MBA M G UNIVERSITY 2012SYLLABUS

1. Computer Application In BusinessPREPARED BY
MONCY KURIAKOSE
Assistant Professor,
Girideepam Business School

2. References
 June Jamrich Parsons, Computer Concepts, Thomas
Learning, New Delhi.
 Leon & Leon, Introduction to Computer, Vikas
publishing house, New Delhi.
 Comer, Computer networks and Internet, Pearson
Education, New Delhi.
 White, Data Communication & Computers Network,
Thomson Learning, New Delhi.

3. MODULE I

4. Introduction to Computers
Fast electronic
calculating machine
Accept digitized input
information
Process it
Produces output
information

5. Positive impact of Computers
 Reducing the cost of operation
 Improving revenues
 Improving customer satisfaction
 Improve the standard of living

6. Negative impacts
 Systems security problem
 Theft of information
 Computer errors

7. Computer Applications
 Commerce
 Industry
 Administration
 Science & Technology
 Transportation
 Education
 Professionals
 Individuals

8. Characteristics of Computer
 Speed
 Storage
 Accuracy
 Diligence
 Versatility
 Automation
 Consistency
 No feelings
 Reliability
 Communication

9. Limitations of Computer
 Programmed by human being
 Cannot think and work independently
 Cannot take decisions
 Maintained and updated by user
 No feelings and ethics
 Cannot work with out power

10. History of Computers
 Various stages of evolution
1. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
2. First Generation Computers (1946-1959)
3. Second Generation Computers (1959-1965)
4. Third Generation Computers (1965-1971)
5. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-1980)
6. Fifth Generation Computers (1980-Till date)

11. Mechanical Era
Abacus –Chinese
mathematical
calculators
Analytical engine –
Charles Babbage (1834)
Punched cards - 1890

12. First Generation Computers
Vaccum Tubes
No operating system
ENIAC – 1946
EDVAC - 1949

13. Second Generation Computers
Transistors
No operating system
CDC 1604
IBM 7094

14. Third Generation Computers
IC
Operating system
included
IBM 360 Series
TDC 316

15. Fourth Generation Computers
VLSI Chip
Improved operating
system
STAR 1000
CRAY-1

16. Fifth Generation Computers
ULSI Technology
Artificial Intelligence
AMD ATHLON 64
INTEL PENTIUM

17. Type of Computer
 On the basis of operating principle
 On the basis of application
 On the basis of capacity or size

18. Basis of operating principle
 Digital Computers
 Analog Computers
 Hybrid Computers

19. Basis of application
 General purpose computer
 Special purpose computer

20. Basis of capacity
 Micro / Personal Computer
 Mini Computer
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer

21. Computer Architecture
Control unit
ALU
MAIN MEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
OUTPUTINPUT
CPU

22. Input Unit
 Accept data or instruction
 Convert it into computer acceptable form
 Supplies converted instructions to computer system
for further processing

23. CPU
Data processed as per
instructions given
through programmer
CPU comprises of :
1. ALU
2. Control unit
3. Primary memory

24. ALU
 Arithmetic logic unit
 Execution of instruction take place
 Calculation and decision are made

25. Control unit
 Directs all operations
 Nerve center of computer
 Controls and coordinate all hardware operation

26. Primary memory
Storing data and
instruction during
processing
RAM

27. Secondary memory
Saving data permanently
for future use
Hard disk
CD/DVD
Floppy Disk

28. Output Unit
 Supplies information and results to user
 Monitor

29. Hardware
HARDWARE
CPU
PRIMARY MEMORY PROCESSOR
PERIPHERALS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
STORAGE
DEVICES

30. PROCESSOR
 ALU and Control unit
 Brain of the computer
 Microprocessor is plugged into motherboard
 Intel Pentium and AMD processor
 Intel I7 dual or quad core processor
 AMD Athlon 64X2 and FX8

31. Primary Memory
 Fast memory used to store data during computer
operation
 Types of main memory :
1. RAM
2. ROM
3. PROM
4. EPROM

33. Secondary Memory
 Comparatively slow memory for bulk and permanent
storage
 Non volatile
 Types are :
1. Hard disk
2. Floppy disk
3. CD
4. DVD

34. Secondary Memory

35. Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Scanner
Light pen
Optical mark recognition
(OMR)
Optical character
recognition (OCR)
Magnetic ink character
recognition (MICR)
Optical bar code reader
Web camera
Microphone

36. Output Devices
 Monitor
I. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
II. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
 Printer
 Impact printer
a) Dot matrix printer
b) Daisy wheel printer
c) Line printer
 Non impact printer
a) Inkjet printer
b) Laser printer
• Plotters
a) Flatbed plotters
b) Drum plotters

37. Output Devices

38. Software
Instructions or programs
given to the computer to
perform desired task
Acts as interface b/w
user and computer
Classified into two :
1. System
software
2. Application
software

