Complex Möbius Field (CMF) is topologically homologous to fermionic field. They are hybrid functions: polar continuous and equatorial discrete. This creates polar additive space and equatorial multiplicative association spaces, motor and sensory. Null valued ‘0-∞ Conjugate’ is the core of CMF. As all the operations in motor wing are absolute, equatorial discreteness of motor multiplicative space is equivalent with polar continuity. Hence both polar axis and motor wing represent absolute Elementary Dimensionality (ED). On the other hand, finite and discrete functioning of the sensory wing represent finite FD (Fractal Dimensionality). Motor multiplicative space may apparently behave discretely only in the perspective of finite FD. So active multiplication is the main input in FD and passive addition is the main outcome in ED. Structural FD is valid only when it is supported by structureless and formless ED at the fulcrum.
Kinematics is the study of how robotic manipulators move. It describes the relationship between actuator movement and resulting end effector motion. Understanding a robot's kinematics, including its number of joints, degrees of freedom, and how parts are connected, is necessary for controlling its movement. Forward kinematics determines the end effector position from joint angles, while inverse kinematics finds required joint angles for a given end effector position. Homogeneous transformations provide a general mathematical approach for solving kinematics equations using matrix algebra.
The document provides an introduction to robot kinematics. It discusses the PUMA 560 robot and its six revolute joints. It also covers other basic robot joints like spherical, revolute, and prismatic joints. The document explains forward and inverse kinematics. It provides a math review of topics like dot products, matrices, and unit vectors. It then covers basic transformations between coordinate frames using translation and rotation matrices. Homogeneous transformations are introduced to represent rotations and translations with a single 4x4 matrix.
1) The document discusses concepts in planar projective geometry including planar twists, wrenches, and their addition. It shows that planar twists and wrenches can be represented by points and lines in a plane.
2) The addition of planar twists and wrenches follows graphical rules. The addition of two rotations results in a rotation located at a point determined proportionally to the original rotations. The addition of forces follows the parallelogram rule.
3) Invariants like the pole of a twist or the direction and distance of a wrench polar completely describe the motion or loading of a rigid body in the plane.
The document summarizes how the Coriolis force causes objects on the surface of the Earth to move in circles. It shows that the radius of the circular path is given by r = v/(2ωcosθ), where v is the object's velocity, ω is the Earth's rotation rate, and θ is the co-latitude. The frequency of circular motion is 2ωcosθ. For example, near the equator where θ is close to π/2, r becomes very large and the frequency approaches 0, while near the north pole, r is on the order of 10 km for an object moving at 1 m/s.
The document summarizes how the Coriolis force causes objects on the surface of the Earth to move in circles. It shows that the radius of the circular path is given by r = v/(2ωcosθ), where v is the object's velocity, ω is the Earth's rotation rate, and θ is the co-latitude. The frequency of circular motion is 2ωcosθ. For example, near the equator where θ is close to π/2, r becomes very large and the frequency approaches 0, while near the north pole, r is on the order of 10 km for an object moving at 1 m/s.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about basic rules of sketching root locus.
The document provides an overview of attitude and orbit control systems (AOCS) for spacecraft. It discusses equations of motion for attitude and orbit, AOCS hardware including sensors and actuators, attitude determination, attitude control techniques including spin, dual-spin and three-axis control, and considerations for AOCS design. Key topics covered include rotational kinematics, rigid body dynamics, environmental torques, reaction wheel control systems, momentum management, and orbit determination using Kalman filtering.
PHYA3-POLARIZATION.ppt. For 1st year B.E. studentsishnlakhina
This document discusses the phenomenon of polarization of light. It begins by defining polarization as restricting the electric vector vibrations of light along a specific plane, which may or may not rotate about the direction of propagation. It then discusses various states of polarization including linearly polarized light, elliptically polarized light, and circularly polarized light. It describes the superposition of polarized waves and how different phase differences result in different polarization states. Finally, it discusses several methods by which light can become polarized, such as dichroism, reflection, scattering, and birefringence.
Kinematics is the study of how robotic manipulators move. It describes the relationship between actuator movement and resulting end effector motion. Understanding a robot's kinematics, including its number of joints, degrees of freedom, and how parts are connected, is necessary for controlling its movement. Forward kinematics determines the end effector position from joint angles, while inverse kinematics finds required joint angles for a given end effector position. Homogeneous transformations provide a general mathematical approach for solving kinematics equations using matrix algebra.
The document provides an introduction to robot kinematics. It discusses the PUMA 560 robot and its six revolute joints. It also covers other basic robot joints like spherical, revolute, and prismatic joints. The document explains forward and inverse kinematics. It provides a math review of topics like dot products, matrices, and unit vectors. It then covers basic transformations between coordinate frames using translation and rotation matrices. Homogeneous transformations are introduced to represent rotations and translations with a single 4x4 matrix.
1) The document discusses concepts in planar projective geometry including planar twists, wrenches, and their addition. It shows that planar twists and wrenches can be represented by points and lines in a plane.
2) The addition of planar twists and wrenches follows graphical rules. The addition of two rotations results in a rotation located at a point determined proportionally to the original rotations. The addition of forces follows the parallelogram rule.
3) Invariants like the pole of a twist or the direction and distance of a wrench polar completely describe the motion or loading of a rigid body in the plane.
The document summarizes how the Coriolis force causes objects on the surface of the Earth to move in circles. It shows that the radius of the circular path is given by r = v/(2ωcosθ), where v is the object's velocity, ω is the Earth's rotation rate, and θ is the co-latitude. The frequency of circular motion is 2ωcosθ. For example, near the equator where θ is close to π/2, r becomes very large and the frequency approaches 0, while near the north pole, r is on the order of 10 km for an object moving at 1 m/s.
The document summarizes how the Coriolis force causes objects on the surface of the Earth to move in circles. It shows that the radius of the circular path is given by r = v/(2ωcosθ), where v is the object's velocity, ω is the Earth's rotation rate, and θ is the co-latitude. The frequency of circular motion is 2ωcosθ. For example, near the equator where θ is close to π/2, r becomes very large and the frequency approaches 0, while near the north pole, r is on the order of 10 km for an object moving at 1 m/s.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about basic rules of sketching root locus.
The document provides an overview of attitude and orbit control systems (AOCS) for spacecraft. It discusses equations of motion for attitude and orbit, AOCS hardware including sensors and actuators, attitude determination, attitude control techniques including spin, dual-spin and three-axis control, and considerations for AOCS design. Key topics covered include rotational kinematics, rigid body dynamics, environmental torques, reaction wheel control systems, momentum management, and orbit determination using Kalman filtering.
PHYA3-POLARIZATION.ppt. For 1st year B.E. studentsishnlakhina
This document discusses the phenomenon of polarization of light. It begins by defining polarization as restricting the electric vector vibrations of light along a specific plane, which may or may not rotate about the direction of propagation. It then discusses various states of polarization including linearly polarized light, elliptically polarized light, and circularly polarized light. It describes the superposition of polarized waves and how different phase differences result in different polarization states. Finally, it discusses several methods by which light can become polarized, such as dichroism, reflection, scattering, and birefringence.
