The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
The document summarizes the key components of buildings. It describes the roof as the topmost component that covers the building. Parapets are short walls above flat roofs that act as safety walls. Lintels support the weight above openings like doors and windows. Beams and slabs form horizontal members, with beams transferring load to columns. Columns are vertical members that support slabs and transfer load to the foundation. Other components discussed include damp proof course, walls, windows and doors, floors, stairs, plinth beam, plinth, and foundation.
This document discusses different types of roofs and roof elements. It provides details on:
- Qualities a roof should have like weather resistance, durability, insulation, and requiring minimal maintenance.
- Roof elements like pitch, coverings, verges, ridges, eaves, dormers, and valleys.
- Different types of pitched roofs using timber or steel trusses, as well as roofs with dormers or flat roofs.
The document outlines the key components of a building, including:
- The substructure (foundation and footings), superstructure (framed structures using reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete), walls, doors/windows, and finishing works.
- Building services such as electrical works, plumbing, firefighting systems, air conditioning and ventilation, and lifts.
- Other services like building management systems, security, and public address systems.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
The document summarizes the key components of buildings. It describes the roof as the topmost component that covers the building. Parapets are short walls above flat roofs that act as safety walls. Lintels support the weight above openings like doors and windows. Beams and slabs form horizontal members, with beams transferring load to columns. Columns are vertical members that support slabs and transfer load to the foundation. Other components discussed include damp proof course, walls, windows and doors, floors, stairs, plinth beam, plinth, and foundation.
This document discusses different types of roofs and roof elements. It provides details on:
- Qualities a roof should have like weather resistance, durability, insulation, and requiring minimal maintenance.
- Roof elements like pitch, coverings, verges, ridges, eaves, dormers, and valleys.
- Different types of pitched roofs using timber or steel trusses, as well as roofs with dormers or flat roofs.
The document outlines the key components of a building, including:
- The substructure (foundation and footings), superstructure (framed structures using reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete), walls, doors/windows, and finishing works.
- Building services such as electrical works, plumbing, firefighting systems, air conditioning and ventilation, and lifts.
- Other services like building management systems, security, and public address systems.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses the key components of a building structure. It describes the substructure or foundation, which is located below ground level and transmits loads to the soil. The superstructure is the part above ground level that serves the intended use of the building. A building also contains masonry units like walls and columns, floor structures, roof structures, doors and windows, vertical transportation structures, and finishes. Foundations transmit loads to the soil in a way that limits settlements and prevents soil failure.
In this ppt, we are going to explain Wall and different types of the wall with the help of examples and diagrams. What is stone masonry wall, core wall, compound wall, precast wall, curtain wall, load-bearing wall, brick masonry wall, shear wall, retaining wall, etc?
Follow Us on blogger:: www.techspotraza.blogspot.com
Follow Us on Youtube::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIbU-EhypIZNKu-AgfMOJqw?view_as=subscriber
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
The document discusses different types of wall construction methods including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick and block walls, stone walls, and plasterboard walls. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf separated by a cavity for insulation and moisture drainage. Timber frame walls have good insulation and an outer layer for weatherproofing. Insulated brick and block walls similarly use a cavity for insulation and drainage. Stone and plasterboard walls are also summarized.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It describes four main types of construction: fireproof, non-combustible, exterior protected, and wood construction. It then discusses various fire resistant building materials including fire resistant glass, concrete, stucco, gypsum, and brick. The building described is designed for a 4-hour fire rating according to NBC:2005 standards and utilizes fire resistant materials like clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforced concrete beams and floors, teak wood doors, and Sheesham wood furniture.
