This document provides information about computers including definitions, types, applications, operating systems, and memory. It defines a computer as a machine that performs processes and calculations based on instructions from software or hardware programs. It then discusses operating systems like Windows, which act as an interface between the user and computer hardware. The document also explains primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (ROM, hard disks, etc.). It provides details on how computers are used for various purposes in business like communication, marketing, accounting, storage, and more.
Presentation on the topic of "Application of Computer in Business".
I hope from this presentation will give a basic idea of how computer are using in Business. There are some useful information, websites address and as well as software information has been provided in this presentation which will gives useful knowledge about computer application.
This informative slide share will be helpful for students of Business and also for Business people.
Businesses use computers for all aspects of running operations including keeping records, developing budgets and forecasts, preparing marketing documents, researching, and communicating with employees and customers. Computers enhance productivity and allow businesses to perform tasks that would otherwise not be possible. While early computers were large and expensive, affordable computers are now on every desk providing processing power that has become vital to business operations like accounting, budgeting, marketing, research, communication, order tracking, and shop floor automation. Businesses should ensure they are utilizing computers to their fullest potential and keep systems updated.
This document discusses the key elements of a computer system and provides classifications of different types of computers and software. It can be summarized as:
1. The six primary elements that make up a computer system are hardware, software, people, procedures, data, and connectivity. Hardware includes physical components like keyboards and monitors, while software includes operating systems, applications, and utilities.
2. There are six types of personal computers: desktops, workstations, notebooks, tablets, handhelds, and smartphones. Software is classified as either system software, which operates hardware and provides platforms for applications, or application software, which helps users perform tasks.
3. A computer's generation is defined by its technology - first
This document provides an overview of computer applications in business. It discusses the positive and negative impacts of computers, as well as common computer applications across various industries. It also describes the characteristics, limitations, and evolution of computers from the mechanical era to modern digital computers. The document outlines the basic components of a computer system including input/output devices, CPU, memory, and software. It provides examples of operating systems, applications, and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity tools.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Information technology (IT) plays a vital role in modern businesses by enabling key functions like communication, inventory management, data management, management information systems, and customer relationship management. IT allows efficient communication between employees, suppliers, and customers via tools like email, live chat, video conferencing. Inventory management systems track stock levels and reorder quantities. Companies can store large amounts of data cost-effectively and employees have immediate access to needed documents. Management information systems track sales, expenses, and productivity for analysis and quick reaction. Customer relationship management systems capture all customer interactions to provide better experiences and relationships.
This document discusses the importance of computers in business. It outlines several key applications of computer technology in areas like business communications, inventory management, customer relationship management, advertising, data management, management information systems, and human resources management. Computers are crucial for automating traditional business processes and enabling communication between employees, suppliers, and customers. They also help track inventory, store customer interactions, facilitate advertising, manage documents and data, analyze sales and expenses, and support human resources functions like recruiting and training. The document concludes by explaining how computers benefit operational, middle, and top level management in organizations.
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce desired output. It consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, while software refers to programs and instructions. A computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores results, and provides output according to programmed instructions at high speed, accuracy, and capacity.
Presentation on the topic of "Application of Computer in Business".
I hope from this presentation will give a basic idea of how computer are using in Business. There are some useful information, websites address and as well as software information has been provided in this presentation which will gives useful knowledge about computer application.
This informative slide share will be helpful for students of Business and also for Business people.
Businesses use computers for all aspects of running operations including keeping records, developing budgets and forecasts, preparing marketing documents, researching, and communicating with employees and customers. Computers enhance productivity and allow businesses to perform tasks that would otherwise not be possible. While early computers were large and expensive, affordable computers are now on every desk providing processing power that has become vital to business operations like accounting, budgeting, marketing, research, communication, order tracking, and shop floor automation. Businesses should ensure they are utilizing computers to their fullest potential and keep systems updated.
This document discusses the key elements of a computer system and provides classifications of different types of computers and software. It can be summarized as:
1. The six primary elements that make up a computer system are hardware, software, people, procedures, data, and connectivity. Hardware includes physical components like keyboards and monitors, while software includes operating systems, applications, and utilities.
2. There are six types of personal computers: desktops, workstations, notebooks, tablets, handhelds, and smartphones. Software is classified as either system software, which operates hardware and provides platforms for applications, or application software, which helps users perform tasks.
3. A computer's generation is defined by its technology - first
This document provides an overview of computer applications in business. It discusses the positive and negative impacts of computers, as well as common computer applications across various industries. It also describes the characteristics, limitations, and evolution of computers from the mechanical era to modern digital computers. The document outlines the basic components of a computer system including input/output devices, CPU, memory, and software. It provides examples of operating systems, applications, and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity tools.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Information technology (IT) plays a vital role in modern businesses by enabling key functions like communication, inventory management, data management, management information systems, and customer relationship management. IT allows efficient communication between employees, suppliers, and customers via tools like email, live chat, video conferencing. Inventory management systems track stock levels and reorder quantities. Companies can store large amounts of data cost-effectively and employees have immediate access to needed documents. Management information systems track sales, expenses, and productivity for analysis and quick reaction. Customer relationship management systems capture all customer interactions to provide better experiences and relationships.
