1. The document discusses the viability of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a road vehicle fuel as an alternative to reduce carbon emissions.
2. CNG has advantages over gasoline and diesel such as lower emissions, cost competitiveness due to lower fuel prices, and a proven safety record in vehicles.
3. Switching to CNG for vehicles could help utilize abundant natural gas reserves instead of flaring, reducing environmental harm and improving energy security.
Prospect of Coal Based IGCC to Meet the Clean Energy ChallengeIJERA Editor
The development of a country is nearly proportional to the average per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in our country. However, the rate of average energy consumption is increasing day by day throughout the world. With increasing the production of energy, the problem of environment pollution from the power generation sources and energy efficiency becomes more imperative. Coal is the major source of primary energy of the world, however, the energy efficiency of coal based power plant is low, and also it significantly polluted the environment. Therefore, to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from coal based power plant is an important issue to discuss. In this paper, the primary reserves of energy throughout the world are discussed. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a latest technology used to improve the performance of coal based power plant. The process of IGCC and the present condition of IGCC throughout the world is discussed. Finally the advantages of IGCC and necessity of moving towards IGCC from convention coal based power plant is discussed in terms of cost, efficiency and environmental issues.
India has one of the fastest growing energy markets in the world due to rapid economic expansion. It relies heavily on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands, with coal, oil, and natural gas accounting for over 80% of its commercial energy needs. India aims to increase its renewable and nuclear energy capacity substantially in order to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and achieve greater energy security. It has ambitious plans to expand solar, wind, and nuclear power.
This document discusses the current status and future projections of three main fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. For coal, estimates of remaining reserves range widely from 100-10,000 years depending on consumption rates. Petroleum reserves are expected to peak between 2020-2050, though demand is rising and expected to outpace supply within a few decades. Natural gas reserves could meet US demand for 100 years, though lower prices are impacting companies and workers in the natural gas industry. The document also outlines some pros and cons of each fossil fuel and states the author would personally invest in petroleum and natural gas stocks.
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of coal production and use in the United States and China. It finds that coal mining causes significant health and safety risks for miners in both countries, with China's coal mining industry being the most dangerous in the world. Surface coal mining also leads to destruction of terrestrial habitats, particularly through mountain top removal practices. Both countries rely heavily on coal for electricity generation, with over half of power coming from coal-fired plants. Burning coal releases air pollutants that harm public health and contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses natural gas, including its uses, top consuming states, and advantages over coal for power generation. It also summarizes the differences between conventional and unconventional natural gas sources like shale gas, where gas is primarily located in the US, and technologies like fracking that have increased shale gas production. While this has economic and security benefits, fracking raises environmental concerns. The document concludes that increased global natural gas production depends on factors like environmental regulations, climate policy, fuel prices, and production costs.
The document summarizes the key findings of a study on the future of natural gas in the United States. The study finds that increased use of natural gas and new gas technologies can help meet environmental and energy goals while boosting the economy. It projects that advanced gas technologies will drive a 60% increase in natural gas consumption by 2020. Widespread adoption of gas appliances, vehicles, and distributed generation could enhance efficiency, reliability, and reduce emissions. The study concludes natural gas will play a vital role in the current and future energy mix.
This document discusses Nigeria's natural gas resources and prospects for increased local consumption. Nigeria has substantial natural gas reserves, estimated at over 5 trillion cubic meters. However, gas production and local usage are currently limited by lack of infrastructure. The document advocates expanding gas infrastructure like pipelines to boost domestic gas usage, especially for power generation. It also outlines Nigeria's plans to become a major LNG exporter and reduce gas flaring. Increased local consumption of natural gas for electricity, manufacturing, vehicles and homes could help drive Nigeria's economic development.
Prospect of Coal Based IGCC to Meet the Clean Energy ChallengeIJERA Editor
The development of a country is nearly proportional to the average per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in our country. However, the rate of average energy consumption is increasing day by day throughout the world. With increasing the production of energy, the problem of environment pollution from the power generation sources and energy efficiency becomes more imperative. Coal is the major source of primary energy of the world, however, the energy efficiency of coal based power plant is low, and also it significantly polluted the environment. Therefore, to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from coal based power plant is an important issue to discuss. In this paper, the primary reserves of energy throughout the world are discussed. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a latest technology used to improve the performance of coal based power plant. The process of IGCC and the present condition of IGCC throughout the world is discussed. Finally the advantages of IGCC and necessity of moving towards IGCC from convention coal based power plant is discussed in terms of cost, efficiency and environmental issues.
India has one of the fastest growing energy markets in the world due to rapid economic expansion. It relies heavily on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands, with coal, oil, and natural gas accounting for over 80% of its commercial energy needs. India aims to increase its renewable and nuclear energy capacity substantially in order to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and achieve greater energy security. It has ambitious plans to expand solar, wind, and nuclear power.
This document discusses the current status and future projections of three main fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. For coal, estimates of remaining reserves range widely from 100-10,000 years depending on consumption rates. Petroleum reserves are expected to peak between 2020-2050, though demand is rising and expected to outpace supply within a few decades. Natural gas reserves could meet US demand for 100 years, though lower prices are impacting companies and workers in the natural gas industry. The document also outlines some pros and cons of each fossil fuel and states the author would personally invest in petroleum and natural gas stocks.
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of coal production and use in the United States and China. It finds that coal mining causes significant health and safety risks for miners in both countries, with China's coal mining industry being the most dangerous in the world. Surface coal mining also leads to destruction of terrestrial habitats, particularly through mountain top removal practices. Both countries rely heavily on coal for electricity generation, with over half of power coming from coal-fired plants. Burning coal releases air pollutants that harm public health and contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses natural gas, including its uses, top consuming states, and advantages over coal for power generation. It also summarizes the differences between conventional and unconventional natural gas sources like shale gas, where gas is primarily located in the US, and technologies like fracking that have increased shale gas production. While this has economic and security benefits, fracking raises environmental concerns. The document concludes that increased global natural gas production depends on factors like environmental regulations, climate policy, fuel prices, and production costs.
The document summarizes the key findings of a study on the future of natural gas in the United States. The study finds that increased use of natural gas and new gas technologies can help meet environmental and energy goals while boosting the economy. It projects that advanced gas technologies will drive a 60% increase in natural gas consumption by 2020. Widespread adoption of gas appliances, vehicles, and distributed generation could enhance efficiency, reliability, and reduce emissions. The study concludes natural gas will play a vital role in the current and future energy mix.
This document discusses Nigeria's natural gas resources and prospects for increased local consumption. Nigeria has substantial natural gas reserves, estimated at over 5 trillion cubic meters. However, gas production and local usage are currently limited by lack of infrastructure. The document advocates expanding gas infrastructure like pipelines to boost domestic gas usage, especially for power generation. It also outlines Nigeria's plans to become a major LNG exporter and reduce gas flaring. Increased local consumption of natural gas for electricity, manufacturing, vehicles and homes could help drive Nigeria's economic development.
This document discusses several policy issues related to combating climate change through optimal climate policy design. It examines questions around determining the optimal tradeoff between economic growth and reducing global warming, optimal time paths for carbon taxes and renewable energy subsidies, and when to phase out fossil fuels. It also analyzes scenarios from a integrated assessment model that calibrates parameters to simulate policy outcomes of different climate policy approaches and their impacts on temperatures, fossil fuel and renewable energy use, carbon emissions and more.
Gas Arabia Summit: Unconventional Gas Developments in the GulfEnergy Intelligence
Rana Samaha, Middle East R&A Director at Energy Intelligence, presented at the 10th Gas Arabia Summit, Dubai, January 13, 2015.