This document discusses spacecraft attitude dynamics and control. It begins by introducing typical modes of spacecraft operation like attitude acquisition and nominal earth pointing. It then covers key topics like reference frames, attitude representation using Euler angles, quaternions and direction cosine matrices, orbital elements, external disturbances, and spacecraft attitude dynamics equations. Quaternion algebra is described for representing attitude and performing successive rotations between frames. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental concepts for analyzing and controlling a spacecraft's orientation in space.
An object moving in a circle experiences uniform circular motion, requiring a centripetal acceleration towards the center. This acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which may come from friction, gravity, tension or the normal force. Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force between all masses that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Satellites remain in orbit around Earth through balancing gravitational force with their high tangential speed, in a state of apparent weightlessness.
The document discusses forward kinematics, which is finding the position and orientation of the end effector given the joint angles of a robot. It covers different types of robot joints and configurations. It introduces the Denavit-Hartenberg coordinate system for defining the relationship between successive links of a robot. The document also discusses forward kinematic calculations, inverse kinematics, robot workspaces, and trajectory planning.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
The document discusses uniform circular motion and centripetal force. It defines key terms like centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and period of motion. It provides examples of calculating centripetal force and acceleration for objects moving in circular paths, including satellites in orbit. It also discusses concepts like apparent weight and applications to space stations designed to create artificial gravity environments.
1. The document defines key terms related to rotational motion such as angular position, angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.
2. It also outlines the four fundamental equations of angular motion and how they are analogous to the linear equations of motion.
3. Key concepts such as moment of inertia, torque, angular momentum, and their relationships to linear motion are summarized.
This document analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of the pitch equation of motion for a gravity-gradient satellite in an elliptical orbit. It finds that the motion can be periodic, quasiperiodic, or chaotic depending on the eccentricity, satellite inertia ratio, and initial conditions. Numerical techniques like Poincare maps, bifurcation plots, Lyapunov exponents, and chaos diagrams are used to characterize the different types of motion. Chaotic motion is found to be more likely at higher orbital eccentricities.
This document introduces the root locus technique for analyzing how the closed-loop poles of a control system vary with changes in the controller gain. It provides 5 rules for constructing a root locus diagram:
1) Locate open-loop poles and zeros.
2) The number of root locus branches equals the greater of open-loop poles or zeros.
3) Points on the real axis are on the locus if open-loop poles/zeros to the right are odd.
4) Asymptotes radiate from the centroid at fixed angles depending on open-loop poles/zeros.
5) Branches depart breakaway points where multiple roots occur at angles of ±180/n degrees.
Classical and Quasi-Classical Consideration of Charged Particles in Coulomb F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom coincide with the Born orbits.
CLASSICAL AND QUASI-CLASSICAL CONSIDERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN COULOMB F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the
Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity
theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb
centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the
dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the
proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of
the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with
the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy
for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom
coincide with the Born orbits.
This document analyzes cosmic phenomena using the Heaviside field, which is an analogy between Maxwell's equations and gravitational theory. Key points:
1) The Maxwell analogue equations and Lorentz force law can explain the formation of disc galaxies from angular collapse of orbits into a galaxy's equatorial plane, as well as the constant velocity of stars in disc galaxies.
2) These laws also describe phenomena like the dynamics of fast-spinning stars and supernova remnants, binary pulsars and accretion discs, and polar bursts from matter falling toward pulsars' poles.
3) The equations allow calculating metrics like the critical compression radius below which fast-spinning stars maintain a global compression regardless of rotation speed.
Analytic description of cosmic phenomena using the heaviside field (2)John Hutchison
This document summarizes research applying Maxwell's analogue equations for gravitation to describe various cosmic phenomena involving spinning or rotating celestial bodies. Key points:
1) The equations allow explaining the formation of disc galaxies from the angular collapse of orbits into a galaxy's equatorial plane under the influence of gyrotation forces from the central spinning mass.
2) They derive the constant orbital velocity of stars in disc galaxies from the original spherical distribution prior to collapse.
3) Dynamics of fast-spinning stars are analyzed, showing they can maintain a global compression shape up to a critical rotation rate without exploding, and explaining properties of some supernova remnants.
Analytic description of cosmic phenomena using the heaviside field (2)John Hutchison
This document summarizes research applying Maxwell's analogue equations for gravitation to describe various cosmic phenomena involving spinning or rotating celestial bodies. Key points:
1) The equations allow explaining the formation of disc galaxies from the angular collapse of orbits around spinning galactic centers into the equatorial plane, and the constant velocity of stars in disc galaxies.
2) They describe the dynamics of fast-spinning stars, showing they can maintain a global compression and avoid explosion if their rotation is below a critical rate, and explaining properties of some supernova remnants.
3) Applying the equations to binary pulsars and other systems shows they can account for orbital precession and other effects without additional assumptions.
1. Hartree-Fock theory describes molecules using a linear combination of atomic orbitals to approximate molecular orbitals. It treats electrons as independent particles moving in the average field of other electrons.
2. The Hartree-Fock method involves iteratively solving the Fock equations until self-consistency is reached between the input and output orbitals. This approximates electron correlation by including an average electron-electron repulsion term.
3. The Hartree-Fock approach satisfies the Pauli exclusion principle through the use of Slater determinants, which are antisymmetric wavefunctions that go to zero when the spatial or spin coordinates of any two electrons are identical.
1. Hartree-Fock theory describes molecules using a linear combination of atomic orbitals to approximate molecular orbitals. It treats electrons as independent particles moving in the average field of other electrons.
2. The Hartree-Fock method involves iteratively solving the Fock equations until self-consistency is reached between the input and output orbitals. This approximates electron correlation by including an average electron-electron repulsion term.
3. The Hartree-Fock method satisfies the Pauli exclusion principle through the use of Slater determinants, which are antisymmetric wavefunctions that go to zero when the spatial or spin coordinates of any two electrons are identical.
This document summarizes key concepts in symmetry in physics. It discusses that symmetries describe transformations where objects remain the same, like rotations or translations in space and time. Symmetries lead to conservation laws through Noether's theorem. Gauge theories like quantum electrodynamics are symmetric under local transformations of particle properties. The Standard Model combines three gauge symmetries. Spin is a fundamental property of particles related to intrinsic angular momentum and rotations in quantum spaces. The spin-statistics theorem relates particle spin to their wavefunction symmetry and statistics.
1) Uniform acceleration, energy transfer, and oscillating mechanical systems are examined in Chapter 2 on dynamic engineering systems.
2) Outcomes for Chapter 2 include analyzing dynamic systems involving uniform acceleration and determining the behavior of oscillating mechanical systems.
3) Mechanics involves the study of kinematics (motion), kinetics (forces), and statics (equilibrium) to describe the behavior of objects.
Here are the key points about momentum and impulse:
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It represents the amount of motion an object has.
- Impulse is the product of force and the time over which it acts. It represents the change in an object's momentum due to a force.
- Impulse and change in momentum are directly related - a large impulse (large force or long duration) results in a large change in momentum.
- Both momentum and impulse are vector quantities, having both magnitude and direction associated with the motion or force.
So in summary, momentum describes the amount of motion, while impulse describes the force applied to change an object's motion and momentum.