This document discusses the importance of computers in business. It outlines several key applications of computer technology in areas like business communications, inventory management, customer relationship management, advertising, data management, management information systems, and human resources management. Computers are crucial for automating traditional business processes and enabling communication between employees, suppliers, and customers. They also help track inventory, store customer interactions, facilitate advertising, manage documents and data, analyze sales and expenses, and support human resources functions like recruiting and training. The document concludes by explaining how computers benefit operational, middle, and top level management in organizations.
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce desired output. It consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, while software refers to programs and instructions. A computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores results, and provides output according to programmed instructions at high speed, accuracy, and capacity.
Computers have significantly impacted businesses in many ways. They have improved business operations by making processes more efficient, data-driven, and automated. Nearly all business functions such as accounting, inventory management, customer service, marketing, and communication now heavily rely on computer technology. Computers are used in every industry and at every level of business, from small retail shops to large corporations.
introduction to management information systems (MIS)Sujan Oli
Management Information Systems
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a computer-based system used within an organization to provide information to various levels of management for decision-making. MIS has several key components, including hardware, software, people, data, and communication networks. It collects and processes organizational data and converts it into useful information for managers. The role of MIS is to supply managers with accurate, timely information needed for planning, controlling, and decision-making. An effective MIS is vital for organizational management, operations, and achieving strategic business goals.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
This presentation is about Office Automation System (OAS). It is a topic in Information Technology for Managers. It includes meaning and concept of office automation, functions of OAS and advantages and disadvantages of OAS
The document discusses information systems for businesses and how they have evolved. It covers the need for information systems to support fast and accurate transactions, storage, communication, and decision-making. It also discusses the pressures businesses face in today's global, technology-driven environment and how they are responding through strategic systems, business process reengineering, e-commerce, alliances, and continuous improvement efforts.
Characteristic of management information systemManoj Kumar
MIS has several key characteristics:
1. It follows a system approach and is management oriented, focusing on meeting the information needs of managers at different levels.
2. It is need-based, exception-based, and future-oriented, providing projections and exception reports beyond just historical information.
3. It is integrated and allows for long-term planning, producing more meaningful information by balancing multiple factors over a long period.
The document discusses the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS have developed from early office automation systems used to support clerical workers, to modern systems that provide computer-based support for complex decision making. The key components of an information system are outlined as hardware, software, databases, networks, and human resources. Transaction processing systems record daily transactions, while management information systems guide tactical decisions and decision support systems aid strategic decision making by top managers.
The document provides information on management information systems (MIS). It defines key terms like data, information, database and file. It describes the stages in converting data to information like capturing, verifying, classifying etc. It discusses classification and types of information. It then introduces MIS, describes its purpose and scope, expectations from MIS and types of MIS reports. The document further discusses functional MIS systems, subsystems and elements of information systems. [END SUMMARY]
Sub systems of information system - MISSanaRiaz789
This document provides information about various subsystems of a management information system (MIS). It discusses transaction processing systems, management reporting systems, and decision support systems. It describes transaction processing systems as collecting, storing, modifying and retrieving organizational transaction data. Management reporting systems are defined as mechanisms for monitoring organizational goals and metrics over time through periodic, exception, and on-demand reports. Decision support systems are computerized systems that assist with decision making by helping to gather intelligence, generate alternatives, and make choices.
Information technology has evolved significantly from the 1960s to today. It began as a little known term used by banks and hospitals to store information, but now IT defines a global industry. By the early 21st century, nearly every child in developed nations knew how to use computers. Businesses transitioned from isolated computer systems to interconnected networks storing information remotely. IT systems now include transaction processing, management information, decision support, office automation, and expert systems to store, process, transmit and protect organizational data. Advances in computing hardware and software have increased computing speeds, storage capacities, and versatility for solving complex problems.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
Lesson 5: Information Systems PresentationKereen Tatham
This document discusses information systems and their role in organizations. It defines an information system as a set of components that collect, process, and disseminate data to meet organizational objectives. Information systems support decision making at different management levels - operational, tactical, and strategic. Transaction processing systems handle basic business transactions, management information systems provide routine reports, and decision support systems aid complex problem solving. The document also outlines security, privacy, and ethical issues with information systems, and how systems are used in key business functions like finance, marketing, and human resources.
This document presents information on management information systems (MIS), including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls. An MIS combines management processes, information, and systems to provide processed data to managers. Key advantages include time savings, accuracy, timeliness, low implementation costs, and competitive advantages. However, MIS also has disadvantages like high initial investment, inflexibility to changes, and needing specialized users. Pitfalls include power outages, lack of knowledge, unstable management, and improper communication channels. Overall, while MIS provides benefits, organizations must use it properly and overcome potential pitfalls to realize its full value in decision making.
This tutorial on Executive Information System gives you a brief introduction to one of the important ERP Technology.
This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. What is EIS?
2. History
3. Why EIS?
4. Features
5. Components
6. Hardware, Software, User Interface
7. Limitations
8. Future of EIS
Additional Notes:
Application Notes-
1. Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and the central idea of this process is effectiveness and efficiency.