These slides include content on:
1.) US Shale gas developments: Key success factors
2.) GCC gas imbalances; role of unconventional gas developments
3.) GCC NOC's different approaches; Saudi Aramco's mandate
The document discusses alternatives to pursuing a gas-fired recovery in Australia. It summarizes views that expanding gas extraction and infrastructure risks wasting taxpayer money and locking the country into fossil fuel assets at a time when major trading partners are pursuing net zero emissions by 2050. There are concerns that pursuing more gas will not actually lower prices due to market control by a small number of companies. The potential health, environmental and water contamination risks of proposed new gas fields are also summarized from experts and local residents. Alternatives like energy efficiency and renewable energy are suggested to meet energy needs at lower cost without the risks of expanded gas development.
The document discusses the role of nuclear power in addressing climate change. It argues that given the scale of reducing carbon emissions needed, all low-carbon energy sources including nuclear will be needed. Currently, nuclear energy accounts for 30% of low-carbon electricity but this will need to increase to 80% by 2050 to limit global warming to 2°C. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions and is an available technology that can be deployed now at scale, unlike technologies like carbon capture and storage.
The document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect, noting that rising levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere are enhancing this effect. It provides two graphs showing increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1960. It then outlines 50 years of international climate policy efforts, and findings from the IPCC and others that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to avoid significant warming and sea level rise in the coming decades. It also discusses actions being taken by states, cities, and regions to cut emissions through targets and plans in the absence of federal policy.
History of energy in few slides and what needs to happen NOW.
Some considerations around energy and what we can do about it!
More is available upon request.
The global wind energy market has grown substantially in recent years and now supplies a significant portion of electricity in some countries. Drivers for this growth include concerns about energy security given volatile fossil fuel prices and supplies, environmental concerns about climate change and pollution, and the improving economics and competitiveness of wind power. The report examines wind energy potential and development trends globally and recommends policies to promote further growth, such as legally binding renewable energy targets and market reforms.
How Shale Gas is Shaping Energy Security and Environmental Issues across the ...Hitachi in the U.S.A.
The 5th Eco-Engineering Forum was centered on the ongoing shale gas boom and how it is shaping energy security and environmental issues across the world.
This document discusses planning for energy needs in 2030. It notes that global energy supplies are finite, populations and energy demands are growing, and some energy sources contribute to climate change and pollution. The document examines current and projected contributions of various energy sources like oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear. It also discusses how long current reserves may last given consumption rates. The document proposes that to address these issues, the plan for 2030 should reduce energy demands through efficiency, educate the public, and diversify energy supplies by developing new technologies, utilizing regional strengths for sources like solar and wind, and reducing reliance on imported oil.
The document summarizes perspectives on global energy trends from a US viewpoint, including:
1) Global energy consumption is projected to increase fourfold by 2100 to raise living standards in developing nations.
2) Climate change is occurring faster than expected, with precipitation changes projected to intensify over the 21st century.
3) Infrastructure vulnerabilities in the US energy sector are growing due to factors like increased weather-related power outages, cyber threats, and interdependencies revealed by events like Superstorm Sandy.
This document is a critical review of landowners' perceptions of wind turbines in Ireland. It begins with an introduction discussing the need for renewable energy due to climate change. It then provides background on wind energy development in Ireland. The document aims to understand landowners' views of wind farms through a survey. It finds that while landowners see environmental and economic benefits, there are also concerns around placement, noise, and property values. The conclusion calls for better siting of turbines and open communication with local communities.
This document provides an overview of gas flaring reduction efforts by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that SPDC has been a major oil producer in the region since the 1950s and that 70% of associated natural gas produced is currently flared. The document outlines some of the challenges to reducing gas flaring, including infrastructure and regulatory issues. It then summarizes several gas utilization projects SPDC has undertaken in recent decades to harness natural gas, such as supplying gas to the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas plant and West African Gas Pipeline. The document concludes that further efforts are needed by both SPDC and the Nigerian government to fully address the problem of gas flaring
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview and outlook of the natural gas market. It discusses the expected increase in global energy demand through 2030 and how natural gas demand is also expected to rise significantly. While natural gas reserves are distributed globally, the largest reserves are located in the Middle East and Russia. There are also large unconventional natural gas resources in North America and potentially in Europe. The document concludes that natural gas will continue playing a key role in the global energy mix due to its clean-burning properties and ability to help reduce emissions. An evolution toward a more integrated world gas market is anticipated to help match increasing global demand.
1) Coal currently supplies over 38% of the world's electricity and 23% of global primary energy needs. However, coal must significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to be sustainable.
2) Clean coal technologies aim to 1) eliminate emissions of pollutants, 2) increase thermal efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions, and 3) eliminate CO2 emissions entirely. This includes technologies like coal washing, particulate filters, and carbon capture and storage.
3) Advanced technologies like fluidized bed combustion can reduce emissions by 90% while improving efficiency. Widespread adoption of existing pollution control and higher efficiency technologies could reduce emissions 10-25% to support continued coal use.
Environmental issue in the business model of civil and defense aerospace indu...Georges Harari
The document discusses environmental issues facing the aerospace and defense industry by 2030. It notes that while aviation only contributes around 2% of global CO2 emissions, public concern over climate change is growing. The industry has committed to carbon-neutral growth from 2020 onward and reducing emissions 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. The summary discusses four strategic pillars to address these challenges: 1) alternative fuels and fuel efficiency, 2) incremental technological advances, 3) infrastructure improvements, and 4) operational and economic measures. The industry must decouple market growth from emissions to achieve sustainability.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the "Canada Energy [R]evolution" scenario report, which analyzes Canada's energy efficiency potential and choices for the transport sector. It discusses the need to shift toward renewable energy sources and implement energy efficiency measures to mitigate climate change impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. The scenario examines how Canada can achieve at least a 25% reduction in emissions by 2020 and deeper cuts by 2050 through ambitious development of renewable energy and a transition away from fossil fuels in the energy sector. It presents the energy [r]evolution scenario as a practical blueprint for maintaining economic growth while significantly reducing emissions.
French consumers faced many economic challenges prior to the onslaught of the recent global recession. Factors such as high youth unemployment, rising food prices and above-average inflation, among others, all worked to dampen consumer purchasing power and stifle dynamic growth. This report provides detailed data and analyses covering not only recent and current consumer market performance and trends but also projections of future trends in the large and critical French consumer markets.Euromonitor's Consumer Lifestyles in France report analyses factors influencing national consumer expenditure. Consumer lifestyles reports include coverage of: population, urban development, home ownership, household profiles, labour, income, consumer and family expenditure, health, education, eating habits, drinking habits, shopping habits, personal grooming, clothing, leisure habits, savings and investments, media, communication, transport and travel and tourism. Use this report to understand the factors influencing a nation's lifestyle choices.Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.Why buy this report' * Get a detailed picture of the Consumer Lifestyles market; * Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; * Understand the competitive environment, the market's major players and leading brands; * Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.
The document provides an agenda and materials for a teacher preparation workshop focusing on the Reading Instruction Competence Assessment (RICA) exam, including an overview of the exam format and content areas, activities to review the competencies assessed, and practice for the essay portions. Presenters provided information on test-taking strategies and common instructional approaches for different types of students. Participants engaged in group work to review competencies and practice writing sample responses.
This document discusses several policy issues related to combating climate change through optimal climate policy design. It examines questions around determining the optimal tradeoff between economic growth and reducing global warming, optimal time paths for carbon taxes and renewable energy subsidies, and when to phase out fossil fuels. It also analyzes scenarios from a integrated assessment model that calibrates parameters to simulate policy outcomes of different climate policy approaches and their impacts on temperatures, fossil fuel and renewable energy use, carbon emissions and more.
Gas Arabia Summit: Unconventional Gas Developments in the GulfEnergy Intelligence
Rana Samaha, Middle East R&A Director at Energy Intelligence, presented at the 10th Gas Arabia Summit, Dubai, January 13, 2015.