40. System software
 Consist of computer programs that manage and
support computer system and its processing
 Interface between hardware & application programs
 Three basic types :
a) Operating system
b) Network operating system
c) Utility

41. Application software
 Contains programs employed by users to perform
specific tasks
 Classified into two:
1. User application programs
2. Application packages

42. Operating System
Users
Application
programs
Operating
system
Hardware

43. Operating System
 Series of programs which control, coordinate &
supervise the activities of various components of
computer
 provide link between hardware and user programs

44. GUI
 Graphical user interface
 Incorporation of pictorial representation
 System interact with user with the help of pictures

45. Types of OS
1. Single user operating system
2. Batch operating system
3. Real time operating system
4. Multiprogramming operating system

46. Component of OS
1. Input/output management
2. Command interpreter
3. Data management
4. Program development tools
5. Time sharing
6. Security
7. Communication
8. Accounting

47. Functions of OS
1) Memory management
2) Processor management
3) Device management
4) File management

48. Important operating system
 CP/M ( Control program for microcomputer)
 MS-DOS
 Windows NT for powerful workstations and network servers
 Microsoft Windows
1. Windows 95
2. Windows 98
3. Windows 2000 professional
4. Windows XP
5. Windows Vista
6. Windows 7
7. Windows 8
8. Windows 10
 UNIX
 LINUX

49. LINUX
 Freeware operating system
 32 bit multitasking OS
 Runs in any computer and support almost all
application
 Most popular – Red Hat and Novell

50. Introduction to Embedded Software
 Specialized for particular hardware
 Time and memory constraints
 Build in electronics of cars, telephone, robots etc
 Fixed hardware and capabilities

51. MODULE II

52. MS OFFICE
 Set of carefully integrated tools designed to work
together
 Developed by Microsoft
 MS Office family of products are
1. MS Word
2. MS Excel
3. MS PowerPoint
4. MS Outlook
5. MS Access

53. Advantage of MS Office
 Universal software
 Complete software suite
 Most businesses have a use for it
 Ease of use
 Online support from Microsoft
 Online tutorials
 Cloud integration
 Tablet friendly
 Editable ease
 Adding videos to document

54. Word Processing Programs
 Tools for creating all kind of text based document
 Enable you to add images to documents
 Design documents that look like professional print
 Can create long documents with separate chapters
 Embed sounds, videos and animation
 Microsoft Word (MS Word) is the most popular

55. Word processors interface
 Main editing window displays a document and
several tools
 Tools includes :
i. Menu bar
ii. Tool bar
iii. Rulers
iv. Scroll bars
v. Status bar

56. MS Word
MENU
BAR
TOOL BARS
DOCUMENT
AREA
STATUS BAR
SCROLL
BARS

57. Working with word document
 To create new document , choose File – New or use
shortcut ctrl + N
 To save document, choose File – Save as or use
shortcut ctrl + S
 Customization of settings for margin, paper size and
layout is done through page setup option
 Document, paragraph, text and character formatting
 Tables and images can be inserted

58. Mail Merging
 Set of documents sent to many customer
 Two steps
1. Set up the main document
2. Connect the document to a data source

59. Types of mail merge
 Letters
 Email
 Envelopes
 Labels
 Directory

60. Spreadsheet programs
 Software tool for entering, calculating, manipulating
and analyzing set of numbers
 Wide range of users
 Traditional row and column format
 Slick report format
 Microsoft Excel (MS Excel) most commonly used

61. Spreadsheet interface
 Work in document called worksheet
 Workbook is collection of related worksheet
 Tools includes
a) Menu bar
b) Toolbar
c) Scroll bar
d) Status bar
e) Formula bar
 Intersection of any raw and column is called cell

62. MS Excel
MENU
BAR
TOOL
BAR
FORMULA
BAR
WORK
SHEET
CELL
STATUS
BAR
SCROLL
BAR

63. Working with spreadsheet
 New spreadsheet, select File-New or use shortcut
Ctrl + N
 Worksheet cells can hold – labels, values, dates and
formulas
 Arithmetic and logical calculation
 Cells can be formatted – font style & size
 Charts, video, audio and images can be added

64. Advanced features of MS Excel
 Types of operators
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Comparison operators
3. Text concatenation operators
4. Reference operators

65. Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operator Meaning Example
+ (plus sign) Addition 3+3
- (minus sign) Subtraction 3 - 2
* (asterisk) Multiplication 3*3
/ (forward slash) Division 4/2
% (percent sign) Percent 20%
^ ( caret) Exponentiation 3^2

66. Comparison operators
Comparison operator Meaning Example
= Equal to A1=B1
> Greater than A1>B1
< Less than A1<B1
>= Greater than or equal to A1>=B1
<= Less than or equal to A1<=B1
<> Not equal to A1 <> B1

67. Text concatenation operators
Text operator Meaning Example
& (ampersand) Connects or concatenates
two values to produce one
continuous text value
North & Wind