2. Marketing
In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
3. In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
MIS plays a vital role in organizations, similar to the heart in the body. It helps satisfy diverse needs through systems like query systems and decision support systems. MIS also helps strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing for junior, middle, and top-level management in communication, problem identification, and decision making.
This document provides an overview of management information systems and related concepts. It discusses the key elements of a system including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and the environment. It then defines information and data, and explains how different levels of management require different types of information. The importance of information systems for decision making is highlighted. The document outlines the different types of information systems including operations support systems, management support systems, and how they support various business functions and levels of management. Finally, it discusses the system development life cycle including system investigation, analysis, design, construction, implementation, and maintenance.
MIS uses computer technology to process and analyze large amounts of data, quickly search and retrieve information, and communicate information to users in a timely manner. It supports management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. MIS helps ensure the appropriate data is collected, processed, and distributed to where it is needed. It provides information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems like the internet. It can be between businesses (B2B), businesses and consumers (B2C), consumers and businesses (C2B), and consumers directly (C2C). M-commerce is e-commerce conducted on mobile devices like phones, allowing users to access the internet and transact on the go in a convenient manner. While offering mobility, m-commerce also faces limitations from small screens and connection speeds compared to traditional e-commerce on computers.
The document discusses different types of information systems used in organizations, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge work systems. It describes how these systems integrate functions and business processes across departments like finance, human resources, manufacturing, and sales.
A Management Information System (MIS) provides organizations with the information needed to manage efficiently and effectively. An MIS collects, processes, stores, and disseminates data to business managers to help them make decisions. It is characterized by being based on long-term planning, providing a holistic view of the organization, and creating linkages between organizational sub-systems. The development of MIS has evolved from mainframe computers to personal computers and modern cloud computing. MIS plays an important role in generating, communicating, and using information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware and software. The key hardware components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and input/output interfaces. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and storage unit. It interprets and executes instructions to perform operations on data. The control unit manages data transfer between components. Memory stores instructions, data, and results. Software enables interaction with the hardware and allows computers to perform tasks. A computer system gathers data as input, processes it, outputs information, and stores data/information in memory.
The document provides an overview of computers and their components and applications. It discusses:
1. The definition of a computer, its basic functions of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Common input and output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. The three main components of a computer system - the input, central processing, and output units.
4. Widespread applications of computers in various fields like education, business, healthcare, entertainment and more.
Computers have significantly impacted businesses in many ways. They have improved business operations by making processes more efficient, data-driven, and automated. Nearly all business functions such as accounting, inventory management, customer service, marketing, and communication now heavily rely on computer technology. Computers are used in every industry and at every level of business, from small retail shops to large corporations.
introduction to management information systems (MIS)Sujan Oli
Management Information Systems
The document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a computer-based system used within an organization to provide information to various levels of management for decision-making. MIS has several key components, including hardware, software, people, data, and communication networks. It collects and processes organizational data and converts it into useful information for managers. The role of MIS is to supply managers with accurate, timely information needed for planning, controlling, and decision-making. An effective MIS is vital for organizational management, operations, and achieving strategic business goals.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
This presentation is about Office Automation System (OAS). It is a topic in Information Technology for Managers. It includes meaning and concept of office automation, functions of OAS and advantages and disadvantages of OAS
The document discusses information systems for businesses and how they have evolved. It covers the need for information systems to support fast and accurate transactions, storage, communication, and decision-making. It also discusses the pressures businesses face in today's global, technology-driven environment and how they are responding through strategic systems, business process reengineering, e-commerce, alliances, and continuous improvement efforts.
Characteristic of management information systemManoj Kumar
MIS has several key characteristics:
1. It follows a system approach and is management oriented, focusing on meeting the information needs of managers at different levels.
2. It is need-based, exception-based, and future-oriented, providing projections and exception reports beyond just historical information.
3. It is integrated and allows for long-term planning, producing more meaningful information by balancing multiple factors over a long period.
The document discusses the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS have developed from early office automation systems used to support clerical workers, to modern systems that provide computer-based support for complex decision making. The key components of an information system are outlined as hardware, software, databases, networks, and human resources. Transaction processing systems record daily transactions, while management information systems guide tactical decisions and decision support systems aid strategic decision making by top managers.
The document provides information on management information systems (MIS). It defines key terms like data, information, database and file. It describes the stages in converting data to information like capturing, verifying, classifying etc. It discusses classification and types of information. It then introduces MIS, describes its purpose and scope, expectations from MIS and types of MIS reports. The document further discusses functional MIS systems, subsystems and elements of information systems. [END SUMMARY]
Sub systems of information system - MISSanaRiaz789
This document provides information about various subsystems of a management information system (MIS). It discusses transaction processing systems, management reporting systems, and decision support systems. It describes transaction processing systems as collecting, storing, modifying and retrieving organizational transaction data. Management reporting systems are defined as mechanisms for monitoring organizational goals and metrics over time through periodic, exception, and on-demand reports. Decision support systems are computerized systems that assist with decision making by helping to gather intelligence, generate alternatives, and make choices.