These slides include content on:
1.) US Shale gas developments: Key success factors
2.) GCC gas imbalances; role of unconventional gas developments
3.) GCC NOC's different approaches; Saudi Aramco's mandate
The document discusses alternatives to pursuing a gas-fired recovery in Australia. It summarizes views that expanding gas extraction and infrastructure risks wasting taxpayer money and locking the country into fossil fuel assets at a time when major trading partners are pursuing net zero emissions by 2050. There are concerns that pursuing more gas will not actually lower prices due to market control by a small number of companies. The potential health, environmental and water contamination risks of proposed new gas fields are also summarized from experts and local residents. Alternatives like energy efficiency and renewable energy are suggested to meet energy needs at lower cost without the risks of expanded gas development.
The document discusses the role of nuclear power in addressing climate change. It argues that given the scale of reducing carbon emissions needed, all low-carbon energy sources including nuclear will be needed. Currently, nuclear energy accounts for 30% of low-carbon electricity but this will need to increase to 80% by 2050 to limit global warming to 2°C. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions and is an available technology that can be deployed now at scale, unlike technologies like carbon capture and storage.
The document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect, noting that rising levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere are enhancing this effect. It provides two graphs showing increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1960. It then outlines 50 years of international climate policy efforts, and findings from the IPCC and others that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to avoid significant warming and sea level rise in the coming decades. It also discusses actions being taken by states, cities, and regions to cut emissions through targets and plans in the absence of federal policy.
History of energy in few slides and what needs to happen NOW.
Some considerations around energy and what we can do about it!
More is available upon request.
The global wind energy market has grown substantially in recent years and now supplies a significant portion of electricity in some countries. Drivers for this growth include concerns about energy security given volatile fossil fuel prices and supplies, environmental concerns about climate change and pollution, and the improving economics and competitiveness of wind power. The report examines wind energy potential and development trends globally and recommends policies to promote further growth, such as legally binding renewable energy targets and market reforms.
How Shale Gas is Shaping Energy Security and Environmental Issues across the ...Hitachi in the U.S.A.
The 5th Eco-Engineering Forum was centered on the ongoing shale gas boom and how it is shaping energy security and environmental issues across the world.
This document discusses planning for energy needs in 2030. It notes that global energy supplies are finite, populations and energy demands are growing, and some energy sources contribute to climate change and pollution. The document examines current and projected contributions of various energy sources like oil, coal, natural gas, and nuclear. It also discusses how long current reserves may last given consumption rates. The document proposes that to address these issues, the plan for 2030 should reduce energy demands through efficiency, educate the public, and diversify energy supplies by developing new technologies, utilizing regional strengths for sources like solar and wind, and reducing reliance on imported oil.
The document summarizes perspectives on global energy trends from a US viewpoint, including:
1) Global energy consumption is projected to increase fourfold by 2100 to raise living standards in developing nations.
2) Climate change is occurring faster than expected, with precipitation changes projected to intensify over the 21st century.
3) Infrastructure vulnerabilities in the US energy sector are growing due to factors like increased weather-related power outages, cyber threats, and interdependencies revealed by events like Superstorm Sandy.
This document is a critical review of landowners' perceptions of wind turbines in Ireland. It begins with an introduction discussing the need for renewable energy due to climate change. It then provides background on wind energy development in Ireland. The document aims to understand landowners' views of wind farms through a survey. It finds that while landowners see environmental and economic benefits, there are also concerns around placement, noise, and property values. The conclusion calls for better siting of turbines and open communication with local communities.
This document provides an overview of gas flaring reduction efforts by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that SPDC has been a major oil producer in the region since the 1950s and that 70% of associated natural gas produced is currently flared. The document outlines some of the challenges to reducing gas flaring, including infrastructure and regulatory issues. It then summarizes several gas utilization projects SPDC has undertaken in recent decades to harness natural gas, such as supplying gas to the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas plant and West African Gas Pipeline. The document concludes that further efforts are needed by both SPDC and the Nigerian government to fully address the problem of gas flaring
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview and outlook of the natural gas market. It discusses the expected increase in global energy demand through 2030 and how natural gas demand is also expected to rise significantly. While natural gas reserves are distributed globally, the largest reserves are located in the Middle East and Russia. There are also large unconventional natural gas resources in North America and potentially in Europe. The document concludes that natural gas will continue playing a key role in the global energy mix due to its clean-burning properties and ability to help reduce emissions. An evolution toward a more integrated world gas market is anticipated to help match increasing global demand.
1) Coal currently supplies over 38% of the world's electricity and 23% of global primary energy needs. However, coal must significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to be sustainable.
2) Clean coal technologies aim to 1) eliminate emissions of pollutants, 2) increase thermal efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions, and 3) eliminate CO2 emissions entirely. This includes technologies like coal washing, particulate filters, and carbon capture and storage.
3) Advanced technologies like fluidized bed combustion can reduce emissions by 90% while improving efficiency. Widespread adoption of existing pollution control and higher efficiency technologies could reduce emissions 10-25% to support continued coal use.
Environmental issue in the business model of civil and defense aerospace indu...Georges Harari
The document discusses environmental issues facing the aerospace and defense industry by 2030. It notes that while aviation only contributes around 2% of global CO2 emissions, public concern over climate change is growing. The industry has committed to carbon-neutral growth from 2020 onward and reducing emissions 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. The summary discusses four strategic pillars to address these challenges: 1) alternative fuels and fuel efficiency, 2) incremental technological advances, 3) infrastructure improvements, and 4) operational and economic measures. The industry must decouple market growth from emissions to achieve sustainability.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the "Canada Energy [R]evolution" scenario report, which analyzes Canada's energy efficiency potential and choices for the transport sector. It discusses the need to shift toward renewable energy sources and implement energy efficiency measures to mitigate climate change impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. The scenario examines how Canada can achieve at least a 25% reduction in emissions by 2020 and deeper cuts by 2050 through ambitious development of renewable energy and a transition away from fossil fuels in the energy sector. It presents the energy [r]evolution scenario as a practical blueprint for maintaining economic growth while significantly reducing emissions.
French consumers faced many economic challenges prior to the onslaught of the recent global recession. Factors such as high youth unemployment, rising food prices and above-average inflation, among others, all worked to dampen consumer purchasing power and stifle dynamic growth. This report provides detailed data and analyses covering not only recent and current consumer market performance and trends but also projections of future trends in the large and critical French consumer markets.Euromonitor's Consumer Lifestyles in France report analyses factors influencing national consumer expenditure. Consumer lifestyles reports include coverage of: population, urban development, home ownership, household profiles, labour, income, consumer and family expenditure, health, education, eating habits, drinking habits, shopping habits, personal grooming, clothing, leisure habits, savings and investments, media, communication, transport and travel and tourism. Use this report to understand the factors influencing a nation's lifestyle choices.Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.Why buy this report' * Get a detailed picture of the Consumer Lifestyles market; * Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; * Understand the competitive environment, the market's major players and leading brands; * Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.
The document provides an agenda and materials for a teacher preparation workshop focusing on the Reading Instruction Competence Assessment (RICA) exam, including an overview of the exam format and content areas, activities to review the competencies assessed, and practice for the essay portions. Presenters provided information on test-taking strategies and common instructional approaches for different types of students. Participants engaged in group work to review competencies and practice writing sample responses.
Preparing for Healthcare Transformation - John RezaJohn Reza, MBA
This document provides an agenda and summaries for a webinar on preparing for healthcare transformation. The webinar includes presentations on healthcare industry transformation, the impact of payment reform and mobile commerce, and the process redesign mandate. It also includes biographies of the presenters from various healthcare organizations. The goal of the webinar is to help healthcare organizations build foundations for success as the industry undergoes significant changes in costs, coverage, care delivery and privacy due to factors such as healthcare reform laws and the rise of mobile technologies.
Yahoo! owns nine #1 properties in the US including Yahoo! News, Sports, Finance and more. It is a leader in mobile with the top finance, mail, sports and IM apps and reaches 60 million unique users per month on mobile. Yahoo! content can be accessed across devices including 8 million connected TV households and reaches over 80% of the US internet population with over 33 million daily visitors to its homepage.