Analysis and Design of Control System using Root LocusSiyum Tsega Balcha
Root locus analysis is a powerful tool in control systems engineering used to analyze the behavior of a system's closed-loop poles as a function of a parameter, typically a controller gain. It provides engineers with valuable insights into how changing system parameters affect stability and performance, helping them design robust and stable control systems. Let's explore the key concepts, techniques, and practical implications of root locus analysis. At its core, root locus analysis focuses on the movement of the closed-loop poles in the complex plane as a control parameter varies. These poles represent the characteristic equation's roots, which determine the system's stability and transient response. By examining the pole locations as the parameter changes, engineers can gain a deeper understanding of the system's behavior and make informed design decisions.
How to Prepare Rotational Motion (Physics) for JEE MainEdnexa
The document discusses the cross product, torque, rotational motion, and angular momentum. It defines the cross product of two vectors A and B as a vector C perpendicular to both A and B with magnitude ABsinθ. It describes properties of the cross product including being anti-commutative. It also defines torque as a measure of the tendency of a force to cause rotational motion, and discusses rotational dynamics and angular momentum.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
This document discusses spacecraft attitude dynamics and control. It begins by introducing typical modes of spacecraft operation like attitude acquisition and nominal earth pointing. It then covers key topics like reference frames, attitude representation using Euler angles, quaternions and direction cosine matrices, orbital elements, external disturbances, and spacecraft attitude dynamics equations. Quaternion algebra is described for representing attitude and performing successive rotations between frames. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental concepts for analyzing and controlling a spacecraft's orientation in space.
An object moving in a circle experiences uniform circular motion, requiring a centripetal acceleration towards the center. This acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which may come from friction, gravity, tension or the normal force. Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force between all masses that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Satellites remain in orbit around Earth through balancing gravitational force with their high tangential speed, in a state of apparent weightlessness.
The document discusses forward kinematics, which is finding the position and orientation of the end effector given the joint angles of a robot. It covers different types of robot joints and configurations. It introduces the Denavit-Hartenberg coordinate system for defining the relationship between successive links of a robot. The document also discusses forward kinematic calculations, inverse kinematics, robot workspaces, and trajectory planning.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
The document discusses uniform circular motion and centripetal force. It defines key terms like centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and period of motion. It provides examples of calculating centripetal force and acceleration for objects moving in circular paths, including satellites in orbit. It also discusses concepts like apparent weight and applications to space stations designed to create artificial gravity environments.
1. The document defines key terms related to rotational motion such as angular position, angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.
2. It also outlines the four fundamental equations of angular motion and how they are analogous to the linear equations of motion.
3. Key concepts such as moment of inertia, torque, angular momentum, and their relationships to linear motion are summarized.
This document analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of the pitch equation of motion for a gravity-gradient satellite in an elliptical orbit. It finds that the motion can be periodic, quasiperiodic, or chaotic depending on the eccentricity, satellite inertia ratio, and initial conditions. Numerical techniques like Poincare maps, bifurcation plots, Lyapunov exponents, and chaos diagrams are used to characterize the different types of motion. Chaotic motion is found to be more likely at higher orbital eccentricities.
This document introduces the root locus technique for analyzing how the closed-loop poles of a control system vary with changes in the controller gain. It provides 5 rules for constructing a root locus diagram:
1) Locate open-loop poles and zeros.
2) The number of root locus branches equals the greater of open-loop poles or zeros.
3) Points on the real axis are on the locus if open-loop poles/zeros to the right are odd.
4) Asymptotes radiate from the centroid at fixed angles depending on open-loop poles/zeros.
5) Branches depart breakaway points where multiple roots occur at angles of ±180/n degrees.
Classical and Quasi-Classical Consideration of Charged Particles in Coulomb F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom coincide with the Born orbits.
CLASSICAL AND QUASI-CLASSICAL CONSIDERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN COULOMB F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the
Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity
theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb
centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the
dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the
proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of
the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with
the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy
for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom
coincide with the Born orbits.
This document analyzes cosmic phenomena using the Heaviside field, which is an analogy between Maxwell's equations and gravitational theory. Key points:
1) The Maxwell analogue equations and Lorentz force law can explain the formation of disc galaxies from angular collapse of orbits into a galaxy's equatorial plane, as well as the constant velocity of stars in disc galaxies.
2) These laws also describe phenomena like the dynamics of fast-spinning stars and supernova remnants, binary pulsars and accretion discs, and polar bursts from matter falling toward pulsars' poles.
3) The equations allow calculating metrics like the critical compression radius below which fast-spinning stars maintain a global compression regardless of rotation speed.
Analytic description of cosmic phenomena using the heaviside field (2)John Hutchison
This document summarizes research applying Maxwell's analogue equations for gravitation to describe various cosmic phenomena involving spinning or rotating celestial bodies. Key points:
1) The equations allow explaining the formation of disc galaxies from the angular collapse of orbits into a galaxy's equatorial plane under the influence of gyrotation forces from the central spinning mass.
2) They derive the constant orbital velocity of stars in disc galaxies from the original spherical distribution prior to collapse.
3) Dynamics of fast-spinning stars are analyzed, showing they can maintain a global compression shape up to a critical rotation rate without exploding, and explaining properties of some supernova remnants.
Analytic description of cosmic phenomena using the heaviside field (2)John Hutchison
This document summarizes research applying Maxwell's analogue equations for gravitation to describe various cosmic phenomena involving spinning or rotating celestial bodies. Key points:
1) The equations allow explaining the formation of disc galaxies from the angular collapse of orbits around spinning galactic centers into the equatorial plane, and the constant velocity of stars in disc galaxies.
2) They describe the dynamics of fast-spinning stars, showing they can maintain a global compression and avoid explosion if their rotation is below a critical rate, and explaining properties of some supernova remnants.
3) Applying the equations to binary pulsars and other systems shows they can account for orbital precession and other effects without additional assumptions.
1. Hartree-Fock theory describes molecules using a linear combination of atomic orbitals to approximate molecular orbitals. It treats electrons as independent particles moving in the average field of other electrons.
2. The Hartree-Fock method involves iteratively solving the Fock equations until self-consistency is reached between the input and output orbitals. This approximates electron correlation by including an average electron-electron repulsion term.
3. The Hartree-Fock approach satisfies the Pauli exclusion principle through the use of Slater determinants, which are antisymmetric wavefunctions that go to zero when the spatial or spin coordinates of any two electrons are identical.
1. Hartree-Fock theory describes molecules using a linear combination of atomic orbitals to approximate molecular orbitals. It treats electrons as independent particles moving in the average field of other electrons.
2. The Hartree-Fock method involves iteratively solving the Fock equations until self-consistency is reached between the input and output orbitals. This approximates electron correlation by including an average electron-electron repulsion term.
3. The Hartree-Fock method satisfies the Pauli exclusion principle through the use of Slater determinants, which are antisymmetric wavefunctions that go to zero when the spatial or spin coordinates of any two electrons are identical.
This document summarizes key concepts in symmetry in physics. It discusses that symmetries describe transformations where objects remain the same, like rotations or translations in space and time. Symmetries lead to conservation laws through Noether's theorem. Gauge theories like quantum electrodynamics are symmetric under local transformations of particle properties. The Standard Model combines three gauge symmetries. Spin is a fundamental property of particles related to intrinsic angular momentum and rotations in quantum spaces. The spin-statistics theorem relates particle spin to their wavefunction symmetry and statistics.
1) Uniform acceleration, energy transfer, and oscillating mechanical systems are examined in Chapter 2 on dynamic engineering systems.