Information technology has evolved significantly from the 1960s to today. It began as a little known term used by banks and hospitals to store information, but now IT defines a global industry. By the early 21st century, nearly every child in developed nations knew how to use computers. Businesses transitioned from isolated computer systems to interconnected networks storing information remotely. IT systems now include transaction processing, management information, decision support, office automation, and expert systems to store, process, transmit and protect organizational data. Advances in computing hardware and software have increased computing speeds, storage capacities, and versatility for solving complex problems.
Data is raw facts and events that are recorded, information is processed data that is meaningful and relevant, and intelligence emerges from information that has been analyzed and from which conclusions have been drawn. Management information systems process data into useful information reports and dashboards to help managers make effective decisions. There are three main categories of information technology - functional IT that supports tasks, network IT that enables collaboration, and enterprise IT that structures interactions across the organization.
Lesson 5: Information Systems PresentationKereen Tatham
This document discusses information systems and their role in organizations. It defines an information system as a set of components that collect, process, and disseminate data to meet organizational objectives. Information systems support decision making at different management levels - operational, tactical, and strategic. Transaction processing systems handle basic business transactions, management information systems provide routine reports, and decision support systems aid complex problem solving. The document also outlines security, privacy, and ethical issues with information systems, and how systems are used in key business functions like finance, marketing, and human resources.
This document presents information on management information systems (MIS), including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls. An MIS combines management processes, information, and systems to provide processed data to managers. Key advantages include time savings, accuracy, timeliness, low implementation costs, and competitive advantages. However, MIS also has disadvantages like high initial investment, inflexibility to changes, and needing specialized users. Pitfalls include power outages, lack of knowledge, unstable management, and improper communication channels. Overall, while MIS provides benefits, organizations must use it properly and overcome potential pitfalls to realize its full value in decision making.
This tutorial on Executive Information System gives you a brief introduction to one of the important ERP Technology.
This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. What is EIS?
2. History
3. Why EIS?
4. Features
5. Components
6. Hardware, Software, User Interface
7. Limitations
8. Future of EIS
Additional Notes:
Application Notes-
1. Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and the central idea of this process is effectiveness and efficiency.
2. Marketing
In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
3. In an organization, marketing executives’ duty is managing available marketing resources to create a more effective future. For this, they need make judgments about risk and uncertainty of a project and its impact on the company in short term and long term.
MIS plays a vital role in organizations, similar to the heart in the body. It helps satisfy diverse needs through systems like query systems and decision support systems. MIS also helps strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing for junior, middle, and top-level management in communication, problem identification, and decision making.
This document provides an overview of management information systems and related concepts. It discusses the key elements of a system including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and the environment. It then defines information and data, and explains how different levels of management require different types of information. The importance of information systems for decision making is highlighted. The document outlines the different types of information systems including operations support systems, management support systems, and how they support various business functions and levels of management. Finally, it discusses the system development life cycle including system investigation, analysis, design, construction, implementation, and maintenance.
MIS uses computer technology to process and analyze large amounts of data, quickly search and retrieve information, and communicate information to users in a timely manner. It supports management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. MIS helps ensure the appropriate data is collected, processed, and distributed to where it is needed. It provides information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems like the internet. It can be between businesses (B2B), businesses and consumers (B2C), consumers and businesses (C2B), and consumers directly (C2C). M-commerce is e-commerce conducted on mobile devices like phones, allowing users to access the internet and transact on the go in a convenient manner. While offering mobility, m-commerce also faces limitations from small screens and connection speeds compared to traditional e-commerce on computers.
The document discusses different types of information systems used in organizations, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge work systems. It describes how these systems integrate functions and business processes across departments like finance, human resources, manufacturing, and sales.
A Management Information System (MIS) provides organizations with the information needed to manage efficiently and effectively. An MIS collects, processes, stores, and disseminates data to business managers to help them make decisions. It is characterized by being based on long-term planning, providing a holistic view of the organization, and creating linkages between organizational sub-systems. The development of MIS has evolved from mainframe computers to personal computers and modern cloud computing. MIS plays an important role in generating, communicating, and using information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware and software. The key hardware components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and input/output interfaces. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and storage unit. It interprets and executes instructions to perform operations on data. The control unit manages data transfer between components. Memory stores instructions, data, and results. Software enables interaction with the hardware and allows computers to perform tasks. A computer system gathers data as input, processes it, outputs information, and stores data/information in memory.
The document provides an overview of computers and their components and applications. It discusses:
1. The definition of a computer, its basic functions of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Common input and output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. The three main components of a computer system - the input, central processing, and output units.
4. Widespread applications of computers in various fields like education, business, healthcare, entertainment and more.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computers. It begins with an introduction defining a computer and its key characteristics of speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, reliability, automation, and memory. It then discusses capabilities such as increasing productivity, understanding data, connecting people, facilitating learning, and making money. The document also covers limitations including lack of intelligence, decision making, common sense, and human dependency. It concludes with uses of computers in fields like education, industry, banking, entertainment, and robotics.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions of key concepts like data, information, and computer components. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and provide output. The main components of a computer are described as the input and output devices, CPU (which has the ALU, memory, and control unit), and storage. Computers are classified based on their functionality in handling analog vs. digital data or their purpose as general purpose or special purpose machines. They are also classified by speed and size, with supercomputers being the largest and fastest.