This document provides an overview of the internal audit process and ISO standards. It defines an audit as an evaluation used to determine validity, reliability, and assess internal controls. Internal auditing adds value by improving risk management, controls, and governance. The ISO defines quality as features and characteristics that satisfy customer needs. The document outlines the purpose, objectives, and framework for audits, including planning, performing, and reporting phases. It describes collecting evidence, analyzing findings, and issuing final reports, as well as post-audit evaluations for continuous improvement.
Η συμμετοχή του 2ου Πρότυπου Πειραματικού Γυμνασίου Θεσσαλονίκης στο συνέδριο ACSTAC 2014.
Η εργασία αυτή είχε ως τίτλο: "Τα Θρησκευτικά συναντούν την Πληροφορική: Τα βήματα του Αποστόλου Παύλου στην Ελλάδα με τη βοήθεια του Scratch".
Η ομάδα εργασίας αποτελούνταν από τους μαθητές Κωνσταντίνο Ρ., Φάνη Φ. και Παύλο Σ. και είχε ως επιβλέποντες καθηγητές τους Νίκο Μιχαηλίδη (Πληροφορικό) και την κυρία Σμαράγδα Φαρίδου (Θεολόγο) του 2ου Πρότυπου Πειραματικού Γυμνασίου Θεσσαλονίκης.
Ανάπτυξη Εφαρμογών σε Προγραμματιστικό Περιβάλλον - Εισαγωγή στις δομές δεδομ...Απόστολος Πουγαρίδης
Μια αναλυτική παρουσίαση για τις δομές δεδομένων με βάση τη θεωρία του σχολικού εγχειριδίου, καθώς και γραφική αναπαράσταση της δομής των πινάκων για καλύτερη κατανόηση.
Montresor lures his friend Fortunato into his wine catacombs under the pretense of wanting him to taste a rare wine called Amontillado. As they descend deeper into the dark, damp catacombs lined with bones, Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall of a niche and seals him inside with bricks, leaving him to die. The story is told with an elegant yet creepy and darkly humorous tone, as Montresor seeks revenge on Fortunato for some past insult or injury in a mysterious and sinister manner. Gothic elements like the underground setting, violent revenge, and foreshadowing of doom create an atmosphere of suspense and mystery.
The document summarizes key principles from the book "Lean UX: Applying Lean Principles to Improve User Experience". It discusses how Lean UX focuses on continuous and collaborative research, prototyping MVPs to validate hypotheses, and integrating UX design into agile processes. The goal is to eliminate waste and get customer feedback early to guide product development.
Acid rain forms naturally from carbon dioxide in the air or anthropogenically from the burning of fossil fuels which produce sulfur and nitrogen oxides. These oxides react with water and oxygen in the air to form acids like sulfuric and nitric acid. When acid rain falls to the ground, it dissolves minerals in limestone, soil, and bedrock, potentially damaging ecosystems over time by leaching away nutrients needed for plant growth. Underground, acid rain can also dissolve bedrock and limestone to form caves, gorges, and other karst topographical features.
This document discusses the three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains their key properties including definite mass and varying volume and shape. The document then introduces the particle theory of matter, which states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion. It describes how the motion and interaction of these particles determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas, and how physical changes like melting, boiling and condensation occur as particles gain or lose energy.
This document provides guidance on conducting design research to understand user needs and problems. It emphasizes the importance of designing the right thing by truly understanding user behaviors and problems through methods like observation, interviews, and trying tasks yourself. The document outlines frameworks for interviews and synthesis techniques like archetypes and user journeys to organize research findings. It also discusses designing the thing right by matching user mental models to create intuitive products. Overall, the document promotes understanding user behaviors and problems deeply through research before attempting to design solutions.
Alternative Fuels And Their Potentials For Tractor EnginesJoe Osborn
This document discusses alternative fuels and their potential for use in tractor engines. It provides an overview of various alternative fuels including alcohols like methanol and ethanol, natural gases like compressed natural gas, and discusses their production methods, advantages over conventional fuels, and impact on vehicle emissions and performance. Specifically, it finds that compressed natural gas is more economical than diesel and can power tractor engines with reduced maintenance requirements while being more environmentally friendly.
A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
Use of waste derived fuels in Cement industry.pdfMuhammad565043
This document reviews the use of waste-derived fuels in the cement industry. It discusses how cement production is energy intensive and accounts for a significant portion of global CO2 emissions. Using alternative fuels derived from waste materials provides benefits by reducing fossil fuel usage and emissions. Common alternative fuels used in cement kilns include refuse derived fuel from municipal solid waste, tire derived fuel from scrap tires, and sewage sludge. These fuels can partially or fully replace traditional fossil fuels like coal and petroleum coke. The cement production process is well-suited for alternative fuels and some plants have achieved up to 100% substitution of traditional fuels.
Global Warming And Its Effect On The Environment EssayKristen Wilson
The document discusses global warming and its effects on the environment. It states that the majority of academics accept that global warming is occurring and that greenhouse gases like carbon emissions are major drivers. If allowed to continue, global warming will damage both the natural environment and human well-being. Decreasing carbon emissions is necessary for continued social and economic development. The document discusses two major methods for reducing carbon emissions: carbon taxes and emissions trading systems. Both systems aim to put a price on carbon in order to incentivize reductions. However, there is debate around the effectiveness of such market-based systems.
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
The document discusses hydrogen as a potential source of propulsion for aircraft. It begins with an introduction covering why hydrogen is being considered, its technological aspects, and advantages. Next, the advantages of hydrogen are presented in more detail. This is followed by a section on the environmental impacts, regulations, and legislative drives regarding hydrogen fuel. The document concludes by acknowledging limitations but arguing that hydrogen propulsion has the potential to be part of future aircraft technologies, especially for commuter, regional, and short-to-medium range flights over the next 10-15 years.
Natural Gas Conditioning and Processing From Marginal Fields Using Modular Te...IJERA Editor
Gas flaring in Nigeria is a major pollution concern for the environment and health of Nigerians. Burning of
natural gas brings about emitting of carbon monoxide into the environment as well as warm up the environment,
thereby contributing to the global warming scourge. The lack of processing this gas has also led to loss of
revenue in a sector where there is a likelihood of otherwise generating more revenue in the country. Gas
conditioning and processing in Nigeria has brought about certain level of solutions to the flaring of natural gas
in the country. This paper discusses a modular technology associated with the conditioning and processing of
natural gas that marginal fields can partake-in in Nigeria to monetize natural gas in the country using a typical
Nigeria natural gas plant located in Delta State as a cased study. There have been lots of discouragement in the
past about investing in associated gas produced during crude oil production, but the study on this particular gas
plant in Nigeria shows solutions to most of this problems. The gas plant LPG facility is a modular assembly of
process equipment linked with interconnecting pipework for scalability and ease of deployment. The design
took into consideration the specific composition of the associated gas produced during production of crude oil.
The traditional approach of piping gas from a remotely located oil field to a central processing facility can now
be put aside paving the way for a less than orthodox technique of “bringing the plant to the gas” whereby the
need for expensive pipeline will be eliminated by situating the facility adjacent to the oil flow station. The gas
plant gives a full technology of utilizing natural gas resources to meet the socio-economic needs of mankind
while preserving the environment not only for meeting present needs but for the needs of future generations.
Transportation is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 14% globally. Climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is a pressing issue that requires action. This paper examines two strategies for reducing transportation greenhouse gas emissions: 1) improving engine technologies and alternative fuels like electricity, biofuels, and hydrogen, and 2) implementing mobility management approaches like road pricing policies. The ultimate mix of emission reduction measures will depend on technology development and other economic, social, and political factors.
Transportation accounts for approximately 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is a pressing issue that must be addressed to avoid major environmental consequences. This paper examines strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, including improving engine and fuel technologies as well as implementing mobility management approaches. Engine technologies like hybrids and fuels like ethanol can help lower emissions, but the best results depend on developing alternatives from renewable sources. Mobility management, including road pricing and promoting low-speed transportation, has demonstrated potential to significantly decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Overall, a variety of solutions will be needed to curb the rising emissions expected from continued population and economic growth.