2) Outcomes for Chapter 2 include analyzing dynamic systems involving uniform acceleration and determining the behavior of oscillating mechanical systems.
3) Mechanics involves the study of kinematics (motion), kinetics (forces), and statics (equilibrium) to describe the behavior of objects.
Here are the key points about momentum and impulse:
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It represents the amount of motion an object has.
- Impulse is the product of force and the time over which it acts. It represents the change in an object's momentum due to a force.
- Impulse and change in momentum are directly related - a large impulse (large force or long duration) results in a large change in momentum.
- Both momentum and impulse are vector quantities, having both magnitude and direction associated with the motion or force.
So in summary, momentum describes the amount of motion, while impulse describes the force applied to change an object's motion and momentum.
Analysis and Design of Control System using Root LocusSiyum Tsega Balcha
Root locus analysis is a powerful tool in control systems engineering used to analyze the behavior of a system's closed-loop poles as a function of a parameter, typically a controller gain. It provides engineers with valuable insights into how changing system parameters affect stability and performance, helping them design robust and stable control systems. Let's explore the key concepts, techniques, and practical implications of root locus analysis. At its core, root locus analysis focuses on the movement of the closed-loop poles in the complex plane as a control parameter varies. These poles represent the characteristic equation's roots, which determine the system's stability and transient response. By examining the pole locations as the parameter changes, engineers can gain a deeper understanding of the system's behavior and make informed design decisions.
How to Prepare Rotational Motion (Physics) for JEE MainEdnexa
The document discusses the cross product, torque, rotational motion, and angular momentum. It defines the cross product of two vectors A and B as a vector C perpendicular to both A and B with magnitude ABsinθ. It describes properties of the cross product including being anti-commutative. It also defines torque as a measure of the tendency of a force to cause rotational motion, and discusses rotational dynamics and angular momentum.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
2. • ? Source of Unified Field (UF) – an everlasting
question.
• ? No-question solution of this open Paradox.
• Unknown X (algebra) → Null Field.
• No value: either Zero or Infinite or Both is an
absolute – specific values may be assigned only
from diffeomorphic finite periphery.
• Center to periphery (c) / periphery to Center (p).
?
X
UF
3. • On Relativity viewpoint: There may be a stationary point or unbending
trajectories with infinite speed – May be basis of Newton’s 1st Law.
• We do not encounter these absolutes in our vicinity except in the
axioms of linear or Euclidean geometry where we find a point (0-
dimension) and infinitely stretched straight lines.
• In number system: ‘0’ and ‘∞’, two absolutes. The two may unify into
one in Euclidean topology.
• From ‘0’ infinite trajectories diverge in infinite directions where
ultimately they meet at ‘∞’.
4. Trajectories topologically reduce in 2D-
spherical surface : ‘0-∞ Conjugate’
‘0’ is at South pole –
an internal point
(Outer null).
‘∞’ is at North pole –
an external point
(Inner null).
-1
1
√-1 -√-1
(+ & -
(+ & - 0
Polar
axis
5. • Real numbers (Re) ascends upward and
forward (fwd) from 0 to .
• Imaginary numbers (Im) ascends downward
and backward (bwd) from to 0.
• Re-Im counter-complimentary rings with
complimentary polar slits of ℏ girth.
• Can fit with each other only orthogonally.
Re
ring
Im
ring
ℏ girth
∞
0
-1
1
√-1 -√-1
(+ & -
(+ & - 0
6. • Trinary existence: Re (Principal), Im (Auxiliary) and
Polar axis (Central Null Space) as central witness
{centrality or unitarity (c) vs polarity or duality (p)}.
• In finite peripheral perspective, Re may be replaced
suitably by position (𝒑) and Im by Momentum (m).
• Inner Null holds (infinite mentalism or objectivism) &
Outer Null (infinite physicalism or subjectivism).
• Position, +, (Re) point, Q, (+Q in singularity) in south pole where momentum
or velocity is infinitely diffuse (a state simulates superconductivity).
• Momentum, -, (Im) point, Q, (-Q in singularity) in north pole where position
is infinitely diffuse ( a state simulates superposition).
-1
1
√-1 -√-1
(+ & - (-Q
(+ & - 0 (+Q
7. 0
Motor
wing &
motor
BN
• ‘0-∞ conjugate’ is ‘Static Euclidean Field’that supports
additive group action (p) where polar axis shrinks.
Indeed it doesn’t suffice to support life and our universe.
• ∞-position at north pole antagonise spinor because it is
on infinite but 0-position at south pole supports spinor
(clockwise spin) orthogonally at BN in the equator.
• Here, ∞-position at north pole rather supports unspinor (anticlockwise spin).
• Or neutralises torque and spin within polar axis and BN where 0-spin is ensured.
• Spins support multiplicative group action where polar axis stretch out.
8. 0
Future
motor
wing &
motor
BN
Future
sensory
wing &
sensory
BN
• Infinite spin clockwise and anticlockwise simultaneously at
absolute motor BN is equivalent to 0-torque and 0-spin
right at center → validate potential discrete Euclidean
spaces (multiplicative) that has no parameter.
• Thus absolute motor wing and polar axis are equivalent
that belong to no space-time and additive in nature (p). It
represent a potential dynamic Euclidean field or Null field.
• From future sensory perspective clockwise and anticlockwise finite spin happen
alternatively (not simultaneously, except tiny spans in between) where two
complimentary systems play an inertial game: Clockwise multiplication attain
extreme status (1) ― complimentary slowing (2) ― momentary pure addition
(2) ― anticlockwise multiplication attain extreme status (2) ― complimentary
slowing (1) ― momentary pure addition (1) ― cycle continues indefinitely.
9. • Flat strip of paper may be projected
topologically as sphere.
• Top and bottom edges correspond to
polar regions.
• Two hemispherical 2D-surfaces
enclose central null space.
• But self-organization demands point
ended strip pivots at one end, on (-Q),
in configuring manifold Möbius strip.
-1
1
√-1 -√-1
(+ & -
(+ & - 0
-√1
-1
+1
+√1
10. -√1
+1
-1
+√1
-√1
-1
+1
+√1
• Pointed ends designate common beginning (Big bang or
ON) and common end (Big crunch or FN). Strip in between
supports infinite individual journey, ever possible.
• Even spin at one end and alignment of ends always fail to
enclose media (or here, paper substance) in between. This
favors structureless initial vertical disposition with even
dimensions at two disconnected ends i.e., relaxed flat
vertical strip or Even ED (elementary dimensionality).
• Odd spin at one end and alignment of ends not only
enclose media within convex and concave surfaces that
allow rotation either way or both ways except at Bosonic
Null but also simultaneously entrap bosonic space within
3D fold as a transform of central null space (CNS) .
11. • Conventionally in Complex Möbius Field
(CMF) right (Rt.) hand operators are ±1
and left (Lt.) hand operators are ±√-1.
• But active odd untwist involves operation
on Re end with Lt. hand while static Im end
in Rt. hand supports passive twist operation
during alignment!! This executes crystal
solid outcome in opposite flavour out of
diffuse information. 1800 turn is 1D raise.
This operation creates two points of zero
curvature, 3600 apart, after odd alignment.
• In reality self-organisation is executed from
equator, not by manipulation at polar ends.