Role and advantage of computerized account systemHassan Ahmed
Computerized accounting systems have several advantages over manual systems, including increased speed, accuracy, and availability of information. However, computerized systems also have some limitations. They require upfront and ongoing costs, and businesses are dependent on the computers and software functioning properly. Computerized systems can also be subject to data errors and fraud. Accounting in general has limitations, such as using estimates and historical costs, limited predictive value, and qualitative factors not being measurable. Manual accounting systems are time consuming, prone to errors, inefficient, and have other disadvantages compared to computerized systems.
The document discusses computerized accounting and accounting software. It provides details on the components and functions of a computer system and how they are used for accounting. Some key points include:
1. Computers can store, process, and retrieve accounting data quickly and accurately to perform calculations, generate reports, and support decision making.
2. Common accounting software packages help automate general ledger, accounts payable, and accounts receivable functions to simplify accounting tasks and provide timely information.
3. Spreadsheets, databases, and word processors are examples of software tools used in computerized accounting systems to organize and present financial data.
This document discusses the use of information technology in business organizations. It will first introduce the topic and importance of IT in businesses. Then it will discuss 5 basic components of IT, accounting software, inventory control systems, customer relationship management systems, use of IT in agriculture and banking, and how digital technology enables effective advertising. It will conclude by discussing the results of surveys and a conclusion.
This document provides information about computers, including their uses, characteristics, classifications, and generations. It discusses how computers are used in various sectors like business, science, government, healthcare, education, and more. It describes the key characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, reliability, automation, and memory. It classifies computers based on size, functionality, data handling, and data generation. It also outlines the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence-based devices. Finally, it discusses types of computers like supercomputers, mainframe computers, and mini computers.
A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data as input, process that data, store the output, and provide results. It performs arithmetic and logical operations and distinguishes itself from a calculator by being able to store and run programs. A computer has input, processing, output, and storage components. It also has hardware, software, and people components. There are different types of computers including analog, digital, microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
A computerized accounting system provides businesses with an efficient way to manage finances digitally. It automates processes like data entry, document production, and account updates that were previously done manually and prone to human error. While an initial investment, accounting software offers advantages like speed, accuracy, real-time information access, and cost savings over time compared to traditional paper-based systems. Potential downsides include upfront software and computer costs, reliance on technology functioning properly, increased needs for security and training, as well as a learning curve for new users.
The document provides information about the B.Sc. TTM/AAM Computer Applications course offered at Chandigarh University, including the course objectives to introduce students to computers, expose them to recent computer applications and software, and provide an understanding of computer systems. The syllabus covers topics like computer basics, hardware, software, and the relevance of learning about fundamentals of computers for further education and knowledge in related fields.
A computer is a powerful device that can process large amounts of data very quickly and accurately. It allows users to create high quality documents and perform tasks faster than humans. Computers are versatile and can be used for a wide variety of tasks like writing, calculations, scheduling, communication, research, learning and entertainment. They classify computers based on their use, size and how data is processed. Digital computers represent data using binary numbers while analog computers use continuous quantities.
The document provides an introduction to basics of computers. It defines what a computer is, describing it as an electronic device that can receive input, process it according to instructions, and provide output. It then explains the input-process-output model and describes the basic parts of a computer including the input and output units, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory. The central processing unit is made up of the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory. The document also discusses characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of computers as well as different types of computers like desktops, laptops, tablets, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
Computers have become essential tools for businesses and are used in every aspect of operations from product creation to administration. Choosing the right technology for a business can be challenging given the many options available. A computer is important for businesses to automate processes, conduct research, manage data, communicate with customers, create marketing materials, hire employees, advertise products and services, sell products worldwide, reduce costs, increase demand, and facilitate transactions and reporting. Computers have become critical tools that increase productivity and help businesses operate more efficiently.
The document discusses the latest trends in information technology including cloud computing, mobile apps, big data, automation, the internet of things, virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. It provides descriptions and examples of each trend as well as advantages and disadvantages. Cloud computing allows scalable access to computing resources and services over the internet while also raising security and privacy concerns. [END SUMMARY]
The Application of Information Technology in the Preparation and Presentation...IOSRJBM
Much of the activities in the preparation and presentation of financial statements are now driven by ICT. The enormous advantages (ICT) has accrued to the delivery of information and communication around the World, as well as the central role of ICT in the new global economy, means that ICT will indeed shape the dynamics of the new millennium. The role of and potential for ICTs in private and public sector accounting, auditing, investigation and reporting is enormous and cannot be over emphasized. This paper therefore assesses the types, benefits, challenges of using electronic accounting processing systems in the preparation and presentation of financial statements in Nigeria. The paper also highlights the Web based accounting system as well as the Peachtree accounting package; the Peachtree accounting package was practically illustrated and the results were presented in Spreadsheet. Secondary sources of data is mostly used. The paper concludes that the losers in this era of digital and information revolution will be organizations and professionals who fails to meet the challenges of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Based on the findings and conclusion, the paper recommends that Accountants/Professionals should adequately equip themselves with the practical knowledge of information technology relevant in preparing and presenting financial statements.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
computer application in business
1. PES Institute of Advanced Management Studies,
Department of Commerce AND mANAGEMENT.