CIWM Geotech Award Presentation October 09kofiapea
This document summarizes a presentation on renewable energy, landfill gas, and energy from waste technologies. It provides an overview of these technologies and their current and potential future contributions to UK energy supply and climate change mitigation goals. In particular, it discusses the opportunities for expanding energy from waste through biomethane use in transport and community-level energy from waste microgeneration. The presentation concludes that greater government support is needed to more rapidly deploy renewable technologies and ensure they can meet targets for the UK's energy mix by 2020.
1) Jamaica relies heavily on oil for electricity production, accounting for about 90% of generation. In response, Jamaica has initiated a fuel diversification program to reduce dependence on oil and stabilize electricity prices.
2) World energy trends show oil, coal, and natural gas will remain dominant fuels for electricity through 2030, with increasingly high prices. Natural gas is projected to have the highest price after oil, but poses fewer environmental concerns than coal.
3) For Jamaica, natural gas represents an attractive alternative fuel option due to projected high oil prices and environmental issues with coal. However, economic use of natural gas depends on factors like transportation methods and regulatory frameworks addressing safety and environmental impacts.
The document summarizes a report commissioned by the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) that analyzed the carbon emissions impact of 102 chemical products. The report found that for every tonne of carbon dioxide emitted in producing chemicals, chemicals industry products enable up to three tonnes of emissions savings through applications in other industries and consumer use. Major emissions savings come from applications of chemicals in building insulation, fertilizers and crop protection, lighting, plastic packaging, and other areas. The report recommends policy approaches to promote greater use and innovation of chemicals products to maximize their emissions reductions potential and help meet climate change goals.
Fossil fuels are being rapidly depleted and their combustion is causing environmental problems. This is leading automobile manufacturers to develop alternative fuel vehicles. Compressed air is proposed as one possible alternative as it is abundant, free from pollution, and can be compressed at low cost. There have been some attempts to develop compressed air vehicles, including two ongoing projects in France and South Korea. The document then discusses the scarcity of fossil fuels, their environmental and economic impacts, the need to search for alternatives in India given its developing status and population reliance on transportation. It introduces the topic of compressed air engines and vehicles as a potential solution.
The document discusses the monumental challenge of transitioning to a hydrogen economy from the current fossil fuel economy. It outlines the numerous technological, economic, and social barriers that are impeding this transition, including issues with hydrogen production, storage, distribution, infrastructure, and public acceptance. Overcoming these barriers to make hydrogen a viable and widespread energy alternative will be an enormous undertaking requiring significant advances and coordination across many areas.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR IN DIESEL EN...Khatir NAIMA
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the usability of waste polyethylene oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The novel fuel is obtained by a pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene at 973 K. The obtained oil is tested in a single cylinder air cooled (TS1) direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm. Engine performances and exhaust pollutant emissions from Waste Polyethylene Oil (WPO) were analysed and compared to those obtained from the same engine fuelled with conventional diesel fuel. Results showed that the total fuel consumption of WPO is lower than that of neat diesel fuel due to the higher heating value of WPO. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved for WPO especially at low load. The exhaust gas temperature is lower for WPO than that of diesel at low and full load. CO and UHC are found lower, while NOx emissions are higher at high loads. Furthermore, the use of numerical investigation permits to optimize the injection parameters, which can help to take advantages of WPO fuel. The simulation results suggest advancing the injection timing.
UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) Research Director Professor Jim Watson talks about "The Need for Green Technologies" at the Green Technologies: Drivers, Barriers and Gatekeepers ASSAf / Dept of Science and Technology Symposium, 10 September 2013.
The document is a seminar report on alternative fuels submitted for a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It provides an acknowledgment, abstract, table of contents, and begins reviewing various alternative vehicle fuels including electric, biofuels, compressed air, natural gas, hydrogen, and LPG. For electric vehicles, it discusses their drive trains, environmental impacts which depend on how the electricity is generated, higher energy efficiency compared to internal combustion engines, and lower running costs. It also provides a table comparing specifications and costs of electric and conventional vehicles.
This document discusses President Trump's "America First Energy Plan" and the potential impacts on US climate change programs and policies. The plan would remove the US from the Paris Agreement and undo many of President Obama's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This could negatively impact global climate change mitigation efforts. If countries do not meet their emissions reduction targets, it could lead to problems like the free rider issue and tragedy of the commons, where lack of collective action fails to address a global public good like the climate.
Green Hydrogen Energy Fuel for the Future in Indiaijtsrd
Hydrogen has an important potential role in a net zero economy as it has no carbon emissions at the point of use. Hydrogen fuels are versatile, capable of being produced and used in many ways, including production from renewable sources and applications to decarbonize challenging areas, such as heavy transport, industry, and heat, as well as the storage and transport of energy. It is already widely used in industry and agriculture, but their current production carries a high greenhouse gas footprint. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions could be achieved through decarbonization of production for both existing and new applications. However, it currently faces challenges that require technological advances, including in their generation, storage, and use, particularly the costs involved in achieving net zero life cycle emissions. Further research, development, demonstration, and deployment are required to identify the areas where hydrogen can make a critical difference in practice. Dr. Arvind Kumar | Prabhash Kumar "Green Hydrogen - Energy Fuel for the Future in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52815.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/52815/green-hydrogen--energy-fuel-for-the-future-in-india/dr-arvind-kumar
Similar to A review on natural gas utilization and cutting carbon emissions how viable is compressed natural gas for road vehicle fuel (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptx
A review on natural gas utilization and cutting carbon emissions how viable is compressed natural gas for road vehicle fuel
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
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A Review on Natural Gas Utilization and Cutting Carbon
Emissions: How viable is Compressed Natural Gas for Road
Vehicle Fuel?
Chikezie Nwaoha (Corresponding author)
The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
#254 Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai Rd, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel: +66 0909 677 304
Email: chikezienwaoha@live.co.uk, Chikezie.N@student.chula.ac.th
Udoka Jeremiah Iyoke
Department of Gas Supply, Institute Of Petroleum Engineering, Clausthal University Of Technology,
Agricolastr 10,38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
Tel: +49 1521 6163 085
Email: udoka.jeremiah.iyoke@tu-clausthal.de, udokaiyoke@yahoo.com
Abstract
As the world grows and economies develop, global demand for energy will continue to grow dramatically.
Demand for natural gas is likely to overtake other fossil fuels due to its availability, accessibility, versatility and
cleanliness. For instance, the International
Energy Agency (IEA) proposed in May 2012 that global demand for natural gas could rise more than 50% by
2035, from 2010 levels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050 to avoid dramatic consequences
of global warming. In order to meet this growing energy demand and GHG reduction, we must develop all
commercially-viable energy sources. As we know that no single energy source can meet the world's growing
energy needs. We also need a more diverse energy mix which will enable energy security and help tackle the
issue of climate change. Meeting this growing long-term societal demand requires that we develop all economic
and environmentally-sound energy sources. Natural gas which is the cleanest compared to other fossil fuels is
available to provide the world with a viable alternative. Its abundance, reliability, versatility and accessibility,
will be a huge factor. This paper considers the value of compressed natural gas (CNG) to be used for natural
gas vehicles (NGV), and how it could serve as a long-term emission-reducing energy source. Such uptake
would also improve utilisation of natural gas instead of flaring it, thereby minimizing environmental harm and
improving public safety.
Keywords: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV), Green House Gas (GHG), Cash
Flow Analysis of CNG
1. The Alternative Sources
. Alternative energy sources are divided into the categories of non-renewable energy sources, e.g.
natural gas; and renewable energy sources, e.g. solar energy. Alternative energies has been known to be
economical, and environmentally friendly.
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Table 1 Criteria Affecting the Suitability of Alternative Fuel.