-√-1
√-1 +1
-1
-Q|+Q
+1
-1
+√-1
-√-1
-√1
+1
-1
+√1
12. • Joint group untwist operation has two
components : odd untwist at one end is
multiplicative inverse operation and additive
inverse operation align ends in one pole.
• So, operative ends belong to same fulcrum
(mixed singularity) i.e., the interface between
active segment (sensory wing) and passive
segment (motor wing), here, at south pole.
• In this self-organization complimentary interface between active and passive
segments is generated symmetrically at north pole that stabilizes (bistability) fulcrum
of complimentary system. Central or multiplicative operator or orbital twistors and
peripheral or additive or orbital untwistors are created as inversed motor wing in
diffeomorphic sensory wing where its BN represents peripheral discrete CNS.
-√-1
√-1 +1
-1
Tachyon
/Antitachyon
Mixed
Singularity
Momentum
Diffusion
Position
Diffusion
Neutrino
/Antineutrino
-Q|+Q
Motor
wing
Sensory
wing
+1
-1
+√-1
-√-1
+Q|-Q
13. • This self-organization creates four absolute
nulls: two in poles (Ontogenic, ON and
Fermionic, FN) and two in equators
(Bosonic: sensory and motor).
• Also, self-organization executes disto-
proximal untwisting (at FN) in inversed
finite sensory wing and proximo-distal
twisting (at ON) in absolute motor wing. In
complimentary system null reverses.
• Odd turn discriminates active end from passive one. Thus Lt. hand active untwist
(on Re end) and Rt. hand passive twist (Im end) fabricates EDS (Energy Dynamical
System) strip where information orbit clockwise or forward. Structurization is
organized only in finite sensory wing. Absolute motor wing is structureless.
Clockwise
BNs Anticlockwise
ON & FN
EDS
strip
Lt. hand convexity hides Rt. hand concavity
14. • And, active Rt. hand untwist (on Im end)
and passive Lt. hand twist (on Re end)
fabricates GDS (Gravity Dynamical System)
strip where information orbit anticlockwise.
But in reality odd GDS strip doesn’t exist.
• Even spin has no discrimination between
active and passive ends. Here, vertical
strips, simultaneously created nullify. So,
they are structureless and formless.
• So, in odd spin only EDS-strip exists where EDS, primarily belong to convexity,
runs clockwise and GDS has to compromise by PT-symmetry, primarily belong
to concavity, runs anticlockwise (backward). GDS fulcrum belong to north pole.
BN
Anticlockwise
Clockwise
ON & FN
GDS
strip
Rt. hand convexity hides Lt. hand concavity
15. • Elementary operators in
Elementary Dimensionality
in the dynamical systems
are extremals of the
central cruciate structure
(Odd ED). ±1 axes
represent asymptotes both
in ED and FD (fractal
dimensionality.
• In fractal dimensionality, they become orbital untwistors and twistors. The
EDS case is shown. For GDS, the signs, direction, and color reverse. Odd ED
emerges from even ED by odd group untwist. ED accepts FD diagonally.
1
2
-1 1
PT
P
--1
-1
+1
3
+-1
--1
-1
0/4
‘0’
16. • CMF satisfy spin-rotation complementation.
FD-windlasses, straights between untwistor
and twistor, are the self-organizers. With each
½ spin turn (active Lt. untwist) i.e., one step
(1800 rotation) followed by alignment of ends,
elementary dimension increases by one unit.
• So, at 1st step (1D-½ spin) gravitons (spin-2,
conventional or weak gravity) and abstract
fermions (without motor wings) are created.
• At 2nd step (2D-1 spin) gauze bosons are created. At 3rd step (3D-3/2 spin)
unstable fermions are created with incorporation of bosonic space (fermion-
boson structurization). At final 4th step (4D-2 spin) gravitons (strong gravity) and
equatorially stable fermions culminate on completion of full (7200) rotation.
Axes
ED
FD
0-1 3-4
2D
3D
0/4D
1D
strong
strong
weak
weak
2-3
1-2
17. • Inverted shorter sensory
wings create structure and
form in sensory association
space are only valid when
they support on
structureless and formless
longer absolute motor wing
at fulcrum.
• Gravity wing (green) belong
to Lt. hand operation (BN on
‘0’) and energy wing (red)
belong to Rt. hand
operation (BN on ‘∞’).
Circle of circumference h (Planck’s constant)
at poles hides beginning and end problems
18. f (√-1) f* (-√-1)
g (1)
g* (-1)
EDS GDS
Facing in
GDS
fulcrum
Facing (self) in
EDS fulcrum
• Disposition of operators within sensory
wings in EDS and GDS, are shown here,
under ED dual mode (open book) . FD
single mode is the case of closed book.
• ED mode is dual or bimodal because
here abstract witnesses are from two
fulcrums those are in crossed-face-lie in
two poles.
• FD mode is single or unimodal because
here opposite rotations (face-face-lie
from fulcrums) merge on peripheral
witness at BN-BN along equatorial axis
where Re openly dominates over Im.
Multiplicative FD-phase but BNs are phase
linked in ED-relation in highest rotation.
19. • Evolution of rational (RNS) and irrational
(INS) number systems, mixed order in 3D,
out of Real-Imaginary number systems
happens by π-chopping (1800) under joint
group untwist operation in odd D.
• At BN in 1D, system trajectories tend to
change surface-path but PT-symmetry
reverse them readily. So RNS always
run along convexity clockwise while
INS run along concavity anticlockwise.
ℏ (h/2π) complementation of RNS and
INS bridges the gap in singularities.
forward in time,
lower to higher
backward in time,
lower to higher
RNS
INS
ON & FN
Clockwise
BN
Anticlockwise
1D Model
20. • +Q and -Q points of ‘0-∞ Conjugate’ transcend to crossed
finite sensory polar ends (+Q & -C) on Ds with equatorial
split of gravity in π-chopping or group untwist operation.
• INS has two components : Finite or head (hc) and infinite
or tail (tc) components. Floating hcINS of singularity on
Ds unites with tcINS (-Q) at polar region at FN-end to
form hybrid (PT-symmetry) irrational, -C (INS) c.f. Re.
• Polar RNS and hcINS ascend and converge at equator in
simultaneity to configure finite primes and antiprimes
on the background of current Infinite Prime (+C, 2nd
order Re) or local space. All tcINSs collectively determine
Infinite Antiprime or local time (-Q, 2nd order Im).
Nontrivial ‘0’ of Classico-quantum measurement (-Q0+C)
is discrete Euclidean space in BN is of 2nd order.
Number system in π-chopping in 3D
Is
-C 0Q
Ds
Id
Is Id
Ds
In 3D: Classico-quantum worlds
I Increase; D Decrease; s
solidarity; d diffusion of position
(red) or momenta (green).
Id
Id
Ds
0Q -C
+Q 0C
0C +Q
+C -Q -Q +C
+Q|-Q
Ds
rational -
irrational
couple
-Q|+Q
FN|ON
ON|FN
Ds
Ds
Is
-C 0Q
Ds
Id
Is Id
Ds
In 3D: Classico-quantum worlds
I Increase; D Decrease; s
solidarity; d diffusion of position
(red) or momenta (green).