NH-206 Sagar Road, Shimoga, Karnataka.
Topic: Computer- meaning, definition, types, application, Operating system,
Windows, RAM and ROM.
Prepared by :
Ayesha Siddiqua,
Assistant Professor,
PESIAMS.
2. Meaning of computer:
The word compute is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, which means
"arithmetic, accounting".
The Computer meaning is the digital device that stores information in memory
using input devices and manipulate information to produce output according to given
instructions.
The actual machinery, the physical parts of a computer system refer to as Computer
hardware; the instruction (a program) that tells the computer what to do or how to
do, that is called Computer software (often called just software).
Technically, a computer means to calculate or electronic programmable machine.
Computer is used to perform some sequence of instructions in fast and accurate
manner. Computer receives input in the form of digitalized data, using input devices
like keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc. It process based on a program instructions
to give output.
3. Computer – definition:
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and
operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It is
designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining
integrated hardware and software components
4. Basic characteristics about computer are:
1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for
calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can
perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second.
Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond (10-6 part of a second)
or nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast your
computer performs work.
2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is
performed with the same accuracy.
The accuracy level is
determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
3. Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work
for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer
will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers
human being in routine type of work.
4. Versatility: - It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may
use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory
management or to prepare electric bills
5. 5. Power of Remembering: - Computer has the power of storing any amount
of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require
it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want to
store in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.
6. No IQ: - Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction
from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is
you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its
own decision as you can.
7. No Feeling: - It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience.
Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between
users.
8. Storage: - The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of
data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be
kept outside your computer and can be carried to other computers.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 1. Computers Are Used for Communication
When it comes to establishing contact with clients, computers are a vital tool; they are
also vital when it comes to maintaining that contact. This is a very
important computer application in business, enabling a business to communicate with
its clients via email, IM, Skype, collaboration software, and via various other
communication solutions that a business might wish to use.
When a business can keep in touch with its clients, it becomes easier for the clients to
make inquiries of the business or to ask for more information about the services and
products the business offers. It also becomes easier for the business to offer customer
support to its clients in a timely, efficient manner. The business will also be able to
keep the clients updated about any new developments concerning the business.
Communication goes beyond a business' clients. A business also needs to
communicate with its employees, and computers play an important role. Rather than
have time-wasting one-on-one meetings with employees, managers can simply email
their employees or they can message them on any other acceptable communication
platform. This saves time, and it also improves the internal communication of the
business.
Application of Computers in Business
12. 2. Computers Are Used for Marketing
Computers allow a business to perform a variety of tasks. For starters, with the
help of the internet, computers help put a business on the map. With a computer,
a business’s team of IT developers can create a professional website complete
with enticing graphics and content with different forms of media, such as text,
images, and videos. They can do search engine optimization – SEO – for the
website so that it appears prominently in Google’s search results, which then
attracts traffic, which, ultimately, will enable the business to sell those products
to website visitors.
With a computer, a business can create and execute entire marketing campaigns
that span across every social media platform on the internet. The business can
create ads to run on websites and social media platforms, using special software,
and it can also buy marketing services from other businesses – all connected to
the internet. The computer is likely the greatest marketing device ever built!
13. 3. Computers Are Used for Accounting
Accounting is a function in which accuracy is of the utmost importance. When
you perform accounting functions – and you have nothing nothing except pen and
paper - and you're relying solely on brain power, you expose yourself to errors.
Accounting software helps prevent that from happening.
Accounting software enables a business to quickly and accurately obtain large-
and small-scale pictures of the company's financial situation. All the employees
need to do is to input his financial information into the software and – with a few
clicks – the employees understand everything about the financial health of the
business' operations.
Computers are also critical for tasks such as invoicing clients; maintaining data
about debtors and creditors; calculating payroll, calculating and filing tax forms,
as well as for a lot of other functions.
With the computer, accountants can now focus on the higher level picture of a
business’s finances, leaving the lower level stuff to the machines.
14. 4. Computers Are Used for Storage
Businesses have come a long way from the era of filing cabinets thanks to
computers. Although a filing cabinet will occupy a very large space but will store
only a small amount of information, a computer will occupy only a fraction of
that space but it will store thousands of times the amount of information. With
computers and servers, businesses are able to store and sort millions of files, to
enable the business to access at any time.
Computers also enable a business to store its data in different ways. The business
could store the data in a central location, and it could have other computers on the
network access the data whenever the business needs to; when the business has
the permission to; or, when the business could store the data locally on individual
computers.
Not only is digital storage much larger than physical storage in terms of capacity,
but it is also much more efficient because of the level of sorting that takes place,
which is one of the greatest benefits of the computer. Digital storage is also more
secure, as it is more difficult to lose or steal files from a well-protected database.
15. 5. Computers Are Used to Produce Documents
Most businesses will need to produce numerous documents, either in the form of
written documents or spreadsheets. Computers provide word processors and
spreadsheet software to help with this.
With these two types of software, a business can generate virtually everything, from
memos to letters to tutorials to reports to ads for the company’s services and products
or company events.
