Sociology

1. 1. 1. Individual and Society Unit II Sociology of Nursing
2.
3. 2. Individual & Society  Society and Community  Nature of Society  Difference between
society and Community  Process of Socialization and Individualization  Personal
disorganization
4. 3. Individual and Society  Man is a social animal.  He livesin group, in community, in
society etc.,  Man cannot live as a man with out society.  Without society man’s emotional,
intellectual, maturity, material goodsand his libertynot develop and these are unthinkable.
 The relationsbetween individual and society is not merelya physical, or a functional unity,
or organic unity, or systematicunitybut its somethingmore.  Society not only control our
movementsbut also shape our identity, our thought and our emotions.
5. 4. Society  Society derived by Latin word “Socious” it means companionship or friendship. 
In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers not a group of people but to the complex pattern of the
norms of interaction that arise among them.  MacIver has said that society is a web of social
relationship.
6. 5. Definition of Society  Wright – Society is not a group of people, it is the system of
relationship that existsbetween the individual of the group.  G.D.M. Cole – Society is a
complex of organized association and communication with a community.  Giddings –
Society is a union itselfthe organization the sum of formal relationsin which associating
individualsare bound together.
7. 6. Nature of Society  Society meanslikeness.  Society also implies difference.  Inter-
dependence.  Co-operation.
8. 7. Nature of Society  Society meanslikeness: Isan essential pre-requisite ofsociety. The
sense of likeness was focused in earlysociety on kinshipsthat is real or supposed blood
relationships. In modern societies the conditions of social likeness have broadened out in
the principle of nationalityor one world.
9. 8. Nature of Society  Society also impliesdifference: But the sense of likeness does not
eliminate diversityor variation. Society also impliesdifference and it dependson the latter
as much as on likeness of all people were exactly alike, their social relationshipswould
become very much limited. Theywould contribute very little to one another.
10. 9. Nature of Society  Inter-dependence: Family, the first societywith which we all are
closely associated, is based on the biological inter-dependence ofthe sexes. None of the two
sexes is complete by itselfand, therefore, each seeks fulfillment bythe aid of the other. This
fact of inter-dependence isverymuch visible in the present world.
11. 10. Nature of Society  Co-operation: Without co-operation no society can exist. Unless
people cooperate with each other, theycannot live a happylife. Familyrestson co-
operation. The membersof the familycooperate with one another to live happyand
joyfully.
12. 11. Community  An area of social living.  Whenever the membersof any group, small or
large, live together in such a way that they share, not thisor that particular interest, but the
basic conditions of a common life, we call that group a community.
13. 12. Definition of Community  Bogardus – Communityis a social group with some degree of
“we-feeling”and livingin given area.  Ogburn and Nimkoff – Communityis the total
organization of social life with an limited area.  Lundberg – Communityis a human
population living within a limited geographicarea and carryingon a common inter-
dependence life.
14. 13. Element of Community  Group of people  Locality  CommunitySentiment 
Permanency  Naturality  Likeness  Wider ends  Particular name
15. 14. Elementsof Community  Group of people: Whenever the individualslive together in
such a waythat theyshare the basicconditions of a common life, we call them forming a
community.  Locality: The group of people forms a communitywhen it beginsto reside in
a definite locality. Communityalwaysoccupies a territorial area.
16. 15. Elementsof Community  Communitysentiment:  Means a feelingof belonging
together.  It is “we-feeling”among the members.  Permanency:  Itsnot transitory like a