Item Criteria
Availability Production facilities, pre-existing infrastructure and the natural resources as raw
material in the form of fossil fuels.
Economics The fuel production & distribution cost, the cost of constructing new facilities,
cost of
raw material used, and the cost of retrofitting old equipment to process the new
fuel or to replace them with new technology.
Acceptability Inherently safe in handling and refueling and also inherent health risks to
humans or animal life.
Environmental & Emissions Reduce fuel effect to global warming & if in the event of large scales release, it
must be.
National security The material must readily available and process without reliance on foreign
materials.
Technology Must be commercially available & emerging technology available to process the
fuel in commercial quamgtities.
Versatility It must be versatile in application & can be manufactured using various
feedstock.
Source: Energy Information Administration (1998). Natural Gas Issues & Trends, www.eia.doe.gov.
2. Fossil Fuels
Despite much that is said and written, fossil fuels will remain the major contributor to the energy mix
for many years to come. Their relative availability, affordability, efficiency and versatility make them
indispensable. Coal of course produces more carbon than any other fossil fuel. To give you an example: it
accounts for around 50% of America's power generation but accounts for 80% of the resulting carbon emissions
(Hayward, 2009). Crude oil discoveries are on the decline. This means that natural gas is bound to become far
more important in the world economy. The only one way of achieving this is by increasing the utilisation of
natural gas. It's efficient, versatile and abundantly available. There are reserves in place equivalent to 63.6 years
worth of consumption at current rates (Leather, Bahadori, Nwaoha and Wood, 2013). For example, Nigeria's
proven reserve at 180 Trillion Cubic Feet and bulk of the gas reserves are located in the Niger Delta (Nwaoha,
2010).
Demand for natural gas is likely to overtake other fossil fuels due to its availability, accessibility, versatility
and smaller environmental footprint. For example, the International
Energy Agency (IEA) proposed in May 2012 that global demand for natural gas could rise more than 50% by
2035, from 2010 levels (Wood, Nwaoha and Towler, 2012).
Although natural gas is abundant, more than one-third of global reserves are classified as stranded (Economides
and Mokhatab,2007). The global consumption of natural gas has been increasing at a very rapid pace.
Worldwide consumption of natural gas is forecast to double by 2030 (Vivek, 2012). The developing economies
of Asia, Latin America, and Africa, which have relatively recently discovered the magic of natural gas, will show
the highest growth rates. The greatest total volume increases will be in the developed economies of Europe,
North Asia, and Asia, which have used natural gas for decades (Vivek, 2012). Global natural gas production was
pegged at 3.3 tcm in 2010 with the IEA forecasting that it will potentially rise to some 4.0 tcm in 2012 and to 5.1
tcm in 2035 (Wood, Nwaoha and Towler, 2012).
The growing role of natural gas in the global energy market is mainly due to: firstly, the sharp rise in
proven gas reserves worldwide and importance and priority given by the major oil importing countries to
security and diversification of sources of energy and thus their reduced dependence on oil imports as the single
source of energy. Secondly, growing concern for the environment and increasing strenght of environmental
pressure groups which has led to definite push by some governments to promote the use of natural gas as the
most favored fuel (Omidvar, 2008)
The only disadvantage of natural gas is emissions, particularly those of carbon dioxide and methane.
Methane the main component of natural gas has 20 times the greenhouse gas or global warming effect potential
of carbon dioxide (Igbatayo and Imuodu, 2009). But a major study performed by the Environmental Protection
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Agency and the Gas Research Institute in 1997 concluded that a reduction in emissions from increased natural
gas use would strongly outweigh the detrimental effects of increased methane emissions (Speight, 2009). Thus
the increased natural gas use in place of other dirtier fossil fuels can serve to lessen GHG emissions and sustain
energy security.
Natural Gas can be utilized as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Gas
to Liquids (GTL). CNG is wining more attention and investments in the automobile industry as an alternative to
petroleum products, competing with petrol (gasoline) and diesel.due to its lower price in almost all oil
importing countries.
3. CNG stands out
Natural gas in the form of CNG is becoming the subject of interest today, as the combustion of gasoline
and diesel fuels result in the emission more noxious pollutants (Semin, Idris and Bakar, 2009) and cost more
due to high oil prices and high levels of taxation on conventional liquid vehicle fuels..
CNG is often confused with LNG. While both are stored forms of natural gas, the key difference is that
CNG is gas that is stored (as a gas) at high pressure, while LNG is in uncompressed liquid form at very low
(cryogenic temperatures). CNG has a lower cost of production and storage compared to LNG as it does not
require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. CNG is very cost-competitive when compared with
other forms of natural gas, like LNG. Whereas LNG is more suitable for longer range and larger vehicles, CNG
is very attractive for smaller vehicles travelling shorter distances and for storing and developing small resource
volumes of gas.
3. 1 Advantages of CNG
There are good reasons for CNG growth. Five advantages of CNG immediately stand out: 1) emissions;
2) costs; 3) safety record; 4) flexibility; 5) abundant reserves of gas.
Firstly, from the emission point of view, CNG is the most suitable fuel in automobiles. This is in recognition of
the favorable emission characteristics of natural gas as the cleanest burning fossil fuel. CNG has almost 40% less
CO2 emission than oil and about 80% less than coal, during combustion (Natural Gas, 2008). (see table 2).
Table 2: Fossil Fuel Emissions
CO2 CO NO SO Particulate
Natural Gas 117,000 40 92 1 0.00
Oil 164,000 33 448 1,1222 0.007
Coal 208,000 208 457 2,591 0.016
(Source: Natural Gas and the Environment, http//www.naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas.asp(accessed
May3,2008)
Also an attempt to compare the unregulated emission components of different automobile fuels have
demonstrated the efficiency of CNG use as a suitable candidate. The list below shows Emission reduction of
CNG when compared to other conventional fuel in automobiles (Natural Gas Vehicles for America, 2011).
Carbon monoxide (CO) by 70%-90%
Non-methane organic gas (NMOG) by 50%-75%
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 75%-95%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) by 20%-30%
Second is the economic benefit. As the world continues to experience high costs of gasoline, the low
price of CNG is attractive. For instance, is the case where an end-user uses NGV that is powered by CNG for
about 50 km daily in the west of America. This end-user is actually able to save more than $600 per year by
taking advantage of the 85¢ gallon per gasoline equivalent compared to users running gasoline-fuelled vehicles
paying some $4.33 / gallon in 2012 (Electric Auto Shop, 2012). This makes CNG typically, at least, 30% cheaper
than gasoline. Apart from CNG being cheaper, it also gives consumers fuel efficiency. Reflecting on the price of
gasoline in India, which costs at about 50 Rs/liter (even though being largely government subsidized), in
comparison to CNG that sells for only 22 Rs. While expensive petrol gives a standard car owner about 15 km per
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liter, the low-cost CNG offers close to 20 km (Electric Auto Shop, 2012).
Profitability/Economics Analysis of CNG compared to its counterparts
The success of any business project is more commonly measured in terms of financial efficiency than any other
way. In discussing cash flow, it is common to use a set of profitability "indicators" which takes a quick look at
the economic merits of the underlying venture.
Since the use of CNG as a vehicular fuel will require an initial investment to:
• Convert the Engine to run on the compressed gas;
• Pay more for the purchase of new CNG-fuelled vehicles.
It is then considered also as a "Black Box" that absorbs fund and later generates money, in form of extra savings
due to the comparative cost advantage of the gas.
Table 3 below shows recent cost per liter of the Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) as
well as prize per M3
of CNG (with Nigeria in focus). Using the relation and going by the energy content, the
following savings (as shown in Table 4) can be obtained, which can then be used to generate a cash flow as
follows:
Table 3: Cost of PMS, AGO and CNG in Nigeria
Fuel Cost (Naira)
Petrol (PMS) 97/liter
Diesel (AGO) 110/liter
CNG 55/M3
Source: Green Gas Ltd, 2011.