With spreadsheet applications, a business has the power to manipulate alphanumeric
data and organize it into tables, charts, graphs, and reports. Another kind of software
that businesses make use of is presentation software. With presentation software, a
business can make slides for presentations, either internal ones or external ones meant
for clients. Businesses can also make letters, memos, and reports, using word
processing software, either for disbursement to the client or for internal use.
In general, a computer has plenty of productivity software that a business can use to
make its functions easier; this is software that enables a business to be much faster
and more efficient that it was only 20 or 30 years ago.
16. 6. Computers Are Used for Educational Purposes
Computers can be used to educate employees. A business can use a computer to educate
the employees on such things as the company policy, software use, as well as standard
procedures and safety.
Rather than hire teachers to teach its employees, a business can let employees learn what
the employee needs, by learning at their own pace via webinars and live Q&A sessions.
With the internet, a business' employees will have access to a world of information, and
the business will not need to create all of its own educational content.
Computers also enable employees to learn in a way that they enjoy. Employees can learn
via different media, such as videos, text, and even games, enabling them to better
understand the subject matter.
17. 7. Computers Are Used for Research
Computers allow a business to do a variety of things, including research about the
competition, as well as what its customers want. With modern data-mining
techniques, a business can acquire insightful information about its customers and
competition from all kinds of places, including forums, search engines, industry-
specific websites and even from social networks.
18. Operating System:
An Operating System acts as a communication bridge (interface) between
the user and computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to
provide a platform on which a user can execute programs in a convenient
and efficient manner.
An operating system is a piece of software that manages the allocation of
computer hardware. The coordination of the hardware must be appropriate
to ensure the correct working of the computer system and to prevent user
programs from interfering with the proper working of the system.
Definition:
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of
programs.
19.
20. Important functions of an operating System:
1.Security –
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and
similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs
and user data.
2.Control over system performance –
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the
response time between service requests and system response to have a
complete view of the system health. This can help improve performance by
providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.
21. 3. Job accounting –
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and
users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user
or group f user.
4. Error detecting aids –
Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the
malfunctioning of computer system.
5.Coordination between other software and users –
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers,
assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer systems.
22. 6. Memory Management –
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory.
Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or words where each
byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is a fast storage
and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed,
it should be first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System
performs the following activities for memory management:It keeps tracks of
primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user
program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the
memory addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. In multi
programming, the OS decides the order in which process are granted
access to memory, and for how long. It Allocates the memory to a process
when the process requests it and deallocates the memory when the
process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation.
23. 7. Processor Management –
In a multi programming environment, the OS decides the order in
which processes have access to the processor, and how much
processing time each process has. This function of OS is called
process scheduling. An Operating System performs the following
activities for processor management.Keeps tracks of the status of
processes. The program which perform this task is known as traffic
controller. Allocates the CPU that is processor to a process. De-
allocates processor when a process is no more required.
24. 8.Device Management –
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It
performs the following activities for device management. Keeps tracks of
all devices connected to system. designates a program responsible for
every device known as the Input/Output controller. Decides which process
gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an
effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer
required.
25. 9. File Management –
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation
and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other
files. An Operating System carries out the following file management
activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings and status of every file and more. These facilities are
collectively known as the file system.
26. Windows OS :
Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed
by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs).
Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-
compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC
market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of
Windows.
27. Features of Windows:
1. Windows Search
We can have numerous files and contents located on our system and
sometimes we may run out of memory about the exact location of our file.
Windows Search is a search function included with Windows that allows the
user to search their entire computer
2. Windows File Transfer
We may have the need to transfer in or transfer out the files and contents from
our machine to other devices such as other computers or mobiles and tablets.
We can do this by using an Easy Transfer Cable, CDs or DVDs, a USB flash
drive, wireless Bluetooth, a network folder, or an external hard disk.
3. Windows Updates
Windows includes an automatic update feature with the intended purpose of
keeping its operating system safe and up-to-date.
4. Windows taskbar
At the bottom most part of your windows, you will see a row which is known as
the taskbar. It has the currently running applications, you can also pin
applications that you frequently use by using an option Pin to Taskbar”. The
taskbar is the main navigation tool for Windows
5.Remote Desktop Connection
This feature of windows allows you to connect to another system and work
remotely on another system.
28. Advantages of Windows:
•Desktop as well as tablet-friendly OS
•Switch between applications is very easy
•Not much technical knowledge is required to operate windows
•Windows OS is the dominant OS and enjoys more than 90% of
Market share
•MS OS have a great support community and it also has the
largest number of applications
•Microsoft provides a powerful set of Enterprise focused Operating
System, Applications and the services making it the most dominant
player in the OS market.
•More gaming
29. Disadvantages of Windows:
•There are privacy and security concerns and incidents and
they are widespread. Linux OS is by far most secure OS ever
built.
•Cost for upgrade
•Windows OS attracts a large number of virus programs due to
its largest market share and easy to breach paradigm
•Windows OS is not that much of touch-friendly
30. Computer memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing
information temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or
permanently, like ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices
utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating
systems, software, and hardware.
31. Primary memory is a computer system's volatile storage mechanism. It may
be random access memory (RAM), cache memory or data buses, but is
primarily associated with RAM.
As soon as a computer starts, primary memory loads all running
applications, including the base operating system (OS), user interface and
any user-installed and running software utility. A program/application that is
opened in primary memory interacts with the system processor to perform
all application-specific tasks.