Id
Id
Ds
0Q -C
+Q 0C
0C +Q
+C -Q -Q +C
+Q|-Q
Ds
rational -
irrational
couple
-Q|+Q
FN|ON
ON|FN
21. Tangential spaces
at extremals in EDS
0C - +Q (1st turn)
(+Q + 0C) 2nd turn
–C - 0Q (1st turn)
(0Q + –C) 2nd turn
+C - –Q (1st turn)
(–Q + +C) 2nd turn
• Basic element of 3D M-strip is trinary
codon (input-media-output). The two
sub-elements as two hands spread
towards surfaces add classical (convexity
or exposed) or quantum (concavity or
hidden) attributes. In case of energy wing
inputs are quantum and outputs are
classical. Reverse happens in case of
gravity wing. Here contrary to 1D rational
are hidden and irrationals are exposed.
Bases are tensors and media are twistor or untwistor; e.g., + tensor designate
“position,” “visionary,” “objective,” or “entropy” (thus they are read) whereas +
in media designate diffusive 𝒑 ↑ or entropy (clockwise or forward). In case of ‘-’,
all revers. Untwistor reverses the twisting both in function and in direction.
3D
Model
Tangential spaces
at extremals in EDS
0C - +Q (1st turn)
(+Q + 0C) 2nd turn
–C - 0Q (1st turn)
(0Q + –C) 2nd turn
+C - –Q (1st turn)
(–Q + +C) 2nd turn
3D
Model
0C 0Q
+Q
-Q
+C
-C
ON|FN
22. • a. i) Basic natural form ii) Support basis vectors of Geometric Algebra.
• b. i) FD-phases ii) Homologous to Lorenz attractor and electronic field.
• c. i) Complex Möbius Functions ii) Equivalency with quaternion space.
Dispositions open up in Complex Möbius Field
strong
wake
c. Untwined
Im
Re
b. Twined
-C
+C
+Q
-Q
a. Real Strip
ON|FN
Dispositions open up in Complex Möbius Field
(shown in self references)
strong
wake
c. Untwined
Im
Re
b. Twined
-C
+C
+Q
-Q
a. Real Strip
ON|FN
23. P (Re)
f4
f3
f3
f4
f4
PT (Im)
Re.
Im
1/z
-z
-1/z
f2
f3
f1
z
Möbius group of complex functions of uncompromised
GDS in GDS strip 0 f1 f2 f3 f4
f1 f1 f2 f3 f4
f2 f2 f1 f4 f3
f3 f3 f4 f1 f2
f4 f4 f3 f2 f1
Table-1. Composition table in
GDS. o indicates a group
addition or multiplication
operation.
f1(z) = z, f2(z) = -z, f3(z) = 1/z, f4(z) = -1/z … Z is the identity element.
24. Möbius group of complex functions of EDS in EDS strip.
0 f1 f2 f3 f4
f1 f2 f1 f4 f3
f2 f1 f2 f3 f4
f3 f4 f3 f2 f1
f4 f3 f4 f1 f2
Table-2. Composition table in
EDS. ‘o’ indicates a group
addition or multiplication
f4
f4
f3
f3
f1 f2
P (Im) PT (Re)
f4
f3
Im
Re.
1/z
-z z
-1/z
f1(z) = -z, f2(z) = z, f3(z) = -1/z, f4(z) = 1/z … ED accepts FD diagonally.
25. Möbius group of complex functions of
compromised GDS in EDS strip
5400 or 3D anticlockwise rotation
of uncompromised GDS frame
completely compliment (c.f. 1D)
axes-wise within EDS strip where
PT-axis must be Re one. So, 3D is
the ideal dimension of the Bio-
evolute where duality is the outer
modality of central unitarity.
Pseudo-elementary (FD) rule: In
GDS inverse Möbius function f3 or
1/z designate transformation of Re
(±1) to Im (± √-1) or vice versa
where signs aren’t changed i.e.,
commuting (change of sign is
added in case of f4 or -1/z).
f1(z) = z, f2(z) = -z, f3(z) = 1/z, f4(z) = -1/z
Im.
PT (Re)
P (Im)
f3
f3
f4
f4
f4
f1 f2
f3
Re.
-1/z
z
1/z
-z
26. But in case of normalization of unitary function, z represent 1 (Re unit) and
its inversion (1/z) define the transformation of 1 to + √-1 (Im unit) or vice
versa where there is change of sign as well as imposition of transformation
function i.e., ‘root over function’ (anticommuting) – Elementary (ED) rule.
So, when one goes to normalize such basic units of elements, it also
becomes self-evident that, here, the complex inverse function is simply a
‘root-over function.’
Thus, elementarily or unitarily in GDS f3 inverts the function with a change
of sign i.e., sleep or strong or PT symmetry whereas f4 inverts only the
function i.e., wake or weak or P symmetry. Whereas in case of EDS f3 is
weak symmetry and f4 is strong one. As √1 = ±1 (PT), ±1 is strong axis.
27. The GDS fulcrum is on 0/4-null or levity null
(0|∞ or ON|FN) and that of EDS is on the
second null or gravity null (∞|0 or FN|ON).
They are mixed singularities on 0-curvature.
GDS (Im input at f3; Im output f4) continue
along momentum diffusion spontaneously
(PT) anticlockwise in periodic ascending
cycle towards highest diffused INS or
unknown past (f4 or 0C).
Its negentropic path runs as 𝐦 ↑ ascending
momentum (𝑚𝑣) may be the partial
derivative of kinetic energy (
1
2
𝑚𝑣2).
Compromised GDS
supported on odd ED
f4
- √-1
f3
√-1
2
0/4
(√-1)
3
1
(+1)
(-1)
(-√-1)
f3
f3
f4
f4
- 0
f2
f1
- √-1
-1
1
√-1
+0
(at CNS ‘∞’ faces front & ‘0’ hides back)
CNS
28. • Complimentarily, EDS (Re input at f3;
Re output f4) continue along position
diffusion clockwise in periodic
ascending cycle towards highest
diffused or unknown future.
• Its entropic path 𝒑 ↑ (position vector)
runs after, on real drag (P) of, tachyon
towards highest RNS (f4 or 0Q).
• In group untwisting, the motor FN
hides behind sensory ON in levity pole
and motor ON hides behind sensory
FN in gravity pole.
EDS supported on odd ED.
1
0/4
3
f2
f1
f3
f4
- √-1
2
+ √-1
+ ¥
f4
f4
f3
f3
(√-1)
(-1)
- ¥
(+1)
(- √-1)
- √-1
√-1
1
-1
(at CNS ‘0’ faces front & ‘∞’ hides back)
29. • Both infinities of Re
and Im axes are
normalized with
unities of the same
magnitude. So, these
two are essentially
orthonormal functions.
• Acceleration invokes decreased slant of √2 bar. Normalisation of this changed
status with unities of same magnitude involves length contraction and time
dilation. This shows that the unitary relationship between space and time under
stressed conditions (acceleration) also conserves ‘root over normalization’.
Time (√-1)
Space (1)
√2 bar
Time (I√-1)
Space (1)
√2 bar
Acceleration
Acceleration
30. • Inertial game of shrinking and
stretching of polar axis or CNS
happens with addition and
multiplication respectively
along evolutionary journey in
EDS and GDS.
• Here identity elements (IEs)
are conserved as ever-adding-
on hysteresis loop.
….. EDS multiplication clockwise (f4) to maximum (IE-1) ….. Deflates with slowing
clockwise spin (f3) in successive GDS addition (IE-1) ….. GDS multiplication anticlockwise
(f4) to maximum (IE-0) ….. Deflates with slowing anticlockwise spin (f3) in successive EDS
addition (IE-0) ….. Continues ... … Orbitally IEs in EDS (𝒑 ↑) and in GDS (𝒎 ↑) function in
bimodal ED are as: 𝒑 ∗ 1 = 𝒑; 𝒎 + 1 = 𝒎; and 𝒎 ∗ 0 = 𝒎; 𝒑 + 0 = 𝒑.
CNS in GDS
CNS in EDS
BN in GDS
BN in EDS
Sensory mult. oprn. in GDS
Motor mult. oprn. In EDS
Sensory mult. oprn. In EDS
Motor mult. oprn. in GDS
Add. operation in EDS
Add. operation in GDS
Sensory
Inflation and
deflation
Motor
Inflation and
deflation
31. f3
f4
1
0/4
3
- 0-1
2
f2
f1
+0-1
+
f4
f4
f3
f3
(-1)
(-1)
-
(+1)
(--1)
--1
-1
1
-1
ij=k, ji=-k, ij=-ji, ik=-j, jk=i and i2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = -1.
(valid in CMF in clockwise multiplication; in anticlockwise one
sign is to be changed on the final product)
Equivalency between quaternion space and complex Möbius space
32. Present evolutionary journey or volitional journey is encoded as further add-on-
over the previous cumulative inversions of windlasses (±j and ±k) as sum over
histories individually. Quaternion format is refractory to multiplication and
addition operations.
Sensory wing enforces finite containment (0<n<1) and never allow the functions
to reach motor absoluteness (0≤n≤ or 0≤n≤1 in unitary context).
0-1 ((𝒑) and 1-2 (m) fractal domains favors dimensional crunch to 3D at merging
BN (p-adic space) as bio-evolute supports self-similarly where in incompressibility
condition scalar field replaces vector field (Re>Im) and with motor BN in absolute
rotation they are decoded elementarily as finite primes (memory element) and
antiprimes (inter-relational space of Leibnitz) in 3-4 fractal dimension on the
background of ascending infinite Prime-Antiprime (4D) series (ED-asymptote).
33. • Axes: ED (mirror in FD) and FD
(only ED accepts FD under both ED
and FD rules) and Quadrants: ED
and FD (face-face or additive and
back-back or multiplicative) in ED
or unitary and FD perspective.
• Particles: Elementary and pseudo-
elementary.
• Symmetry: P- and PT-relation
interchanges with change of
perspectives: ED or elementary
and FD or pseudo-elementary.
• Sleep and wake cycle.
1
√-1
-√-1
-1
1
√-1
ON
FN
ON FN
-√-1
-1
P-mirror in FD
PT-mirror
in FD
0-∞
conjugate
P in ED
PT in FD
Strong
FD Axis
PT in ED
P in FD
Weak
FD Axis
Weak
ED Axis
Strong
ED Axis
CNS
Except operators and directions both systems
share the common frame
34. GDS -
untwist
Imaginary
Volition
EDS -
untwist
Real
volition
Gravity
wing
Energy
wing
Strong
axis
Weak
axis
BN
Mixed
singularities
• FD has two phases: FD and ED.
FD-phase is evolutionary
journey (alternative EDS-
untwist and GDS-untwist)
under subcritical stimulation
(Superficial Awareness) with
intervening tiny ED-phase. Re
and Im can be discriminated
but can’t be separated. Mode:
• Volitional journey or freewill, either real (Rt. twist) or imaginary (Lt. twist)
along gravity wing or energy wing respectively from the pole opposite to the
case of untwist, runs under critical stimulation until the titanic stimulation
gets exhausted. Here Re and Im can both be discriminated and separated.
CMF is homologous to classical Lorenz attractor
35. P or weak axis face-face wake (ED weak) or P-
symmetry in equatorial quadrant
PT or strong
axis
back-back sleep (FD strong) or PT-
symmetry in equatorial quadrant
face-face wake (FD weak) or P-
symmetry in polar quadrant
back-back sleep (ED strong) or PT-
symmetry in polar quadrant
Wake or P
quadrant in ED
Sleep or PT
quadrant in ED
√-1
-1
+1
- √-1
ED relation is more fundamental in complex collage
Re axis inversion begins and Im axis
inversion ends ED-phase (EDS → GDS).
Order changes in reverse case.
36. Some cognitive states in combinatorial symmetries of CMF:
• Classico-quantum (Cl-q) measurement: FD wake (√-1…1) in sensory equatorial (eq)
quadrant and ED sleep (-√-1…-1) in motor eq quadrant in ED-phase.
• Cl-q mapping: under PT-symmetry FD wake (√-1…1) in sensory eq quadrant and ED
wake (1…-√-1) in lower polar quadrant in FD-phase in EDS.
• Awareness: ED wake (√-1…-1) in sensory eq quadrant and FD wake (-1…-√-1) in
lower polar quadrant in FD-phase in EDS.
• NREM sleep: FD sleep (±√-1... ∓1) in sensory eq quadrants and ED sleep in (-√-1…-1)
in polar quadrants in FD-phases of alternate systems.
• REM sleep: FD sleep (±√-1... ∓1) in sensory eq quadrants and FD wake in (-√-1…-1)
in polar quadrants in FD-phases of alternate systems.
37. f (√-1)
g (1)
g* (-1)
f* (-√-1)
CPT
Weak axis
Strong axis
Even Ds
0/4
ED-
asymptote
CP
3
1
2
• ED-phase is the diffeomorphism
between face-face CP-symmetry
[f (√-1) & g (1)] in sensory wing
and back-back CPT-symmetry [g*
(-1) & f* (-√-1) in motor wing. It
may be Cl-q measurement i.e.,
still mode. Cl-q mapping may
accompany EDS-untwist of FD-
phase (on PT) i.e., movie mode.
• π-chopping is a composite function of ED-phase that also involves joint group
untwist operation where system toggles (EDS ↔ GDS) in unit Planck’s time along
the beats of cosmic pulsation. In ED-phase EDS and GDS run simultaneously.
• Operationally in PT-, opposite functions run alternately in opposite directions
(clockwise and anticlockwise) orbitally but in same direction equatorially in CP-
symmetry along present moments (ED-asymptote) where Re dominates over Im.
38. Primary joint group untwist operation
• CPT … Null upset under grand stimulation (all stimulations ever possible as sporadic,
supporting on dynamic Euclidean field, get self-organized by rare chance at equator).
• Space-time begins in sensory equatorial quadrant in Classico-quantum way where speed
of light (escape velocity in complex chaos) is absolute.
• Fundamental particles (fundamental neutrino and tachyon) trap highest twistor-
diffusions of m (0C) and p (0Q) at sensory polar ends from motor ones (f4) periodically.
• Visionary (p) and feeling (m) are consolidated untwistor-outcome (f3) in opposite flavor.
• Elements of all order can be categorized under Multiplicative and additive groups.
• Finite (sensory) objectivism and subjectivism vs infinite (motor) ones.
39. • Primary multiplicative inverse operation on even ED: Dark energy and gravity (1st order)
… Vertical Im ED-asymptote (Im stretches with overlapping from infinite linear array of
pure randomness) … Vertical component of Intrinsic mass (IM) … Deep awareness.
• Primary additive inverse operation: Shortening of sensory wing … Spontaneous
symmetry break … 3 gauge fields (finite: weak → 0C ± +Q & strong → -C ± 0Q at about the
poles and infinite: EM → +C ± -Q at the equator) centered on sensory BN (peripheral
witness) … horizontal complex ED-asymptote (Bio-evolute) reduce into ever possible
signature chains of discrete Euclidean spaces (additive → multiplicative group, 2nd
order) as specific randomness under nesting hierarchy … horizontal component of IM.
• Gravity is split by the equator: i) weak or conventional gravity (origin ON), resist forward
drag contributing to the origin of potential component of extrinsic or physical mass (EM).
ii) strong gravity (origin FN) collectively of globally diverging masses forward (→ FN) or
local time (-Q) → ultimate intergalactic release as dark matter, backward (→ ON).
40. • Bifurcation into and reassembling
of two halves by group untwist
operation resulting shift of system
(EDS↔ GDS) are two types: i)
Typical bifurcation under critical
stimulation. This may also be of
two types: a) Primary i.e., initial
break of Parent system and b)
Initiation of volitional journey.
• ii) Silent bifurcation under subcritical stimulation happens in ED-phase.
Here, group untwist operation involves inversion of both windlasses. Two
halves do not get separated rather rearrange within themselves causing
system toggle (EDS↔ GDS).
Initial
motor
graviphoton
Initial sensory
graviphoton
(GP)
Wake axis
Sleep axis
f3 f4
f3
-1
f4
-1
--1
1
Break through weak quadrants in volition
42. 0
-
+
-C
+C
+Q
-Q
0C
0Q
ON & FN
BNs
Orbital
Twistor
Re Axis
Im
Axis
Strong
Axis
Weak
Axis
Central
Null
Space
Finite
Rotational
Constant
Self-organizing on
Pivot-Point -Q of
mixed singularity
• Disposition of sub-elements at 3
tangential spaces actually align
orthogonal to plane of paper.
• 3 bosonic forces at 3 conflexures
are transform of central bosonic
space (note: CNS → BS) : pure at
equator and mixed near poles.
• Curiously, ON & FN are equidistant
and in same direction from BNs.
• In the above basin of equatorial processing of polar information, rotational trajectories
always cover same length of journey along both ways validating entrapped open-angle
triangular bosonic space as Finite Rotational Constant. Note: In Riemann z(s) s=s+it
where s = 1/2, upto central BN, denotes present Prime. it denotes present Antiprime.
43. • Topological whirl in complex
structure of 3D-Möbius field
supports Geometric Algebra.
• s1, s2, and s3 are orthogonal
basis vectors along edges of
central open-angle doughnut.
• This executes beautiful incorporation of null (‘0’ in BN) and null derivatives (0C or
s2s1 and 0Q or s3s1 at poles) within trinary codons of swirling Möbius topology.
• Finite Rotational Constant ensures exact universal matching of polar information,
about position from sensory ON and momentum from sensory FN, at BN
validating Lorentz invariance (‘0’-symmetry). This solves configural issue of finite
prime and antiprime before Macroscopic Quantum System, ever possible.
Basis Vectors
s1
s2
s3
s2s3
s1s2
s3s1
ON & FN
BNs
s2s1
44. • Orthogonal basis vectors edging
central open angle triangular space
shows conventional Rt. hand relation.
• Bivectors along the two edges of open
angle triangle represent rotation
anticlockwise (outside-in) as in folded
fingers of Rt. hand in reference to third
basis vector where arrow on z-axis (i)
directs oppositely i.e., clockwise.
• So, it is self-evident from Geometric Algebra supported by CMF above:
s1s2 = is3 ; s2s3 = is1; s3s1 = is2
This is exactly the algebra of the Pauli spin matrices, visualized as spin(i)-rotation
complementation in complex 3D vector space.
EDS-strip: conventional Rt. hand relation of vectors
Basis Vectors
s1
s2
s3
s2s3
s1s2
s3s1
ON & FN
BNs
46. • Primary group untwist
operation originates all
intrinsic masses, feasible.
• MQS with higher IM covers
more space in lesser time to
meet next Common station.
• In present moment information processing jointly happens in same tuning
microtubular electron (ED-phase) and conjugate tuning microtubular electrons (FD-
phase) along the prior series in ED-asymptote towards unknown future both ways.
• Cl-q measurement is inside-out (c), a universal, phenomenon. Mode lock is holding
EM field on unit electron volt for unit Planck time nullifies all fields. It can only be
reached by reflective snap on tracking the ‘null experience’ i.e., already in the past.
47. Conclusion
• Finite position is essentially a scalar or rational. Finite position vector (p) is dragged
scalar, hence a dependent vector. But momentum (m) is an independent vector. Both
finite primes and infinite Primes are mixed group elements (assembly of both group
operators: multiplicative, p and additive, m). But both finite antiprimes and infinite
Antiprimes are pure group element (formed solely by additive group operator, m).
• In absolute motor context position always envelops momentum but in finite sensory
(informational) context momentum always function as boundary solution of position.
• Reductionism is partially correct as the goal stands on visionary that is weak
(rational); in contrast, feeling is strong (irrational). Therefore, an approach with
optimum complexity where both tools are incorporated is comprehensive.
48. Prediction expect verification
In the image in next slide (first image of a solid made of electrons: Journal:
‘Nature Briefing’ 30th Sept. 2021) where capture of Wigner crystals get magnified,
one may notice that electron (a fermion) structurally organizes in the form of a
Lorenz attractor.
In my work, “Complex Möbius Field: The Web of Consciousness - Part l”, Journal of
Consciousness Exploration & Research, 2019 10(1) page 44, this came as an
important proposition:
"Therefore, as the input is qualitative, the response is also subjective. In phase
space, stimulated journey (critical or subcritical) has the collective appearance of
a Lorenz attractor (Fig. 18). One may find that the Lorenz butterfly shaped
attractor is the subjective presence of the processing fermion in phase space."
49. First image of a solid
made of electrons
(Journal: ‘Nature
Briefing’ 30th Sept.
2021)
50. [
References:
[1] & [2] Bidyut K. Sarkar, 2019, “Complex Möbius Field: The Web of Consciousness” - Part I & Part II, Journal of
Consciousness Exploration & Research, 10(1): pp. 24-64.
https://jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/785
https://jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/793
[3] Bidyut K. Sarkar, 2020, “’Complex Möbius Field: The Web of Consciousness’ Revisited”, Journal of Consciousness
Exploration & Research, 11(2): pp. 227-235.
https://jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/872
[4] Bidyut K. Sarkar, 2021, “Pulsatile Macroscopic Quantum Consciousness”, Journal of Consciousness Exploration &
Research, 12(1): pp. 43-54.
https://jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/947
[3] Bidyut K. Sarkar, 2021, “Consciousness & Instrumental Astronomy”, Journal of Consciousness Exploration &
Research, 12(3): pp. 278-286.
http://www.jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/968
[6] Chinmoy K. Bose, Bidyut K. Sarkar, Herbert Jelinek [2009], “Role of Nonlinear Dynamics in
Endocrine Feedback,” Chaos and Complexity Letters (Volume 3, Issue 3), 266-69.
http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/