Table 4: Savings from CNG Vehicles
Vehicle
Type
Running Cost
Petrol CNG
Savings By Using CNG Extra Margins for
using CNG
Car N14/KM N5.5/KM N8.5/KM 850/Day N2000/Day
(Mini)Bus N20/KM N7.5/KM N12.5/KM 1250/Day N3000/Day
Source: Green Gas Ltd, 2011.
Note: Green Gas Ltd is a JV Company of Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) & NIPCO.
The simplest method used to evaluate a project is estimating the time required to recover the costs associated
with an alternative. This method is known as the payback period or payout analysis (Betancourt-Torcat,
Ricardez-Sandoval, and Elkamel, 2012). The mathematical model used to estimate the payback period is;
When cash inflows are uneven, and there is need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period, the
following formula below is used (Accounting Explained, 2011):
Payback Period = A +
B
C
In the above formula,
A = Last period with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B = Absolute value of cumulative cash flow at the end of the period A;
C = Actual Cash Flow during the period after A
Payback period is usually given in time units, usually months or years.
For a Private Car Owner in Nigeria:
Who spent N150000.00 in converting his car to run on CNG, and If he runs 100KM per day, his cash flow
(savings) is N850/day. From table 2 savings from a car is N8.5/KM, so for a 100KM per day N850 is saved.
Assuming a month is made up of 30 days, and then his savings becomes:
N850 x 30 = N25,500
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The table 5 below therefore shows cash flow for a private car owner.
Table 5: Cash Savings (flow) for a private car owner
Months Cash Flow (N) Cum. Cash Flow (N)
0 (150,000)
1 25,500 (124,500)
2 25,500 (99,000)
3 25,500 (73,500)
4 25,500 (48,000)
5 25,500 (22,500)
6 25,500 3,000
7 25,500 28,500
8 25,500 54,000
9 25,500 79,500
10 25,500 105,000
11 25,500 130,500
12 25,500 156,000
From the NCF above the following can be obtained;
Payback period:
Since the cash flow per period are even, the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period =
Initial Investment
Cash Inflow per Period
150,000
=
25,500
= 5.88 approx. 5.9 months.
Net Cash Recovery (NCR) for 1 year = N156,000
Profit Per Naira Invested within 1 year= 156,000/150,000 = N1.04
Note: Nigerian currency “Naira” is designated as ‘N’.
As at the time of this research 1 US Dollar = 155 Naira
Third, is its commendable track record of reliability and safety. This track record spans several decades
over the history of vehicles run on CNG. Explosive concerns with CNG used in vehicles have proved to be
unfounded.t CNG, is a natural gas under pressure which remains clear, odorless, non-poisonous, and
non-corrosive. Nonetheless, robust tanks to withstand gas under pressure and careful positioning of those tanks
within vehicles has played a role in their safety record
Fourth, flexibility and ease of use. The basic engine characteristics of a vehicle are retained while
converting it to run on CNG. Natural gas gives roughly the same mileage as gasoline. Dedicated natural gas
engines are superior in performance to gasoline engines because natural gas has an octane rating of 130 (Quester
Gas, 2009). Because natural gas is already in a gaseous state, NGVs have superior starting and drive ability, even
under severe hot and cold weather conditions. NGVs experience less knocking and no vapor locking. Some
vehicles are also constructed and operated as bi-fuel vehicles with two fuel tanks; one of CNG and one of
gasoline or diesel.
Finally, is the abundance of natural gas, as already mentioned above, and the forecast longevity of
those resources . and the advantageous geographical location of these giant natural gas reserves serve to
guarantee continued and reliable supply of this environmental friendly energy for the global demand over a very
long period of time (Omidvar, 2008).
Expanded exploitation of CNG as a substitute for diesel and petrol in automibiles would help
significantly to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions levels in developed and developing economies.
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Table 6: Global Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Million tons)
Transition
Economies
Developing
Countries
World
2002 2030 2002 2030 2002 2030 2002 2030
Power Sector 4793 6191 1270 1639 3354 8941 9417 16771
Industry 1723 1949 400 618 1954 3000 4076 5567
Transport 3384 4856 285 531 1245 3353 4914 8739
Residential &
Services
1801 1950 378 538 1068 1930 3248 4417
Other* 745 888 111 176 605 1142 1924 2720
Total 12,446 15,833 2444 3501 8226 18,365 23,579 38214
*Includes interantional marine bunkers (for the world’s total only)
(Source: IEA, 2004.21 as cited in Igbatayo and Imuodu, 2009)
3.2 Disadvantage of CNG as a Transport Fuel
There are two key disadvantages to CNG in comparison with gasoline and diesel as a vehicle fuel.
(1) Vehicle luggage space loss. A CNG cylinder consumes a lot of storage space and has to be placed in the trunk
of the car. Also the body of the cylinders too have to be made of good grade steel capable of withstanding the
roughs and toughs during travelling. The conversion is another challenge, because of its high cost per vehicle,
although this will ultimately be recovered from fuel savings, it will take time to achieve payback.
. (2) Per unit volume there is more than five times the energy in LNG than there is in CNG, making LNG more
suitable as a long-distance road vehicle fuel. CNG growth as a road fuel in certain parts of the world (i.e. Asia
and South America) remains strong due to the current investments in NGVs and fuel-station infrastructure
(Leather, Bahadori, Nwaoha and Wood, 2013). In North America the focus is now more on providing LNG
infrastructure for large heavy goods vehicles travelling long distances, in addition to CNG infrastructure for
lighter vehicles.
4. The Markets
CNG growth as a transportation fuel is strong.. This is partly due to the current investments in natural gas
vehicles. Public CNG refuelling stations are increasing in number worldwide and equipment is now developed
and available to allow home fuelling in some regions with grid gas supply.
Worldwide, there were 15.1 million natural gas vehicles and 19, 947 CNG fueling stations as of
December 2011, led by Iran with over 2.859 million, Pakistan (2.850 million), Argentina (1.9 million). The table
7 below shows the top 10 countries (NGV Global, 2012).
Table 7 Top 10 countries of NGV population
NGV Population: TOP TEN COUNTRIES
COUNTRY NGV Population % all NGV’s in the World
Iran 2,859,386 18.8
Pakistan 2,850,500 18.8
Argentina 1,900,000 12.5
Brazil 1,694,278 11.2
India 1,100,000 7.2
China 1,000,000 6.6
Italy 779,090 5.1
Ukraine 390,000 2.6
Colombia 348,747 2.3
Thailand 300,581 2.0
(source: NGV Global, 2012).
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4.1 In Europe
In Italy the use of CNG vehicles started in the 1930's and has continued off and on until today. Since
2008 there has been a large market expansion for natural gas vehicles caused by the rise of gasoline prices and
by the need to reduce air pollution emissions. There are more than 779, 090 NGV and 858 CNG filling stations
currently in Italy(NGV Global, 2012).In Germany, CNG-generated vehicles are expected to increase to two
million units of motor-transport by the year 2020. And as of December 2011 there are about 96, 215 NGV's and
around 903 gas CNG stations in Germany (NGV Global, 2012).
Russia, Ukraine, Spain, Switzerland France and Bulgaria are also investing in the construction of NGV vehicles
and CNG filling stations.
4.2 In Asia-Pacific
CNG has grown into one of the major fuel sources used in car engines in Iran, Pakistan, India, China,
and Thailand. Asia-Pacific accounts for the most NGV's in the world. Table 8 below shows the average
percentage NGV growth since 2002 (NGV Global, 2012).
Table 8. NGV Regional growth for the past 10 years (2002-2012)
NGV REGIONAL GROWTH SINCE 2002 (Ten Years)
Region Average % NGV Growth since 2002
ASIA-PACIFIC 38.7
EUROPE 16.2
NORTH AMERICA -1.2
LATIN AMERICA 14.8
AFRICA 16.1
ALL COUNTRIES 22.9
(source: NGV Global, 2012).