Primary memory
Primary memory is computer memory that a processor or computer accesses
first or directly. It allows a processor to access running execution applications
and services that are temporarily stored in a specific memory location.
Primary memory is also known as primary storage or main memory.
32. Secondary memory:
Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile and persistent
in nature and is not directly accessed by a computer/processor. It allows a
user to store data that may be instantly and easily retrieved, transported
and used by applications and services.
Secondary memory is also known as secondary storage.
Secondary memory consists of all permanent or persistent storage devices,
such as read-only memory (ROM), flash drives, hard disk drives (HDD),
magnetic tapes and other types of internal/external storage media. In
computing operations, secondary memory is accessed only by the primary or
main memory and later transported to the processor.
Secondary memory is slower than primary memory but can store and retain
data, even if the computer is not connected to electrical power. It also has
substantial storage capacities, ranging from megabytes to several terabytes
of storage space within single memory.
33.
34. Random access memory (RAM)
Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers
that is generally located on the motherboard. This type of memory is volatile
and all information that was stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off. Volatile memory is temporary memory while ROM (read-only memory) is
non-volatile and holds data permanently when the power is turned off.
The RAM chip may be individually mounted on the motherboard or in sets of
several chips on a small board connected to the motherboard. Older memory
types were in the form of chips called dual in-line package (DIP). Although
DIP chips are still used today, the majority of memory is in the form of a
module, a narrow printed circuit board attached to a connector on the
motherboard. The three main memory circuit boards types containing chips
are: RIMMs (Rambus in-line memory modules), DIMMs (dual in-line memory
modules) and SIMMs (single in-line memory modules). Most motherboards
today use DIMMs.
35. There are two main types of RAM:
1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) – The term dynamic indicates
that the memory must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its
contents. DRAM is typically used for the main memory in computing
devices. If a PC or smartphone is advertised as having 4-GB RAM or 16-GB
RAM, those numbers refer to the DRAM, or main memory, in the device.
More specifically, most of the DRAM used in modern systems is synchronous
DRAM, or SDRAM. Manufacturers also sometimes use the acronym DDR (or
DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, etc.) to describe the type of DRAM used by a PC or server.
DDR stands for double data rate, and it refers to how much data the memory can
transfer in one clock cycle.
In general, the more RAM a device has, the faster it will perform. The RAM in
most personal computers (PC’s) is Dynamic RAM. All dynamic RAM chips on
DIMMs, SIMMs or RIMMs have to refresh every few milliseconds by rewriting
the data to the module.
36. 2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) – While DRAM is typically used
for main memory, today SRAM is more often used for system cache. SRAM
is said to be static because it doesn't need to be refreshed, unlike dynamic
RAM, which needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. As a
result, SRAM is faster than DRAM. However, both types of RAM
are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned
off. Static RAM (SRAM) is volatile memory and is often used in cache
memory and registers because it is a lot faster and does not require refreshing
like Dynamic RAM. SRAM retains information and is able to operate at
higher speeds than DRAM.
37. Read-only memory (ROM)
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently
stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It
contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-
up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software
instructions.
Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is permanent and non-
volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even when power is removed.
By contrast, random access memory (RAM) is volatile; it is lost when
power is removed.
There are numerous ROM chips located on the motherboard and a few on
expansion boards. The chips are essential for the basic input/output system
(BIOS), boot up, reading and writing to peripheral devices, basic data
management and the software for basic processes for certain utilities.
38. Other types of non-volatile memory include:
•Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
•Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
•Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM;
also called Flash ROM)
•Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory (EAROM)
However, these types of non-volatile memory can be altered and are
often referred to as programmable ROM. One of the original forms of
non-volatile memory was mask-programmed ROM. It was designed for
specific data such as bootstrap, which contains the startup code. Mask-
programmed ROM can never be changed.
39. Because ROM cannot be changed and is read-only, it is mainly used
for firmware. Firmware is software programs or sets of instructions
that are embedded into a hardware device. It supplies the needed
instructions on how a device communicates with various hardware
components. Firmware is referred to as semi-permanent because it
does not change unless it is updated. Firmware includes BIOS,
erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) and the ROM
configurations for software.
ROM may also be referred to as maskROM (MROM). MaskROM is
a read-only memory that is static ROM and is programmed into an
integrated circuit by the manufacturer. An example of MROM is the
bootloader or solid-state ROM, the oldest type of ROM.
40. Some ROM is non-volatile but can be reprogrammed, this includes:
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM): This is programmed
with the use of very high voltages and exposure to approximately 20 minutes
of intense ultraviolet (UV) light.
Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): This is
used in many older computer BIOS chips, is non-volatile storage that can be
erased and programmed several times and allows only one location at a time to
be written or erased. An updated version of EEPROM is flash memory; this
allows numerous memory locations to be altered simultaneously.
Ultraviolet-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (UV-EPROM): This
is read-only memory that can be erased by the use of ultraviolet light and then
reprogrammed.
ROM is also often used in optical storage media such as various types of
compact discs, including read-only memory (CD-ROM), compact disc
recordable (CD-R) and compact disc rewritable (CD-RW).