This document discusses building design and building bye-laws. It provides guidelines for proper building design including setting minimum standards for room sizes, building heights, open spaces, and other structural elements. Building bye-laws are local laws that provide rules for construction to ensure safety, efficiency and to prevent unplanned development. They regulate setbacks, coverage ratios, parking and more. Compliance with bye-laws leads to economically sound and safe construction.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
The document describes different types of wall constructions including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick block walls, stone walls, and render finishes. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf with insulation between and ties connecting them. Timber frame walls use timber studs with various outer finishes and insulation incorporated. Insulated brick block walls consist of a brick outer leaf, block inner leaf, and insulation fixed to the inner leaf. Stone walls can use natural or manmade stone with an appropriate inner leaf. Render finishes provide weatherproofing and decoration applied in layers over a wall surface.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
Reinforced concrete lintels are now widely used as they are fireproof, durable, strong, economical and easy to construct. RCC lintels can be used for varying spans and load conditions without needing relieving arches. They are preferred over other lintel materials like wood, stone and brick due to disadvantages like decay, difficulty obtaining long stones, and weakness in tension. RCC lintels can be precast or cast-in-situ, with precast used for smaller spans up to 2 meters typically. Depth and reinforcement size depends on the span and load, with larger diameters like 12mm rebar used for spans over 3 meters.
Brick work involves arranging bricks laid in mortar to form a unified structure. Proper brick bonding is important to distribute loads and stresses throughout the structure. The main types of brick bonding are English bond (alternating headers and stretchers), Flemish bond (alternating headers and stretchers within the same course), and stretcher bond (all bricks laid as stretchers). Good brick bonding follows rules like using uniformly sized bricks, arranging bricks uniformly, minimizing small fragments, and having vertical joints directly above one another between courses.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
ROOFING it is one of the important thing in the building and every building includes a type of roof. and the type of roof is being chooses according to several conditions
There are several types of bonds used in brickwork:
Stretcher bond uses bricks laid lengthwise. Header bond uses bricks laid perpendicular. English bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course. Flemish bond also alternates headers and stretchers but starts each alternate course with a header.
Proper bonding distributes load, adds stability, and can be decorative. Stretcher bond is used for thin walls while header bond is for thick, single wythe walls. English bond is most common, using headers and stretchers, with rules about placement. Flemish bond alternates starting each other course with a header.
The document discusses various types of masonry construction using bricks and stones. It begins by defining brick masonry as the use of bricks laid in mortar to form a homogeneous structure. It then discusses important terms used in brick masonry such as brick, frog, stretcher, header, quoin, etc. Different types of bonds used in brick masonry are described including English bond, Flemish bond, and garden wall bonds. The document also discusses stone masonry and the main types of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry.
here are the various components of building which can be studied in building components .
it covers various parts like plinth,beam,dpc,floors,stairs,perphates etc.
Designed,Prepared and Sorted by
Sanat .R . Yadav
Building Construction in civil engineeringUjasPandya2
The document discusses different types of building structures and their components. It describes load bearing walls, framed structures, and composite structures. It also covers building foundations, explaining live loads, dead loads, wind loads, and other factors considered in foundation design. Common building components like walls, floors, doors, windows, stairs, and roofs are defined. Load bearing walls, partition walls, types of floors, doors, windows, and stair components are specified.
This document describes the key components of building construction. It discusses the foundation, which distributes load to the soil; the plinth beam above ground level; and the damp proof course above the foundation to prevent rising moisture. Beams and slabs form the horizontal structure and transfer load to columns, which take the load to the foundation. Walls enclose the building and have openings for doors and windows. Lintels above openings support the wall weight. The roof forms the top part and can be flat or sloped. Parapets on flat roofs act as safety walls. Floors are laid on the plinth and stairs connect different floors.
In this ppt, we are going to explain Wall and different types of the wall with the help of examples and diagrams. What is stone masonry wall, core wall, compound wall, precast wall, curtain wall, load-bearing wall, brick masonry wall, shear wall, retaining wall, etc?
Follow Us on blogger:: www.techspotraza.blogspot.com
Follow Us on Youtube::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIbU-EhypIZNKu-AgfMOJqw?view_as=subscriber
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
The document discusses different types of wall construction methods including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick and block walls, stone walls, and plasterboard walls. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf separated by a cavity for insulation and moisture drainage. Timber frame walls have good insulation and an outer layer for weatherproofing. Insulated brick and block walls similarly use a cavity for insulation and drainage. Stone and plasterboard walls are also summarized.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It describes four main types of construction: fireproof, non-combustible, exterior protected, and wood construction. It then discusses various fire resistant building materials including fire resistant glass, concrete, stucco, gypsum, and brick. The building described is designed for a 4-hour fire rating according to NBC:2005 standards and utilizes fire resistant materials like clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforced concrete beams and floors, teak wood doors, and Sheesham wood furniture.
