Complex numbers are numbers of the form a + bi, where a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part. Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. When multiplying complex numbers, the real parts and imaginary parts are multiplied separately and combined. The conjugate of a + bi is a - bi. When a complex number is multiplied by its conjugate, the result is a real number equal to the modulus (magnitude) of the complex number squared. Complex numbers can also be expressed in polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus and θ is the argument.