68. Reference operators
Reference operator Meaning Example
: (Colon) Range operator, which
produces one reference to
all the cells between two
reference including the
two references.
B5 : B15
, (Comma) Union operator, which
combines multiple
reference into one
reference.
SUM(B5:B15 , D5 : D15)

69. Referencing
 Particular cell is referred to in formula – cell
referencing
 Referencing in three types
1. Relative referencing
2. Absolute referencing
3. Mixed referencing

70. Relative Referencing
 Cells referred to by their position on the basis of
their position relative to the cell containing the
formula
 Example, D2= B2 + C2 then
D3 = B3 + C3
D4 = B4 + C4

71. Absolute Referencing
 Referencing in which references do not change when
formula is copied to a different cell
 $ (Dollar) sign is used for specifying fixed position.
 Example, C2 = A2 + $B$2 then
C3 = A3 + $B$2
C4 = A4 + $B$2

72. Mixed Referencing
 Combination of both relative and absolute
referencing
 $ sign before row number or column letter makes it
mixed cell address
 In such address one part of the cell is relative and
other is absolute
 Example, B3 = A3 * D$1 then
B4 = A4 * E$1
B5 = A5 * F$1

73. STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
Function Description
AVEDEV Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points
from their mean
AVERAGE Returns average of its arguments
CORREL Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets
COUNT Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments
COVAR Returns covariance
FORECAST Returns a value along a linear trend
FREQUENCY Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array
MEDIAN Returns the median of the given numbers
MIN Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments
SMALL Returns the smallest value in a data set
STANDARDIZE Returns a normalized value
STDEV Estimates standard deviation based on a sample

74. Mathematical Functions
Function Description
AVERAGE Returns the average of the arguments
CEILING Rounds a number to the nearest integer
EVEN Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer
EXP Returns e raised to the power of a given number
FACT Returns the factorial of a number
LOG Returns the logarithm of a number
POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power
PRODUCT Multiplies its arguments
SQRT Returns a positive square root
SUM Adds its arguments
MAX Returns the largest value in a set of values
MIN Returns the smallest number in a set of values

75. Examples
FUNCTION SYNTAX EXAMPLE
SUM SUM(NUM1,NUM2…) SUM(3,2), SUM(D4:D6)
AVERAGE AVERAGE(NUM1,NUM2
…)
AVERAGE(D4:D8)
MAX MAX(NUM1,NUM2…) MAX(A2:A8)
MIN MIN(NUM1,NUM2….) MIN(D2:D8)
IF IF(TEST, if_true, if_false) IF(C3>85, “GOOD”,
“OK”)
AND AND(LOGICAL1,
LOGICAL2,….)
AND(A2>1, A2<100)
OR OR(LOGICAL1,
LOGICAL2…)
OR(A2>100, A2<50)

76. Presentation Programs
 To create and edit presentation to support discussion
 Allows user to design slides
 Series of slides displayed in order is called
presentation
 Microsoft PowerPoint is most commonly used

77. Advantages Of Presentation
 Creates presentation and slides
 Graphical objects images, charts etc can be included
 Various sound effects can be added
 Create handouts, notes and outlines
 Slide show can be presented non stop

78. Presentation program interface
 Tools are
a) Menu bar
b) Toolbar
c) Document area
d) Slide
e) Drawing tools
f) Status bar

79. MS POWERPOINT
MENU
BAR
TOOLBAR
DOCUMENT
AREA
SLIDE
STATUS
BAR
DRAWING
TOOL
SCROLL
BAR

80. Working with presentation
 Four main views
a) Normal view
b) Slide sorter view
c) Slide show view
d) Notes page view

81. Creating presentation
 Choose layout of slide
 Choose themes for the slide
 Add text, chart, graph and image
 Applying speaker notes
 Applying hyperlink
 Visual movements during slide change can be added
 Animation can added – movement text, image etc

82. MODULE III

83. Microsoft Access
 Powerful program to create and manage database on
computer
 Many built in features
 Assists in constructing and viewing information

84. Access interface
 The main screen elements are :
i. Title bar
ii. Menu bar
iii. Toolbar
iv. Database window
v. Object bar
vi. Database objects
vii. Status bar

85. MS Access
DATABASE
OBJECT

86. MS Access
MENU
BAR
TOOLBAR
DATABASE
WINDOW
STATUS BAR

87. Table components
 Information of database are stored in tables
 Database have more than one table
 Table displayed as rows and columns
 Records displayed as row
 Field displayed as column
 Table created using database wizard
 Primary key uniquely identifies each record

88. Key
 Field or combination of field
 Types of keys
1. Candidate Key
2. Composite key
3. Foreign key
4. Primary key
5. Secondary key

89. DBMS
 Database is collection related data
 DBMS – Database management system
 Software tool that allow user to create, access and
process data into useful information
 Tables – records and field
 Flat file database –single data table
 Relational database – set of tables with common
field existing in any two tables creating relationship