This document discusses building design and building bye-laws. It provides guidelines for proper building design including setting minimum standards for room sizes, building heights, open spaces, and other structural elements. Building bye-laws are local laws that provide rules for construction to ensure safety, efficiency and to prevent unplanned development. They regulate setbacks, coverage ratios, parking and more. Compliance with bye-laws leads to economically sound and safe construction.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
The document describes different types of wall constructions including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick block walls, stone walls, and render finishes. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf with insulation between and ties connecting them. Timber frame walls use timber studs with various outer finishes and insulation incorporated. Insulated brick block walls consist of a brick outer leaf, block inner leaf, and insulation fixed to the inner leaf. Stone walls can use natural or manmade stone with an appropriate inner leaf. Render finishes provide weatherproofing and decoration applied in layers over a wall surface.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
Reinforced concrete lintels are now widely used as they are fireproof, durable, strong, economical and easy to construct. RCC lintels can be used for varying spans and load conditions without needing relieving arches. They are preferred over other lintel materials like wood, stone and brick due to disadvantages like decay, difficulty obtaining long stones, and weakness in tension. RCC lintels can be precast or cast-in-situ, with precast used for smaller spans up to 2 meters typically. Depth and reinforcement size depends on the span and load, with larger diameters like 12mm rebar used for spans over 3 meters.
Brick work involves arranging bricks laid in mortar to form a unified structure. Proper brick bonding is important to distribute loads and stresses throughout the structure. The main types of brick bonding are English bond (alternating headers and stretchers), Flemish bond (alternating headers and stretchers within the same course), and stretcher bond (all bricks laid as stretchers). Good brick bonding follows rules like using uniformly sized bricks, arranging bricks uniformly, minimizing small fragments, and having vertical joints directly above one another between courses.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
ROOFING it is one of the important thing in the building and every building includes a type of roof. and the type of roof is being chooses according to several conditions
There are several types of bonds used in brickwork:
Stretcher bond uses bricks laid lengthwise. Header bond uses bricks laid perpendicular. English bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course. Flemish bond also alternates headers and stretchers but starts each alternate course with a header.
Proper bonding distributes load, adds stability, and can be decorative. Stretcher bond is used for thin walls while header bond is for thick, single wythe walls. English bond is most common, using headers and stretchers, with rules about placement. Flemish bond alternates starting each other course with a header.
The document discusses various types of masonry construction using bricks and stones. It begins by defining brick masonry as the use of bricks laid in mortar to form a homogeneous structure. It then discusses important terms used in brick masonry such as brick, frog, stretcher, header, quoin, etc. Different types of bonds used in brick masonry are described including English bond, Flemish bond, and garden wall bonds. The document also discusses stone masonry and the main types of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry.
here are the various components of building which can be studied in building components .
it covers various parts like plinth,beam,dpc,floors,stairs,perphates etc.
Designed,Prepared and Sorted by
Sanat .R . Yadav
Building Construction in civil engineeringUjasPandya2
The document discusses different types of building structures and their components. It describes load bearing walls, framed structures, and composite structures. It also covers building foundations, explaining live loads, dead loads, wind loads, and other factors considered in foundation design. Common building components like walls, floors, doors, windows, stairs, and roofs are defined. Load bearing walls, partition walls, types of floors, doors, windows, and stair components are specified.
This document describes the key components of building construction. It discusses the foundation, which distributes load to the soil; the plinth beam above ground level; and the damp proof course above the foundation to prevent rising moisture. Beams and slabs form the horizontal structure and transfer load to columns, which take the load to the foundation. Walls enclose the building and have openings for doors and windows. Lintels above openings support the wall weight. The roof forms the top part and can be flat or sloped. Parapets on flat roofs act as safety walls. Floors are laid on the plinth and stairs connect different floors.
The document discusses various building materials and components used in construction. It describes air barriers that minimize air leakage between the interior and exterior of a home. It also discusses different types of attic ventilation like soffit vents, ridge vents, and gable vents. Various framing elements are identified like anchor bolts, sole plates, floor joists, and studs. Insulation materials like batt insulation, loose fill, and rigid board insulation are also summarized. Electrical components such as transformers, service heads, meters, and receptacles are defined.