In Australia more than 35% of Australia's final energy use is employed moving people and goods across the
country (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011). As a large continent characterised by major population centres
located along the coastline, Australia requires goods to be transported long distances (which is more suited to
LNG than CNG). Road transport is the largest user of final energy in the transport sector, accounting for around
three-quarters of the sector's fuel consumption (Commonwealth of Australia, 2011), with passenger vehicles
accounting for some 61% of the fuel consumed. This is the major reason behind the increase in NGV's
population in Australia, together with its abundant supplies of conventional and unconventional gas resources.
4.3 In South and North America
According to Fernandes (2008), CNG vehicles are also commonly used in South America, where these
vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of Argentina and Brazil, when compared to North America.
Argentina, Brazil and Columbia are the three countries with the largest fleets of CNG vehicles with a combined
total fleet of more than 3.9 million vehicles by December 2011)? Where is figure 1.
Bolivia, Venezuela and United States of America are other southern and northern American
countries with increased use of CNG vehicles of 157426, 105890 and 123000 respectively (NGV Global, 2012).
4.4 In Africa
Egypt ranks as number one in Africa with 157,858 CNG vehicles and 141 fueling stations nationwide
(NGV Global, 2012).
With every country in the world trying to phase out toxic emissions, Nigeria could potentially save
some N654 billion yearly from the use of compressed natural gas. This figure represents 40 percent of the
estimated N1.6 trillion spent by Nigerians on diesel and petrol yearly to run vehicles and industrial machineries
(Ebosele, 2008). Currently, Nigeria can boast of 345 NGV's and some 6 refueling station as of December 2011
(NGV Global, 2012).
This number will increase for Nigeria, due to the governments bid to eliminate the problems and
shortages associated with vehicle fuel supply.
5. Recommendations
Industry needs to be able to invest with confidence. To do that, it needs secure and reliable access to
those resources. If the conditions are right, industry will invest.
And to realise this, we need governments to commit themselves to a more active and pragmatic role. In
thinking about these roles, there are a number of specific recommendations that will enhance CNG technologies
and investments, they are:
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Incentives and Tax Breaks
Of course, enormous demand growth for energy around the world also means that nations must establish
policies that allow the energy industry to develop energy from all available and commercially viable resources.
History tells us that real change in energy markets can only occur when public policy and private enterprise work
hand in hand. This will develop collaborative and innovative solutions to meet the challenge of supplying energy
in an environmentally sustainable manner. This can come in form of tax breaks and incentives for both producers
and end-users. Producers will only make the investments in gas infrastructure when the economic returns from
these investments is favorable (Murtala, Nwaoha, and Olagoke, 2013). By increasing incentives to the gas
producers and continuing to develop both international and domestic gas markets where producers can achieve
reasonable economic returns on their investments, the issues of under development and investment on CNG will
be greatly reduced in a few years. Tax breaks can also be introduced to further encourage huge investment and
interests in both NGV importation and CNG refuelling facilities. For instance, Sweden government through its
Energy Minister Anna-Karin Hatt has unveiled tax incentives that will increase NGV sales. This will include a
reduced tax benefit on company cars running on natural gas for 3 years, from 2014 to end of 2016 (NGV Journal,
2013). It also benefits car buyers 40 percent reduced rate of taxation, which lowers the cost of new NGV's to
same level as the petrol and diesel driven vehicles. In turn, leads to more CNG fuelling stations (NGV Journal,
2013).
Investment in CNG Infrastructure
Each day, end-users worldwide use more than 230 million barrels of energy, measured in oil
equivalents, from all sources (Glass, 2009). Accordingly, we will need to find and produce more natural
gas as well as adequately utilizing it in form of CNG. Globally CNG is getting the much anticipated
wide acceptance, and this is due its ability to market small reserves and also monetise offshore reserves
which cannot be produced because of unavailable of pipeline or because the LNG option is very costly.
This can come in form of investing in small scale CNG projects which provides good opportunity to
unlock the market potential by making CNG available to end-users. The simple solution provided by
small scale CNG can address individual customer needs in catchment areas. For instance, the Nigerian
gas master plan aims to address some of the challenges confronting the Nigeria gas sector, notably that
of inadequate infrastructure and commercial framework, which have had a strong impact on the ability
of the sector to supply as rapidly as the market opportunity dictates(Egbogah, 2009). Finally, GHG
emissions will be greatly reduced through more efficient use of energy, efficiency improvements from
operations and investment in CNG facilities. Finally, if the conditions are right, industry will invest
(Hayward, 2009).
Putting Tax on Flared Gas
Government should ensure appropriate pricing and tax per cubic meter of gas flared to encourage international
oil companies (IOC) and other stakeholders to execute much needed flare-out projects. Such regulation has been
introduced in Australia as ‘Australian carbon pricing legislation'. In the Australian carbon pricing legislation, a
fixed carbon price of $23 a tonne will last for three years (1st
July 2012 to 1st
July 2015) (Commonwealth of
Australia, 2011 cited in Murtala, Nwaoha, and Olagoke, 2013, p.629). It's also to note that small businesses and
households will have no direct obligations under the legislation.
6. Conclusion
Leather, Bahadori, Nwaoha and Wood (2013) confirmed that CNG is wining more attention and investments in
the automobile industry as an alternative to petroleum products like petrol, diesel, and fuel oil. This is mainly
due to its advantage to monetize stranded and small reserves, which accounts for more than one-third of global
reserves. In order to effectively utilise CNG, continued investment is very crucial. CNG is greatly utilised in
the transportation sector, where it has gained wide acceptance and investment. Its ability to market small reserves
is an additional major benefit. The use of NGV's also facilitates energy security and energy diversity.
Although the use of other alternative sources of energy will continue to grow, CNG will together remain the
dominant source of energy and will continue to play a key role in the future global energy demand and supply.
This is because most of these other alternatives begin from a much smaller resource base than CNG, and the
technology, infrastructure and regulatory framework to support them on large scale is expensive and does not
currently exist. But surely they will play an important role in the long-run.
Acknowledgment
The authors want to thank Dr. David A. Wood, the Principal Consultant of DWA Energy Limited, based in
Lincoln (United Kingdom) for his valuable comments and reviews which led to improvements in the article. He
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can be contacted through; dw@dwasolutions.com
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Contributor's bio
Chikezie Nwaoha is a Petroleum Engineering graduate from Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria,
and is currently a graduate student on PPC (Petroleum and Petrochemical College) full scholarship at The
Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (www.ppc.chula.ac.th). His research
focuses on natural gas engineering. He has co-edited two books, a Dictionary of Industrial Terms and Process
Plant Equipment: Operation, Control and Reliability. And also co-edited with Dr. Reza Javaherdashti and Dr.
Henry Tan on a book titled ‘Corrosion and Materials in Oil and Gas Industries' which has just been published
2013 (April 26) by Taylor and Francis LLC, USA. He has also co-authored several scientific articles in leading
international peer-reviewed journals. He is the downstream correspondent to Petroleum Africa magazine and a
contributing editor to Control Engineering Asia, Oil Review Africa, Oil & Gas Eurasia Magazine, and PetroMin.
He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE),
Nigerian Gas Association (NGA), Occupational Safety and Health Association Nigeria (OSHAN), and the
Pipeline Professionals' Association of Nigeria (PLAN).
Udoka Jeremiah Iyoke, is a 2010 graduate of Petroleum Engineering from Federal University Of Technology
Owerri, Nigeria. He is a member of various professional associations both locally and internationally. Among
them is the Prestigious Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) International. He has worked both as a researcher
and a trainee at the Department Of Petroleum Engineering, University Of Benin Nigeria, and also at PetroGas
Development Company Port Harcourt Nigeria, where he enjoyed a rare privilege of contributing in the drafting
out an aspect of the Nigerian Gas Master plan. He Is currently undergoing a Master Degree Course at the
Institute Of Petroleum Engineering (With Specialisation in Gas Supply) ,Clausthal University Of
Technology,Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. He can be reached through udokaiyoke@yahoo.com.