enhancing protection
scheme by providing a practical technology
for understanding and analyzing power
system operation during unbalanced
condition.
3
4. PROTECTION SYSTEM
What is need of protective system ?
In order to maintain steady state of
power system by taking correct and
quick remedial action during any faulty
condition.
Properties of a good protective system
Automatic
Quick
Minimum amount of disruption 4
5. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
Unbalanced systems are difficult to handle.
It provide balanced analysis of an unbalanced
system
The unbalanced three phase system can be
transformed into three balanced phasors
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
5
6. POSITIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
Each have the same magnitude.
Each positive sequence voltage or
current quantity is displaced 120
from one another.
The positive sequence quantities
have a-b-c, counter clock-wise,
phase rotation.
6
7. NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
Each have the same magnitude.
Each negative sequence voltage
or current quantity is displaced 120
from one another.
The negative sequence quantities
have a-c-b, counter clock-wise,
phase rotation.
7
8. ZERO PHASE SEQUENCE
Each zero sequence quantity has the same magnitude.
All three phasor with no angular
displacement between them, all in phase.
8
9. 9
FAULT
o General Causes of fault
Fault due to lightning
Tree limbs falling on the line
Wind damage
Effects of fault
Flow of excessive current
Abnormal voltages
Induces over voltages on neighbouring
equipments.
Hazards to human, equipment and animals
10. TYPES OF FAULTS
• Balanced Faults :
– Three-phase fault
• Unbalanced Faults :
– Single line to ground fault
– Line to line fault
– Double line to ground fault
10
12. SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
The most common type of fault is the single line to
ground fault:
12
13. 13
The SLG fault can be described by the following
voltage and current relationship:
Ib=0 & Ic=0
Va=IaZf
The Sequence current can be given as:
14. LINE TO LINE FAULT
It occurs when two conductors are short circuited.
There is no zero sequence component due to
absence of ground return path.
The positive and negative sequence components
are connected in parallel.
14
15. DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
In double line to ground fault two line conductors
come in contact with each other and ground .
The networks are connected in parallel.
For the zero sequence component it requires to add
an external impedance of Zf+3Zg
15
16. OVER CURRENT RELAY
Short-circuit currents are generally several times (5
to 20) full load current. Hence fast fault clearance is
always desirable on short circuits.
A relay that operates or picks up when it’s current
exceeds a predetermined value (setting value) is
called Over current Relay.
Over current includes short-circuit protection, and
short circuits can be:
Phase faults
Earth faults
Winding faults
16
17. TYPES OF OVER CURRENT RELAY
I. Instantaneous Over current (Definite Current)
Relay
II. Definite Time Over current Relay
III. Inverse Time Over current Relay (IDMT
Relay)
i. Moderately Inverse
ii. Very Inverse Time
iii. Extremely Inverse
IV. Directional over current Relay
17
18. ALGORITHM
The criterion function for discriminating fault from
non fault switching is defined as follows :
R= |I1|-|I2| / |I1|+|I2|
18
20. RESULTS
Several non faults events are applied to
this system along with some short circuit
events a different time.
The discrimination of fault from a non
fault event could be done by representing
two cases
Transformer energizing
Fault
20
21. TRANSFORMER ENERGIZING
Various inrush current condition were simulated.
Various parameters which have considerable effect
on the characteristic of the current signal were
changed and was analysed.
FAULT
In this case a single line to ground fault occurs.
21
24. CONCLUSION
Simple method of improving over current relays
operation by algorithm, based on different
behaviour of the current amplitudes. Based on
the differences, a criterion function R is defined
such that undesirable operation of the over
current relays to the switching is prevented.
24