The devastating Effects of earthquake is notable to all. Recently we all saw the destruction of nepal by the same. So if we increasing the resistance of building to earthquake we can reduce its effect as we cannot stop the earthquake!!!
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
This document discusses retaining walls and their design. It begins by defining a retaining wall as a structure used to retain earth or other materials that cannot stand vertically on their own. It then discusses different types of conventional retaining walls, including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort/buttressed, and reinforced earth walls. The document also covers design considerations such as forces, stability requirements, and checks against overturning and sliding.
This visual dictionary defines and describes various construction terms related to materials, components, and processes. Key terms covered include types of ventilation, cladding materials, brick bonds, concrete joints, framing elements, plumbing components, roofing materials and components, and window types. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate many of the terms.
This document provides an introduction to basic roof concepts and framing. It discusses common roof shapes such as gable, hip, dutch gable and valley roofs. It also explains how to read roof shapes from lines on technical drawings. The document then covers generic approaches to roof framing using pitched and trussed methods. It discusses loads that act on roofs, including dead, live and wind loads. It also summarizes how these loads are transferred through the roof structure and common bracing requirements.
The document provides details about a building construction project submitted by Ishfaq Rashid to the Department of Civil Engineering at Ram Devi Jindal Group of Colleges. It discusses the project area of 29 acres located in Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka Expressway in Gurugram. The project involves constructing a gated low-rise luxury residential complex with a basement, stilt floor, and 4 upper floors along with covered car parking. It provides information on the excavation, plain cement concrete, raft foundation, structural elements like columns, beams, walls and their connections, slabs, terrace, plaster, tiling, and painting work involved in the project.
This document provides information about the construction project of a bungalow house in Penang, Malaysia. It includes:
1. An introduction outlining the objectives and structure of the document.
2. Details of the existing foundation (pile foundation), slab (suspended slab), and roof (hip and valley roof) used in the project.
3. Analysis and comparison of alternative options to replace the existing foundation (pad foundation), slab (waffle slab), and roof (gable roof) and an explanation of why the selected alternatives were chosen.
The document discusses the plan analysis and design of a G+3 hospital building using STAAD Pro software. It includes summaries of analyzing the building frames manually and in STAAD Pro, designing the slab as both one-way and two-way, and designing beams and columns. Key areas of the building are defined, such as plinth area, built up area, carpet area, and floor area ratio. The methodology of the project is outlined, including preparing plans in AutoCAD, structural planning in STAAD Pro, and designing structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and staircases. Manual and software analysis methods are compared, and the project concludes with learning outcomes and references.
foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
This document discusses different types of roof structures:
1. Single roofs have rafters that do not require intermediate support but are limited to small spans.
2. Double roofs have rafters long enough to require a beam (purlin) for intermediate support halfway between the ridge and wallplate.
3. Trussed roofs make use of manufactured truss assemblies (trussed rafters) for modern roof construction.
This document provides information on post-lintel structures. It describes post-lintel structures as a simple form of construction using posts carrying horizontal beams or lintels. Ancient Egyptian and Greek architecture commonly used this type of construction with stone. It then discusses the different structural elements of post-lintel structures including columns, column footings, beams, slabs, and stairs. It provides details on sizing and reinforcement of these elements. The document also outlines some advantages of post-lintel structures such as aesthetics, span and space, cost, and sustainability. It describes limitations related to solid to void ratios and placement of openings and stairs.
Air Barrier Paper serves as a barrier against weather elements while renovations are completed. It provides protection from air and vapor intrusion.
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a nonveneered panel composed of long wood fiber shreds oriented in specific directions and bonded under pressure. It is used for sheathing and subflooring in construction.
Welded Wire Fabric is a group of steel rods welded together used to reinforce concrete, such as sidewalks. It provides added strength and prevents cracking.
The document provides information on different types of shallow foundations. It defines a foundation as the lowest supporting layer of a structure that transfers loads to the ground. Shallow foundations are used when surface soils can sufficiently support imposed loads. Types of shallow foundations discussed include spread footings (single, stepped, sloped, wall), combined footings, strap footings, and mat foundations (solid slab, beam slab, cellular). Spread footings can be pad/isolated footings for columns or wall/strip footings for continuous walls. Stepped and sloped footings are used for heavier loads. Grillage foundations use a grid of wooden or steel beams to distribute loads over a large area for structures on soils with low bearing capacity.