2. crowd.  It essentiallyincludesa permanent life in a definite place.  Naturality:  Itsnot
made or created byan act of will but are natural.
17. 16. Elementsof Community  Likeness: There is a likeness in language, customs, mores etc.
 Wider ends: The endsof communityare wider.  A particular name: Everycommunity
has some particular name. Ex; Panjab are called Panjabis
18. 17. Difference between Society and CommunitycommunitySociety  Society is a web of
social relationship.   A definite geographic area is not an essential aspectsof society.  
Society is a abstract.  Communityconsistingof a group of a individual livingin a particular
area with some degree of we feeling. Communityalwaysdenotes a definite localityor
geographicarea. Communityis a concrete.
19. 18. community Society  Communitysentimentsor a sense of we-feelingmaybe present or
may not be present in society.  Society is a wider. There can be more than one community
in a society.   The objectives and interest of society are more extensive and varied. Society
involved both likeness and difference.  Communitysentiment isan essential element of
community.  Community is smaller than society.  The objectivesand interest of a
communityare comparativelyless extensive and varied.  Likenessis more important than
difference in community.
20. 19. Process of Socialization and Individualization
21. 20. Socialization  Man is not only social but also cultural being.  The culture provides
opportunitiesfor man to develop his personality.  The development process is not an
automaticprocess.  It is social trainingto the individual that kind of trainingis called
Socialization.  Socialization is a process of mouldinga human infant to a member of society
to which he belongs.  This Socialization is differ from society to society. Because of this
process involves by culture.
22. 21. Socialization  The human infant comes into the world as biological organism with
animal needs.  He is graduallymoulded into a social being and he learnssocial ways of
actingand feeling.  The process of mouldingand shapingthe personalityof the human
infant is called Socialization.
23. 22. Definition of Socialization  W.H. Ogburn says “Socialization is a process by which the
individual learnsto conform to the norms of the group”.  Bogardusdefine “Socialization as
the process of working together, of developinggroup responsibility, of beingguided by
welfare needs of others”.  Green says “Socialization is the process which the child acquires a
cultural content, along with selfhood and personality”.
24. 23. Process of Socialization  Socialization is the process of learninggroup norms, ideals,
habits,behavioursand customs.  The process of Socialization startslong before the child is
born.  The parentscourtship, marital selection, the customs concerning pregnancyand
birth.  Whole system of cultural practicessurroundingthe familyare important for the
child’s growth .  But direct socialization begins only after birth .
25. 24. Factors of the Process of socialization  Four factors are determine it 1. Imitation 2.
Suggestion 3. Identification 4. Language
26. 25. Factors of the Process of socialization  Imitation: Imitation iscopying by an individual
of the actions of another. Thus,when the child attemptstowalk impressivelylike his father
swinginga stick and wearingspectacles, he is imitating. Imitation maybe conscious or
unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate.
27. 26. Factors of the Process of socialization  Suggestion: Suggestion is the process of
communicatinginformation which has no logical or selfevident basis. It mayconveyed
through language, picturesor some similar medium. Propaganda and advertisingare based
on the fundamental psychological principlesof Suggestion.
28. 27. Factors of the Process of socialization  Identification: The child cannot make any
distinction between his organism and environment. Most of his actions are random. Ashe
grows in age, he comes to know of the nature of thingswhich satisfy his needs. He
graduallyindentified what he need for happyin his life.
29. 28. Factors of the Process of socialization  Language: Language isthe medium of social
intercourse. It is the means of cultural transmission. At first the child utterssome random

3. syllableswhich have no meaning, but graduallyhe come to learn his mother-tongue.
Language mouldsthe personalityof the individual form infancy.
30. 29. Agencies of Socialization  The family  The school  The playmatesor friends  The
church (religious institutions)  The state
31. 30. Individualization  It is the process of in which man comes to know himselfand acquire
the sense of inner responsibility.  It is simplythe process of attainingto one’s own self. 
When a men does not think simplybecause of othersdo the same things, because hisown
self approves it.
32. 31. Individualization  He is carried by his own individualitywhich is a qualityto him. 
Socialization bringsman into relation with others but individualization makeshim
autonomous or self-determining.  The process of individualization is carried not only by
the individual himself but also bythe society.
33. 32. Aspects of Individualization  Karl Mannheim has distinguished four main aspects of
individualization. Individualization asa process of learningdifferent from other people.
Individualization on the level of new forms of self regardingattitudes. Individualization
through objects. Individualization asa kind of dependinginto ourselves.
34. 33. Aspects of Individualization  Individualization asa process of learningdifferent from
other people: Compare with other persons, he have anysuch a kind of different from
others. The people isolated from other people, develop different types of personality. Ex:
high mature, over intelligence, shynessetc.,
35. 34. Aspects of Individualization  Individualization on the level of new forms of self,
regardingattitudes: Such a new thinkingdevelop within himself. It consists in becoming
aware of one’s specific character and in the rise of a new kind of self evaluation. He begins
to regard his life and character as unique.
36. 35. Aspects of Individualization  Individualization through objects: The individualization
process develop through objects. Some people come to have a fixed feeling towardscertain
people and objects. The peasant and the landed aristocrat are more settled in their wishes
than the rich mobile type of city. The family condition also shape the individual .
37. 36. Aspects of Individualization  Individualization asa kind of dependinginto ourselves:
The feelingof separation becominglonely may lead an individual to introspection (examine
one’s one feelings). Under such conditions this develop in the in the individual a feeling of
privacy, partial isolation.
38. 37. Personal Disorganization  Personal Disorganization represent the behaviour of
individual which deviatesfrom the social norms.  Any various behaviour which disturbsthe
integration of the attitude system within the personalityrepresentscalled personal
disorganization.  It meansthat the individual is out of adjustment with society, who has
failed to organize the chief goals of his life.
39. 38. Personal Disorganization  It may be mild or violent.  When the partsof social structure
do not perform their functions efficiently and effectively or perform them badly, there
occurs an imbalance in society.  The social equilibrium isdisturbed and societygets out of
gear because of this personal disorganization.  For example: alcoholics, criminals,
prostitutesand drug addictsetc., who are mentallynormal but socially abnormal.
40. 39. Thank you