90. Purpose of Database
 Data Redundancy Reduces
 Sharing of Data is possible
 Security Feature
 Integrity is possible
 Easy storage

91. Data management task
 Fall into one of four general categories
1. Entering data into database
2. Housekeeping tasks – updating, deleting and
backing up the database
3. Sorting the data
4. Obtaining subsets of the data

92. Working with a database
 Creating database tables – three step
i. Name the field
ii. Specify the field type
iii. Specify the field size
 Entering data in table
 Viewing records
 Sorting records
 Querying database – SQL
 Generating reports

93. Advantage of DBMS
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end user productivity

94. Disadvantage of DBMS
 Increased cost
 Management complexity
 Maintain currency
 Frequent upgrade

95. RDBMS
 Relational database management system
 Program used for creating, updating and administering a
relational database
 Relational database is organized collection of data
present as set of formally described tables
 Tables are connected using relationships formed by
primary key and foreign key
 Three type of relationship
1. One to one relationship
2. One to many relationship
3. Many to many relationship

96. Normalization
 Set of rules designed for ensuring organization of
database in best possible way
 Enables efficient processing of data and query
 Normalization is used for mainly two purpose,
1. Eliminating redundant(useless) data.
2. Ensuring data dependencies make sense i.e data is
logically stored.

97. Problem Without Normalization
S_id S_Name S_Address Subject_opted
401 Adam Noida Bio
402 Alex Panipat Maths
403 Stuart Jammu Maths
404 Adam Noida Physics
Updation Anamoly : To update address of a student who occurs twice or more
than twice in a table, we will have to update S_Address column in all the rows,
else data will become inconsistent.
Insertion Anamoly : Suppose for a new admission, we have a Student id(S_id),
name and address of a student but if student has not opted for any subjects yet
then we have to insert NULL there, leading to Insertion Anamoly.
Deletion Anamoly : If (S_id) 401 has only one subject and temporarily he drops
it, when we delete that row, entire student record will be deleted along with it.

98. Stages of normalization
 First normal form – has attributes which do not get
repeated
 Second normal form- there must not be any partial
dependency of any column on primary key
 Third normal form – all its attributes completely
depends on primary key

99. First Normal Form (1NF)
 As per First Normal Form, no two Rows of data must
contain repeating group of information i.e each set of
column must have a unique value, such that multiple
columns cannot be used to fetch the same row.
 Student Table :
Student Age Subject
Adam 15 Biology, Maths
Alex 14 Maths
Stuart 17 Maths

100. Contd…
 Student Table following 1NF will be :
Student Age Subject
Adam 15 Biology
Adam 15 Maths
Alex 14 Maths
Stuart 17 Maths

101. Second Normal Form (2NF)
 As per the Second Normal Form there must not be any partial
dependency of any column on primary key. It means that for a table
that has concatenated primary key, each column in the table that is not
part of the primary key must depend upon the entire concatenated key
for its existence. If any column depends only on one part of the
concatenated key, then the table fails Second normal form.
 In the previous example, Age of Student only depends on Student
column, which is incorrect as per Second Normal Form. To achieve
second normal form, it would be helpful to split out the subjects into an
independent table, and match them up using the student names as
foreign keys.

102. Contd . .
 New Student Table following 2NF will be :
Student Age
Adam 15
Alex 14
Stuart 17
Student Subject
Adam Biology
Adam Maths
Alex Maths
Stuart Maths

103. Third Normal Form (3NF)
 Third Normal form applies that every non-prime
attribute of table must be dependent on primary key,
or we can say that, there should not be the case that a
non-prime attribute is determined by another non-
prime attribute. So this transitive functional
dependency should be removed from the table and
also the table must be in Second Normal form.

104.  For example, consider a table with following fields.
 Student Detail Table :
 In this table Student_id is Primary key, but street, city and state depends upon Zip. The dependency
between zip and other fields is called transitive dependency. Hence to apply 3NF, we need to move
the street, city and state to new table, with Zip as primary key.
 New Student Detail Table :
 Address Table :
Student_id
Student_na
me
DOB Street city State Zip
Student_id Student_name DOB Zip
Zip Street city state

105. Sorting
 Three ways – alphabetical, numerical and date order
sorting
 Filter – provides the tool by which data is sorted as
per condition
 Filter can be applied to multiple columns

106. Indexing
 Indexing is a data structure technique to efficiently
retrieve records from the database files based on
some attributes on which indexing is done
 To set primary and foreign key
 To speed up the query

107. Report
 Reports are generated on a query or table
 Created with the help of report wizard
 Blank report can be generated with editable feature
 Printing of report is possible

108. Programming using software
 To manipulate the database tables
 SQL is considered the best – lets access and
manipulate database based on query
 SQL –Structured Query Language

109. SQL
 Used for interacting RDBMS
 Managing all tasks of DBMS which includes
1. Data definition
2. Data manipulation
3. Access control
4. Data sharing

110. Advantage of SQL
 Vendor portability
 Ease of use
 Language for all users
 Standardized
 Dynamic data definition

111. Forms of SQL
 Two forms
1. Interactive – operates on database to produce
output for user demand
2. Embedded – SQL commands written in some other
language- data is passed to program through SQL

112. Types of SQL command
 Five primary types
1. Data definition language (DDL)
2. Data manipulation language (DML)
3. Data query language (DQL)
4. Data control language (DCL)
5. Transactional control language (TCL)

113. DDL
 Allow user to create and restructure database
 Fundamental DDL commands are
i. CREATE
ii. ALTER
iii. DROP

114. CREATE COMMAND
 To create a database in RDBMS, create command is uses. Following is the
Syntax,
create database database-name;
Example : create database Test;
 create command is also used to create a table. We can specify names and
datatypes of various columns along.Following is the Syntax,
create table table-name { column-name1 datatype1, column-name2 datatype2,
column-name3 datatype3, column-name4 datatype4 };
Example :
create table Student(id int, name varchar, age int);

115. ALTER COMMAND
 Using alter command we can even add multiple columns to an existing
table. Following is the Syntax,
alter table table-name add(column-name1 datatype1, column-
name2 datatype2, column-name3 datatype3);
Here is an Example for this,
alter table Student add(father-name varchar(60), mother-name
varchar(60), dob date);
 alter command is used to modify data type of an existing column .
Following is the Syntax,
alter table table-name modify(column-name datatype);
Here is an Example for this,
alter table Student modify(address varchar(30));

116. Contd..
 Using alter command you can rename an existing
column. Following is the Syntax,
alter table table-name rename old-column-name to
column-name;
Here is an Example for this,
alter table Student rename address to Location;
 alter command is also used to drop columns also.
Following is the Syntax,
alter table table-name drop(column-name);
Here is an Example for this,
alter table Student drop(address);

117. DROP COMMAND
 drop query completely removes a table from
database. This command will also destroy the table
structure. Following is its Syntax,
drop table table-name
Here is an Example explaining it.
drop table Student;

118. DML
 Used to manipulate data within the objects od
relational database
 Three basic commands
i. INSERT
ii. UPDATE
iii. DELETE

119. INSERT COMMAND
 Insert command is used to insert data into a table.
Following is its general syntax,
INSERT into table-name values(data1,data2,..)
Example :
INSERT into Student values(101,'Adam',15);
Example to Insert NULL value to a column :
INSERT into Student values(102,'Alex',null);

120. UPDATE COMMAND
 Update command is used to update a row of a table.
Following is its general syntax,
UPDATE table-name set column-name = value
where condition;
example,
UPDATE Student set age=18 where s_id=102;
Example to Update multiple columns
UPDATE Student set s_name='Abhi',age=17 where
s_id=103;

121. DELETE COMMAND
 Delete command is used to delete data from a table.
Delete command can also be used with condition to
delete a particular row. Following is its general
syntax,
DELETE from table-name where condition;
Example
DELETE from Student where s_id=103;

122. DQL
 Used to compose queries against a relational
database
 Comprising only one command - SELECT

123. SELECT COMMAND
 Select query is used to retrieve data from a tables.
SELECT column-name1, column-name2, column-
name3, column-nameN from table-name;
 Where condition Syntax : SELECT column-name1,
column-name2, column-name3, column-nameN
from table-name WHERE [condition];
Example : SELECT s_id, s_name, age, address from
Student WHERE s_id=101;
 Example to Select all Records from Table
SELECT * from student;

124. LIKE Command
 Like clause is used as condition in SQL query. Like clause compares
data with an expression using wildcard operators.
 There are two wildcard operators that are used in like clause.
Percent sign % : represents zero, one or more than one character.
Underscore sign _ : represents only one character.
 SELECT * from Student where s_name like 'A%';
The above query will return all records where s_name starts with
character 'A'.
 SELECT * from Student where s_name like '_d%';
The above query will return all records from Student table where
s_name contain 'd' as second character.

125. Order By Clause
 Order by clause is used with Select statement for arranging
retrieved data in sorted order. The Order by clause by default sort
data in ascending order. To sort data in descending order DESC
keyword is used with Order by clause.
 Syntax of Order By
SELECT column-list|* from table-name order by asc|desc;
 Example using Order by
SELECT * from Emp order by salary;
The above query will return result in ascending order of the salary.
SELECT * from Emp order by salary DESC;
The above query will return result in descending order of the
salary.

126. HAVING Clause
 Having clause is used with SQL Queries to give more precise
condition for a statement. It is used to mention condition in
Group based SQL functions, just like WHERE clause.
Syntax for having will be,
select column_name, function(column_name) FROM
table_name WHERE column_name condition GROUP BY
column_name HAVING function(column_name) condition
 Suppose we want to find the customer whose
previous_balance sum is more than 3000.
We will use the below SQL query,
SELECT * from sale group customer having
sum(previous_balance) > 3000

127. DCL
 Allow user to control access to data within the
database
 Used to create objects related to user access and
control the distribution of privileges
 Two basic commands –
 GRANT - Gives user access privileges to database
Eg. grant create table to username;
(To Allow a User to create Table)
 REVOKE - Take back permissions from user.

128. TCL
 Used to manage database transaction
 Basic commands –
1. COMMIT - Commit command is used to permanently
save any transaction into database.
2. ROLLBACK - restores the database to last committed
state
3. SAVEPOINT - used to temporarily save a transaction so
that you can rollback to that point whenever necessary.

129. Application of computers in documentation
 Preparing and making reports
 Preparation of questionnaires
 Presentation
 Tables
 Charts
 Graphs

130. Sample Question
 Create a database with name library which have two tables
named bookdetail and userdetail?
 Bookdetail
 Userdetail
Bid Bname Author
B101 Progamming in C Balaguruswami
B102 COA Morismano
B103 MIS Preethi Sinha
Uid Uname Date
MB146 Murali 5/7/2015

131. Contd…
 Add column named ‘publishingYear’ to bookdetail table
and insert values to it.
 Display the new table bookdetail
 Rename the column name ‘publishingYear’ to ‘Year’ and
display the new bookdetail table
 Delete data of Bid = B103 from table bookdetail and
display the new table
 Insert new details in userdetail table with values
uid=m154, uname= mahesh and date=16/10/2016
 Display the table userdetail.
 Delete the table userdetail

132. MODULE IV

133. Data communication
 Electronic transfer of information between computer
 Communication take place over media like cables,
wireless link
 Communication through telephone system – plain
old telephone system (POTS)
 Two way transmission of electronic information
 Modem – modulator and demodulator required for
transmission

134. Modem
 Internal and external modem
 Broadband connection
 WiFi connection
 Uploading and downloading of files

135. Network
 Set of technologies used to connect computers
 Communicate, exchange information and share
resources in real time
 Access shared data and programs
 Network server
 Teleconference - multiway communication using
network
i. Video conferencing
ii. Audio conferencing
iii. Data conferencing

136. Need of network
 To share data at different locations of the
organization.
 To share information with other people on the
network.
 To make quick link with other persons using
network.
 To communicate in the form of mail messages and
chatting.
 To gain knowledge using internet.

137. Benefits of network
 File sharing
 Printer / peripheral sharing
 Internet connection sharing
 Multi player games via LAN
 Video sharing

138. Types of network
 LAN
 WAN
 Hybrid network
i. Campus area network
ii. Metropolitan area network
iii. Home area network

139. Communication through computer network
 Exchange of data between source and receiver
 Coding and encoding of data
 Start bit and stop bit – asynchronous
communication
 Two data transmission methods
1. Offline
2. Online

140. Components of data communication
 Data circuit terminating equipment
 Data terminal equipment
 Communication software
TRANSMITTER
TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM
RECEIVER
I/P
DATA
TRANSMITTED
SIGNAL RECEIVED
SIGNAL
OUTPUT
DATA

141. Synchronous vs Asynchronous communication
 Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are two
different methods of transmission synchronization.
 Synchronous transmissions are synchronized by an
external clock,
 For example, in a computer, address information is
transmitted synchronously—the address bits over the
address bus, video conferencing etc.
 asynchronous communication is transmission of data,
generally without the use of an external clock signal,
where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than
in a steady stream
 Examples are file transfer, email and the World Wide
Web

142. Analog signal
 Form of electronic communication
 Information represented as continuous
electromagnetic waveform
 Transmission of signal such as sound or human
speech over an electrified copper wire
 Varies in terms of volume or power (amplitude) and
its pitch or tone(frequency)
 Audio and video data can be send

143. Digital signal
 Communication of information in binary form
through series of discrete pulse
 Combination of 1 and 0 – binary digit (bit)
 Digital signaling involves signal which varies in
voltage to represent one of two well defined state
 Serial and parallel transmission

144. Bandwidth and Frequency
 Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed place
in given amount of time
 If time taken to pass a place is ½ sec, then frequency is 2
per second
 Frequency is measured in hertz
 Bandwidth is the range of frequencies assigned to
channel
 It is difference between highest and lowest frequencies of
a band
 Higher the bandwidth more will be data transmission
rate
 Bandwidth is measured in bits per second

145. Network communication devices
 A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an
analog or digital signal over the telephone, other communication wire, or
wirelessly.
 Types -
1. NIC Adapters: Communication mediums (cables) are attached to this
card to build network.
2. Routers: Router is intelligent device which routes data to destination
computers.
3. Repeater: It connects two segments of network cable
4. Hubs: networks on larger scale, hub(s) are required to build network.
5. Switches: Send the data to only requested address unlike hub which
broadcasts the data too all the ports.
6. Bridge: connect one LAN to another LAN
7. Gateways: Connects LAN with internet
8. Modem

146. Network Topologies
 The logical layout of the cable and devices that
connect the nodes of the network
 Data moves through the network in packets
 Packets are pieces of message broken down into
small units by sending PC and reassembled by
receiving PC
 Packets have two parts – header and payload

147. Types of topology
 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
 Tree topology
 Hybrid topology

148. Bus Topology
 In this type, all the nodes of a network are connected to a
common transmission medium having two endpoints.
 The data that travels over the network is transmitted
through a common transmission medium known as the
bus or backbone of the network.
 When the transmission medium has exactly two
endpoints -linear bus topology.
 In case the transmission medium has more than two
endpoints - distributed bus topology.

149. Star Topology
 In this type of network topology, each node of the
network is connected to a central node, which is known
as a hub.
 The data that is transmitted between the network nodes
passes across the central hub.
 The hub acts as a signal repeater; i.e., it receives signals
and retransmits them such that they can travel longer
distances on the network.
 In an extended star, repeaters are introduced between
the hub and the network nodes. The repeaters are used to
increase the distance over which signals can travel.

150. Ring Topology
 In a ring topology, every node in the network is connected
to two other nodes and the first and last nodes are
connected to each other.
 The data transmitted over the network passes through
each of the nodes in the ring until it reaches the
destination node.

151. Mesh Topology
 In a mesh topology, all the network nodes are connected
to each other.
 The interconnections between nodes introduce
redundancy and also make it more reliable. In case a link
between two nodes breaks, any other link connecting
them can take over. A mesh network can be designed
using routing or flooding.
In routing, the nodes possess some kind of routing logic
so that the signals and data traveling over the network
take the shortest path during each transmission

152. Tree Topology
 It is also known as a hierarchical topology and has a
central root node that is connected to one or more nodes
of a lower hierarchy.
 In a symmetrical hierarchy, each node in the network has
a specific number of nodes connected to those at a lower
level.
 A tree topology can also be described as a combination of
star and bus topologies.
 The primary or root node is connected to one or more
secondary nodes, which are connected to tertiary nodes,
thus forming a hierarchical or tree structure.

153. Hybrid Topology
 Hybrid network topologies, which have a
combination of two or more basic network
structures.
 The main advantage of a hybrid network is that two
dissimilar topologies can be combined without
disturbing the existing architecture of a network.
 The use of hybrid technologies makes a network
easily expandable.

154. Topology

155. Distributed Bus topology

156. Structure of data communication network
 Bounded media or wired transmission – employs
physical media which are tangible
a) Twisted pair
b) Shielded copper pair
c) Coaxial cable
d) Optical fibre
e) Multimode fibre
f) Graded index multimode fibre
 Unbounded media- data transmitted using
electromagnetic waves
a) Radio
b) Microwave transmission
c) Satellite communication

157. Security
 Threats – anything that can be a burglar, virus,
earthquake or simple user error
 Identify theft- impersonates you by using your name,
social security number or other personal information
 Spying – secretly collecting information
 Web bugs - to monitor user behavior
 Spyware - software that aims to gather information about
a person or organization without their knowledge
 Spam - irrelevant or unsolicited messages sent over the
Internet

158. Contd..
 Virus - a piece of code which is capable of copying itself
and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting
the system or destroying data
 Sniffing - attempt to find out confidential
information(like passwords) about someone.
 Phishing - the fraudulent practice of sending emails
purporting to be from reputable companies in order to
induce individuals to reveal personal information, such
as passwords
 Spoofing - intruder attempts to gain unauthorized access
to a user's system
 Security measures – Firewall and Antivirus

159. Firewall and Antivirus
 Firewall is a network security system that monitors and
controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based
on predetermined security rules.
 Firewalls are often categorized as either network
firewalls or host-based firewalls.
 Network firewalls filter traffic between two or more
networks.
 Host-based firewalls provide a layer of software on one
host that controls network traffic in and out of that single
machine.
 Antivirus or anti-virus software sometimes known
as anti-malware software, is computer software used to
prevent, detect and remove malicious software

160. MODULE V

161. WWW and Business Community
 World wide wed- represents the networking of
internetworking resources and collection of internet
sites
 Started in 1989
 Web consisted of web pages that are linked
documents
 Web pages can be accessed across network
 Web pages addressed by URL
 Web browser fetch the web pages

162. WWW and Business community
 Online presence to global customers providing
security and stability about product and payment
mode – Digital web marketing
 E-Business
 E marketing
 Websites
 Search engine optimization

163. Application of WWW
 Main application areas where www is attracting
business are
i. In the field of publicity, marketing and advertising
ii. In the field of online selling
iii. In the field of research and development
iv. In the field of communication
v. In the field of business collaboration

164. Internet
 Network of networks that links computer systems
around the world
 Allows communication across networks
 Access to information from different websites,
location and machines
 ARPANET in 1950 led to establishment of internet
 Gained momentum in 1980s after ARPANET was
used by national science foundation
 ISP – internet service providers

165. Features of internet
 World wide web
 Direct communication
 Round the clock availability
 Central repository of data
 Search engines
 Advertisement
 E commerce
 Distance learning
 BBS(Bulletin board system) and new services
 Wide area network
 Shareware software

166. Intranet and Extranet
 Intranet is an application of internet to a closed
networking system or corporate network
 Extranet is a network which links some of the
intranets of a company with its partner, customer etc

167. E-Mail
 Electronic mail – enables to send your
correspondence instantaneously anywhere via
internet
 Send and receive messages anytime anywhere
without any cost
 Allows you to send and receive variety of file type
such as text, image, video, sound and graphics
 Multiple recipients using broadcasting

168. E-Mail
 Need to create email account using website
 Various sites that provide email facility – Gmail,
Yahoo, Hotmail etc
 Creating user id
 Changing password
 Composing and sending e-mail

169. Internet Protocols
 It enables the transfer of data over network/internet
in efficient manner
 To efficiently use network bandwidth and avoid
collisions
 Protocol defines a language that contain rules and
convention necessary for reliable communication

170. Types of protocol
 Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
(TCP/IP)
 Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)
 File transfer protocol (FTP)
 Telnet

171. TCP
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main
protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
 It originated in the initial network implementation in which it
complemented the Internet Protocol (IP).
 Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as
TCP/IP.
 TCP/IP is the communication protocol for internet
 TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of
a stream of octets(8BITS) between applications running on
hosts communicating by an IP network.
 Major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web,
email, remote administration and file transfer rely on TCP.

172. IP
 Internet protocol is the method or protocol by which
data is sent from one computer to another in
internet.
 Each computer on the internet has unique IP address
 A message gets divided into little chunks called
packets
 Each packet contains both sender and receiver
address
 Packet is sent to gateway computer that inturn send
it to respective destination.

173. Hyper text transfer protocol
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an
application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems.
 HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the
World Wide Web.
 HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the
client–server computing model. A web browser, for
example, may be the client and an application running on
a computer hosting a website may be the server.
 The client submits an HTTP request message to the
server. The server, which provides resources such as
HTML returns a response message to the client.

174. File transfer protocol
 FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer
computer files between a client and server on a
computer network.
 FTP is built on a client-server model architecture
and uses separate control and data connections
between the client and the server.

175. Telnet
 Telnet is an application layer protocol used on the
Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented
communication facility using a virtual terminal
connection.
 Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP
protocol for accessing remote computers.
 Through Telnet, an administrator or another user
can access someone else's computer remotely.

176. ERP
 Enterprise resource planning – It’s a system that
integrates the business and management process to
provide an organisation a structured environment in
which decisions relating to demand, supply,
operation, personal, finance etc are made

177. Objectives of ERP
 To provide support for adopting best business
practices in the organisation
 To implement these practices with a view towards
enhancing productivity
 To empower the customers and suppliers to modify
the implemented business processes to suit their
requirements.

178. Characteristics of ERP
 Flexibility – different languages, currencies, account
standards etc can be covered
 Modular and open – any module can be interfaced or
detached without effecting others
 Integrated- data of related business function is
automatically updated as soon as the time of
transaction occurs. Hence real time decision can be
made.
 Best business practices - Best business practices is
adopted by organisation through benchmarking

179. ERP Implementation
1. Defining the need for ERP
2. Engaging consultant for ERP implementation
3. Reengineering business processes
4. Identifying and evaluating ERP packages
5. Installing hardware and network
6. Implementation of ERP package

180. Benefits of ERP
 Optimum use of organizational resources
 Lower operating costs
 Proactive decision making
 Decentralized decision making
 Flexibility in business operation
 Enhanced customer satisfaction

181. Limitation of ERP
 Managers often need past along with current status
to identify trend but ERP provides current status
only
 It does not include external intelligence as it is not
integrated with other organisation

182. SAP
 Established in the year 1972
 World largest provider of business software
 Business solution for small, midsize and large scale
enterprises of all sectors and industries
 mySAP ERP is an ERP Software product developed
by SAP SE a German Multinational Software
company
 SAP is acronym for System, Applications and
Products

183. SAP Business Application
 mySAP ERP
 mySAP CRM
 mySAP Product life cycle management
 mySAP Supplier Relationship Management
 mySAP Supply Chain Management

184. SAP
 These applications update and process transactions
in real time mode
 SAP mainly categorized into logistics, financial and
human resources functional area
 SAP empowers people and organizations to work
together more efficiently and use business insight
more effectively to stay ahead of competition
 Reduce cost, improve performance and gain agility
to respond to changing business need.

185. mySAP ERP
 Improves operational excellence through –
1. Improved alignment of strategies and operation.
2. Increased productivity for greater efficiency and
bottom line growth
3. Strategic insight for more assured decision making
4. Adaptability to support changing industry
requirement
5. Better financial management and enhanced
corporate governance