This visual dictionary defines and provides images of various construction materials, tools, and methods. Key terms include air barriers, attic ventilation types, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, doors, electrical components, framing elements, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation types, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing fixtures, plywood, rebar, roofing materials and components, stone types, vapor retarders, waterproofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and window types. Diagrams and short descriptions are provided for each term.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to moment frames. They have been used successfully in many high-rise buildings around the world.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to other structural systems.
The most important for an architecture or civil engineer is to provide a comfortable and aesthetically beautiful building. This lecture contains all the specifications which are important for a drwaing
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
Use of Instrument and Lettering in Civil Engineering DrawingAhmad Hassan
The document discusses guidelines for using instruments and lettering in technical drawings. It covers:
1. Classification of lines according to thickness, darkness, and shape and their appropriate uses. Very thick lines are used to show reinforcement, thinner lines for other features.
2. Guidelines for lettering including using capital letters, maintaining consistent height and spacing, and writing fractions and dimensions.
3. Proper use of instruments like T-squares and triangles to draw accurate horizontal and vertical lines and ensure alignments are perpendicular. Templates are also discussed.
This document discusses the key differences between model drawings and building drawings used in civil engineering. Building drawings must be done at a larger scale since objects are much bigger in real life. The scale used determines the reduction factor to relate actual sizes to drawing sizes. Common views shown in building drawings are plans, elevations, and sections. Plans show the layout and dimensions of elements from a top view. Elevations show the external appearance without dimensions. Sections provide cut views with full dimensions and details. Dimensioning and views are important for structural design. Examples of features shown include walls, windows, doors, floors, and roofs. Architectural design considerations include plot size, bye laws, covered area, and available funds.
The document defines different types of views used in architectural and building drawings. A plan is a top view drawn by assuming a horizontal cut just above the sill level. An elevation shows the front, back, or side of a finished building. A section is a cutaway view that shows both the superstructure and substructure with details. Plans, elevations, and sections are used to communicate different information about a building design.
Introduction to proteus for dummies. It is a software used to simulate electrical circuits. It saves time and also appliances. It is widely used now a days in electrical technology.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
2. Beam is a structural member used to provide support to
upper part of the building leaving clear space underneath
and to transfer the imposed loads to supports at its ends.
Its width is lesser that main dimension of the building
which distinguishes it from a roof-slab.
Usually the load acts at right angle to the longitudinal axis
of the member.
Main deformation of the beam with the loads is bending.
Bending is associated with elongation of the bottom
layers and shortening of the top layers.
Shortening of the material shows that “push” is acting
over it or compression is produced in it.
Concrete is sufficiently strong to develop that much
compression. Elongation of the material at the bottom
shows that “pull” is acting over it or tension is produced
in it.
Beam
3. Concrete is very weak in tension and if no reinforcement
is provided, the beam will crack at the bottom and will fall
down Another example of material strong in compression
and weak in tension is an ordinary piece of chalk.
When it is very difficult to break it but very little
resistance is offered when it is pulled. Remember that
push is force acting towards the material whereas pull is a
force acting away from the material.
If we provide steel bars at the bottom of the beam under
consideration, it becomes safe as steel is sufficiently
strong in tension. When concrete is provided to
combination may resist any type of load and is called
reinforced cement concrete.
Beam
5. Column is structural member
which provides a continuous
support for upper part of the
building and carries the load
directly up to the foundation.
load acts along the longitudinal
axis of the member.
Column may be made up of
bricks, R.C.C. or steel.
Its dimensions are lesser than
main dimensions of the
building which distinguish it
from a WALL.
Column
6. Bricks have a porous structure and the pores are
interconnected to form capillaries.
As a result, bricks get dampness from the soil underneath
and pump it to upper parts of the building under the
action of capillary force.
Mortar and concrete deteriorate reducing the strength and
are not good from hygienic point of view.
A continuous water proof layer is provided above the
ground level to prevent the moisture to come up which is
called damp proof course or simply DPC.
Damp Proof Course DPC
7.
8. DPC to be provided in walls consists of 1-in to 3-in thick
layer of P.C.C. (1:2:4) over which two coats of hot
bitumen are applied.
Sometimes, for load bearing walls, polythene sheet is also
provided.
The top of DPC is made in level with the ground floor top
of the building.
Damp Proof Course DPC
9.
10. It is a structural unit made up of
properly burnt clayey soil having the
nominal dimensions (including the
mortar thickness).
Possible thickness of brick walls is
always an integral multiple of 4 ½ - in
or ½ brick.
Brick
11. Small wall provided on periphery of the roof for safety
and privacy purposes is called parapet wall.
Height of 1 – 0” to about 5-0” from top of the roof slab.
Filling materials on the roof surface.
Parapet:
12. It is the outermost wall of a building marking the
boundary of the area. (Safety and privacy).
Height of the boundary wall should be higher than eye-
level of a common person but (Blocks)
Bye-laws.
Boundary Wall:
13. Boundary Wall
Boundary wall is a simplest civil
engineering structure just consisting of a
single wall present on periphery of the
building.
no external vertical load is coming on a
boundary wall and a wall of minimum
thickness should be suggested, except in
certain special cases.
14. The height covered in one step of a stair is called riser.
Width or horizontal platform required for one step of stair
is called treat or going.
For public buildings, riser is usually made equal to 6-in
while the tread is kept equal to 12-in.
Number of risers = Height to be covered in inches
Riser in inches
Riser and Tread:
15. A series of stair-steps arranged together
usually in a single line is called a flight.
Maximum number of steps in a single flight
must not exceed 12 to 14, and minimum is 3
steps
Number of treads in a flight of stair is always
one lesser than the number of risers because
the top horizontal surface serves the purpose
of one tread.
Number of steps required for a stair may be
found out as follows: by previous Equ
Flight of Stairs:
16. The horizontal platform provided between two flights of a
stair is called landing.
Landing in Stairs:
17. The portion of a structure under
columns and walls which transfers
load of the structure to the soil
underneath foundation.
The load concentration
The function of a foundation is to re-
distribute this load over a larger area
becomes equal to the safe bearing
capacity of the soil underneath (0.5
to 1.5 Tons/SFT.)
Foundation:
18. In case of a stepped foundation,
brick wall is expanded below
ground level in different steps.
The increase in thickness of the
wall in one step should be 2 ¼
inch on either side with a total of
41/2 inch.
The height of each step may vary
in multiples of 3-in depending
upon the required depth of
foundation from the ground level.
Foundation:
2 ¼ Inch
19. At the bottom of each foundation,
lean concrete or a compacted
mixture of brick-ballast with 25%
sand is to be provided.
Off set of this layer must be lesser
than or equal to its depth (6” or
9”).
If detailed calculations of the
loads is not possible, the number
of steps are found out by dividing
the wall thickness in inches by 4-
1/2”.
Foundation:
20. Lintel is a small usually concealed beam provided over
openings in walls like doors, windows and ventilators.
Lintel:
21. Although there are minor differences of the conventions
used in the model drawing (discussed in the previous
chapter) and those in the building drawing, however,
simple orthographic views and sectional views will be
used in the building drawing as such.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MODEL DRAWING
AND BUILDING DRAWING:
Object will be much bigger, dimensions may be in feet
instead of few inches.
the dimensions are to be reduced many times for the
drawing work.
Size of the Object:
22. Plan:
In architectural or building drawing, top view is always
drawn as a sectional top view formed by assuming an
imaginary horizontal cutting plane just above the sill level.
The view is drawn after removing the upper part and is
termed as PLAN.
Simple top view is not used because of the reason that it
will only show the parapet wall and the roof of a building
and nothing else.
Terminology for Different Views:
23. Elevation:
Simple orthographic view used to show the appearance of
the finished building is called elevation which is
equivalent to front view in the model drawing.
Elevation is only drawn for the super-structure.
View is used only to communicate the appearance; hence,
dimensioning is avoided in it.
N- elevation, S-elevation , E-elevation and W-elevation.
Usually the most important view or the front elevation is
drawn and is simply called elevation.
Terminology for Different Views: