Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a clinical condition that is associated with energy metabolism, particularly carbohydrate and fat management in the organism. An increase in the prevalence of diabetic population and the association of decreasing patient compliance and medication adherence leads to prefer a new concept for the management of disease complications.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has proved to be effective for controlling diabetes.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to perform an overview of CAM use, to emphasize its importance for managing diabetic complications and to get outfits of CAM.
Discussion: A literature survey was done by using various articles related to CAM and Diabetes mellitus. The focus was kept on
the frequency of CAM use, the methods they use, the factors related to the use of CAM, the sources of information about CAM
treatment, and the effect of the method used for disease management.
Conclusion: This review concluded that CAM therapy found to have adept at reducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy
body, and relieving symptoms of DM. From the study, the relevance of CAM for managing Diabetic complications was verified
And the future need to perform scientific researches on CAM use was analyzed.
Literature Survey & Market Survey on Amlodipine and its Recent TrendsTuhin Samanta
Amlodipine is utilized with or without different drugs to treat hypertension. Bringing down hypertension forestalls strokes, respiratory failures, and kidney issues. Amlodipine has a place with a class of medications known as calcium channel blockers. It works by loosening up veins so blood can stream all the more effectively.
A complete drug profile of Tacrolimus an immunosuppressant used for organ transplant. It consist of PK/PD, MOA, Indication & Uses, Contraindications, Warnings & Precautions, Drug-interaction, Doses & Administration, Dosage forms, Chemical Formula, Side-Effects, Adverse Drug Reactions, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM).
Literature Survey & Market Survey on Amlodipine and its Recent TrendsTuhin Samanta
Amlodipine is utilized with or without different drugs to treat hypertension. Bringing down hypertension forestalls strokes, respiratory failures, and kidney issues. Amlodipine has a place with a class of medications known as calcium channel blockers. It works by loosening up veins so blood can stream all the more effectively.
A complete drug profile of Tacrolimus an immunosuppressant used for organ transplant. It consist of PK/PD, MOA, Indication & Uses, Contraindications, Warnings & Precautions, Drug-interaction, Doses & Administration, Dosage forms, Chemical Formula, Side-Effects, Adverse Drug Reactions, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM).
Dpp4i vs sglt2 inhibitors against the motionSujoy Majumdar
A debate showing why SGLT2 inhibitors have not have a major advantage over DPP4 inhibitors as the next add on drug after Metformin in the management of Type 2 Diabetes
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-TB & anti leprosy drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
Role, Responsibility & Accoutability of a Pharma Brand ManagerVivek Hattangadi
This slide presentation is to give pharma brand managers an insight into their roles, responsibilities and accountabilities.
For further details, you can visit www.theenablers.org or write to me at vivekhattangadi@theenablers.org
Zita-Met (Generic Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets) helps to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with diet and exercise.
Zita-Met tablets can be used alone, or in combination with Ertugliflozin, Insulin, or Sulfonylurea medicines such as Glimepiride, Gliclazide and Glibenclamide.
Dpp4i vs sglt2 inhibitors against the motionSujoy Majumdar
A debate showing why SGLT2 inhibitors have not have a major advantage over DPP4 inhibitors as the next add on drug after Metformin in the management of Type 2 Diabetes
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-TB & anti leprosy drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
Role, Responsibility & Accoutability of a Pharma Brand ManagerVivek Hattangadi
This slide presentation is to give pharma brand managers an insight into their roles, responsibilities and accountabilities.
For further details, you can visit www.theenablers.org or write to me at vivekhattangadi@theenablers.org
Zita-Met (Generic Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets) helps to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with diet and exercise.
Zita-Met tablets can be used alone, or in combination with Ertugliflozin, Insulin, or Sulfonylurea medicines such as Glimepiride, Gliclazide and Glibenclamide.
ABSTRACT
Over the last decade, diabetes mellitus has emerged as an important clinical and public health
problem throughout the world. The aim of the study is perceive the Potentiality of a newer oral
Antihyperglycemic combination therapy over conventional therapy in type 2 diabetes. The
prospective study was conducted over a period of six months in the department of Medicine,
Guntur City Hospital. The prevalence of type2 diabetes was high in male 65.79 % than female
34.21%. Majority of the patients (23.68 %) belonged to age group of 51–55 years. Majority of
patients (55.26%) having a family history of Diabetes. Majority of patients receiving Combination
of Glibenclamide + Metformin (60.53%), evaluated for effect on FPG for both combinations. The
mean changes in FPG were noted. In the same way effect on HbA1c also noted. Mean changes in
for every month HbA1c will be noted. Our study reveals that Combination therapy with Metformin
plus Glimepiride is more effective than Glibenclamide plus Metformin; in improving glycemic
control in type 2 diabetes, while also allowing a reduction of the dosage of each drug.
Microalbuminuria And Serum Creatinine Levels In Diabetic And Non Diabetic Gro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
Serum Total Bilirubin levels in Diabetic Retinopathy - A case control studyiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Anti-diabetic Therapies, Strategies for Diabetes Management, and Advancement ...PriyankaKilaniya
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) stands as a prominent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin activity and/or secretion, leading to various pathological complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular issues. This review delves into the intricacies of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), exploring its sub-types, conventional treatment modalities, and the emerging role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing drug delivery for improved therapeutic outcomes. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus manifests through aberrations in insulin dynamics, leading to hyperglycemia and subsequent tissue damage. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for devising effective therapeutic strategies. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus is broadly categorized into Type 1 and Type 2, each with distinct etiological factors and treatment approaches. Type 1 DM necessitates insulin replacement therapy, whereas Type 2 DM is primarily managed through oral hypoglycemic agents. Insulin replacement therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for Type 1 DM. It involves administering exogenous insulin to mimic the physiological insulin secretion that is deficient in individuals with T1DM. This aims to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range to prevent acute as well as long-term complications. Drug therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : The pharmacological armamentarium for Type 2 DM includes Insulin Secretagogues, Biguanides, Insulin Sensitizers, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Incretin Mimetics, Amylin Antagonists, and SGLT2 Inhibitors. The Complex pathophysiology of DM demands innovatives therapeutic approaches to enhance drug efficacy and patient adherence. Nanotechology offers promising solutions by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced dosing frequency. Clinical Implications and Future Perspectives Nanotechnology holds immense potential in revolutionizing diabetes management by addressing the limitations of conventional therapies and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Future research endeavors should focus on translational studies to validate the clinical utility of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In Conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into Diabetes management offers a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches, promising targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient outcomes. Continued research and development in this field are imperative to realize the full potential of nanotechnology in combating the global burden of Diabetes Mellitus. In this article, we endeavor to delve into the pathophysiolgy of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), traditional treatment methods for both Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) diabetes, alongside innovative drug delivery strategies for managing Diabetes Mellitus.
Obesity context of type 2 diabetes and medication perspectivesApollo Hospitals
Drug therapy of obesity has harsh antecedent that many earlier introduced drugs are withdrawn from market. The drugs in present use lack sufficient long-term efficacy and safety data. The difficulty of reversing changing dietary habits and decline in physical activity, however, offers major scope for anti-obesity therapeutics, implied in managing the epidemic chronic inflammatory maladies and cardiovascular sequel. Metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus, commonly associate with obesity. Weight reduction is crucial to prevent and control type 2 diabetes. This emphasizes rational choice of therapeutic regimens that do not themselves cause weight gain, and better promote weight loss. Such an aspect is addressed briefly focusing upon the available newer anti-obesity drug options, in particular.
A Study of Knowledge and Practice of Foot Care in Patients with Diabetes Mell...Sunil Vadithya
A Study of Knowledge and Practice of Foot Care in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus A Study of Knowledge and Practice of Foot Care in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
7843Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Glucose Homeostasis, BMI and...IIJSRJournal
Background: Vitamin D deficiency seems to be frequent and involved in pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including metabolic abnormalities and glucose homeostasis. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on FBS, glycemic control, lipid profile and BMI in diabetic patients with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: A case control study conducted on diabetic and non-diabetic patients include 50 health and 150 diabetic patients. Diabetic patients have no or vitamin D deficiency and health control as well. Both were thereafter FBS, HbA1c measured first time on supplemented vitamin D either 50, 000 UI orally or 200,000 IU IM. After three months all blood parameters were measured include FBS, HbA1C, lipid profile and BMI. T test was used for determination of statistical significant between groups. Results: Vitamin D supplementation had profound effect and control FBS, HbA1C, lipid profile and BMI P< 0.05 on both Types 1 and types 2 diabetes mellitus. However, such effect has not been found in counterpart healthy control with vitamin D deficiency. The regular weekly dose of 50,000 IU were found more promising values on FBS, HbA1C, lipid profile and BMI P< 0.05 than the monthly does. Physical activities of cases and control did not shown to have any cofound factors on FBS, HbA1C, lipid profile and BMI. Conclusion: Vitamin D can be considered as a therapeutic agent along with the other treatments for both types of Diabetes mellitus in which could be deemed to use for routine treatment due to vitamin D deficiency is worldwide problem.
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
The Role of Adiponectin in Obesity and its Clinical Utility in Obesity-Associ...Randox Reagents
Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and various types of malignancies, costing the economy $2 trillion annually.
Adiponectin has been identified as having pleiotropic functions widely associated with anti - atherogenic, anti - diabetic, cardioprotective and anti - inflammatory effects.
The science of dosage or posology (from Greek posos, how much, and logos, study) is a branch of pharmacology and therapeutics concerned with ‘treatment dosage’ and ‘dosage regimen’. Establishing optimum dosage underpins every clinical development plan for novel therapeutic candidates. Failure to select the adequate drug dose is a leading culprit for regulatory delays or denial of initial applications for new drugs and, more generally, inadequate dose selection contributes to the high attrition rate of pivotal clinical trials.
Gaseous dosage forms are packed in a container which gets released upon applying pressure. The gas inside contains therapeutically active medicaments. The containers have valve systems with continuous or limited delivery. They are used for topical application on skin and as local application into nose and mouth.
Sprays
Vaporizer
Aerosols
Nebulizer or atomizer
Inhalers
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged
Pharmaceutics is the area of study concerned with the formulation,
manufacturing stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage form. In
the previous unit various communicable, non-communicable disorders were
described. In this unit we will study how the drugs are administered in the body
to be effective. Drugs are rarely used alone. They are used as a part of a
formulation with other non-drug substances. These non-drug substances or
additives serve specific function. The drugs presented in the dosage form are
given in a specific quantity i.e. dose for a specific period. These dosage forms
are available in various forms as required for a specific disease condition.
Packaging of dosage form is another important aspect as the dosage form
should not degrade during storage. A good packaging is necessary to protect
the drug component from any type of deterioration till it reaches the consumer.
Many semisynthetic derivatives of belladonna
alkaloids and a large number of synthetic compounds have been introduced with the aim of
producing more selective action on certain
functions. Most of these differ only marginally
from the natural alkaloids, but some recent ones
appear promising.
Hypertension pharmacotherapy part 2 pptPranatiChavan
First-line medications used in the treatment of hypertension include diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Some patients will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve their BP target. As per special consideration, modified treatment is given in the presentation.
Non-pharmacological interventions help reduce the daily dose of antihypertensive medication and delay the progression from prehypertension to hypertension stage. Non-pharmacological interventions include lifestyle modifications like dietary modifications, exercise, avoiding stress, and minimizing alcohol consumption.
Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart.
In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a lub and a dub that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4.
Once a drug has gained access to the bloodstream,
it gets distributed to other tissues that initially
had no drug, concentration gradient being in the
direction of plasma to tissues. T
Absorption is the movement of the drug from its site
of administration into circulation. Not only
the fraction of the administered dose that gets
absorbed but also the rate of absorption is
important. Except when given i.v., the drug has
to cross biological membranes; absorption is
governed by the above-described principles.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are noninvasive tests that show how well the lungs are working. The tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange. This information can help your healthcare provider diagnose and decide the treatment of certain lung disorders.
Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis, or for relieving symptoms of a disease. here some basic terms associated with clinical research are mentioned in the presentation, which proves helpful to understand the basic knowledge about research.
Open Education Resource: Flipping the classroom with MOODLEPranatiChavan
Open Education Resource: Flipping the classroom with MOODLE
Work done as part of AICTE approved FDP on the Use of ICT in Education for Online and Blended Learning.
Present OER is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License. You are free to use, distribute and modify it, including for commercial purposes, provided you acknowledge the source and share-alike. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Most oral contraceptives contain a combination of 2 types of hormones: an estrogen and a progestin. Both of these hormones are naturally found in women’s bodies. There are many different types of estrogens and progestins, and different types of pills contain different combinations, but they all work similarly. Some pills contain only progestin, sometimes called the “mini-pill.”
The two main sex hormones — estrogen and testosterone — have wide-ranging effects in the body. Produced primarily by the ovaries (estrogen) and testes (testosterone), these hormones affect not just your sexual function but also your bones, brain, and blood vessels.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common type of pink eye, caused by bacteria that infect the eye through various sources of contamination. The bacteria can be spread through contact with an infected individual, exposure to contaminated surfaces or through other means such as sinus or ear infections.The most common types of bacteria that causes bacterial conjunctivitis includes Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial conjunctivitis usually produces a thick eye discharge or pus and can affect one or both eyes.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 12 • Issue 17 • September 2020 156
Corresponding Author:
Pranati Chavan, Department of Pharm D, Shivlingeshwar College of Pharmacy, Almala, Latur, Maharashtra-413520, India;
Email: pranati.chavan55@gmail.com
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print) ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
Received: 01.06.2020 Revised: 17.07.2020 Accepted: 12.08.2020 Published: 08.09.2020
Review ArticleInternational Journal of Current Research and Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2020.121725
IJCRR
Section: Healthcare
Sci. Journal Impact
Factor: 6.1 (2018)
ICV: 90.90 (2018)
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease condition that is linked
to energy metabolism, particularly carbohydrate and fat
management in the organism4
. In the last decades, there was
an explosive increase in the number of people diagnosed
with diabetes worldwide due to ageing as well as the increas-
ing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity5,7
. The total
number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 347
million in 20087
to 552 million in 2030 as per data8
.
Along with total energy intake macroelements as well as mi-
croelements are playing a role to show various types of seri-
ous effects of diabetes mellitus. From clinical findings data
is suggestive of individual vitamins e.g. A9
, B110
, B311
, C12, 13
,
D14
and E15
, minerals e.g. calcium16
, magnesium17
and trace
elements e.g. zinc18
, chrome19
beneficially affect the compli-
cations of diabetes mellitus.
Although medical advancements are there, therapeutic out-
comes are often unreachable. An unsatisfied population can
shift to nontraditional medicine or further alternatives. Many
professionals considered Complementary and alternative
medicine as the best option for minimizing diabetic compli-
cations. Therefore, this study focuses mainly on complemen-
tary and alternative medicine utilization in diabetic compli-
cation management.
Complementary and alternative medicine
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can be
defined as an alternative health-care approaches besides
mainstream Western, or conventional medicine. It reflects
two words, “complementary” meaning used together with,
and “alternative” meaning used in place of conventional
medicine19
. As per the guidelines from National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) 1
, Na-
.ABSTRACT
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a clinical condition that is associated with energy metabolism, particularly carbohy-
drate and fat management in the organism. An increase in the prevalence of diabetic population and the association of decreas-
ing patient compliance and medication adherence leads to prefer a new concept for the management of disease complications.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has proved to be effective for controlling diabetes.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to perform an overview of CAM use, to emphasize its importance for managing dia-
betic complications and to get outfits of CAM.
Discussion: A literature survey was done by using various articles related to CAM and Diabetes mellitus. The focus was kept on
the frequency of CAM use, the methods they use, the factors related to the use of CAM, the sources of information about CAM
treatment, and the effect of the method used for disease management.
Conclusion: This review concluded that CAM therapy found to have adept at reducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy
body, and relieving symptoms of DM. From the study, the relevance of CAM for managing Diabetic complications was verified
and the future need to perform scientific researches on CAM use was analyzed.
Key Words: Complementary And Alternative Medicine, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Neutraceuticals, Mind-body interventions,
Health
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in
Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pranati Chavan1
, Pushpa Karale2
, Pratibha Thaware3
, Pranaya Misar4
1
Department of Pharm D, Shivlingeshwar College of Pharmacy, Almala, Latur, Maharashtra-413520, India; 2
Department of
Pharmacology, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded- 431606, Maharashtra, India; 3
Department of Pharmacog-
nosy, Dagadojirao Deshmukh College of Pharmacy, Almala, Latur, Maharashtra-413520 India; 4
Department of Pharmacology, Vilasrao
Deshmukh Foundation, Latur, Maharashtra-413512, India.Copyright@IJCRR
2. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 12 • Issue 17 • September 2020157
Chavan et al.: Complementary and alternative medicine in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus
tional Institutes of Health defines complementary and alter-
native medicine as “health care approaches with a history of
use or origins outside of mainstream medicine.”
Objectives
The purpose of this review is
A) To present an overview of the use of complementary
and alternative therapies in association with diabetes.
B) To emphasize the importance of CAM for the manage-
ment of diabetes and reducing its complications.
C) To obtain the benefits of various therapies involved in
CAM approaches.
Categories
As per the National Center for Complementary and Alterna-
tive Medicine, CAM therapies are broadly categorized into
two main categories like I) Natural therapies and II) Mind-
body intervention1, 3
.
Natural therapy or biological-based therapies
Certain conditions like infections, microvascular and mac-
rovascular complications of diabetes may occur due to de-
ficiencies of the microelements, vitamins, and nutrients.
Such events can be minimized by the administration of these
essentials. Vitamins and minerals proved helpful for the
enhancement of the immune status of patients so they can
easily overcome the clinical conditions. Biologically based
therapies indicate substances coming from nature that in-
cludes herbs, essential oils, typical diet, nutritional and food
supplements, and other products such as cartilage20
.
The following are some findings obtained from natural ther-
apy utilization for CAM significance and outcomes obtained
from them as mentioned in table no.1.
Table 1: Clinical trials showing CAM significance and
outcomes
Neutropceuticals Clinical findings
Vitamin A Type 2 diabetics of elderly age group
showed low plasma concentrations of
vitamin A and carotenoids4
, with lower
carotene and higher RBP than controls,
the study done by administering retinoic
acid in diabetic mice has been shown to
reduce RBP4 (Retinol binding protein
4), as well as the reduction in retinol to
RBP4 ratio, and found to improve insulin
sensitivity32
.
Vitamin B6 In humans, the combination of pyridox-
ine with thiamine has been shown to
decrease DNA glycation in leukocytes of
diabetic patients4
.
Niacin Niacin administration in the diabetic
population results in the reduction of
monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells4
.
Neutropceuticals Clinical findings
Biotin A study on biotin and chromium pico-
linate supplementation that showed
anti-diabetic effects in type 2 diabetic
rats, and appear to prevent insulin resist-
ance in skeletal muscle by an increase in
the expression of the glucose transporter
protein GLUT430, 31
.
Cyanocobalamine In type 2 diabetes due to oxidative stress
deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folic
acid results in hyperhomocysteinemia40
,
which may further result in peripheral
neuropathy41-45
.
Folate, Folic Acid
or B9
Folic acid level reduction in type 2 diabe-
tes patient’s sound to be associated with
vitamin B12 deficiency and consequent
hyperhomocysteinemia. Supplementa-
tion of pyridoxine, folate, and vitamin
B12 are also associated with the devel-
opment of positive effects in diabetic
retinopathy patients29
.
Vitamin C or
Ascorbic Acid
From the study Glycosylated haemo-
globin, fasting, and postprandial blood
glucose, and oxidative stress showed the
inverse correlation with plasma vitamin
C concentration. Vitamin C has also
been shown to reduce anxiety levels in
diabetes. Three-month supplementation
of vitamins C and E decreases hyperten-
sion, blood glucose while increasing
superoxide dismutase and glutathione
levels4
.
Vitamin D The expression of calbindin-D28K has
demonstrated a protective effect on beta
cells from cytokine-mediated cell death,
reducing the risk of T2DM.
Vitamin E The effect of vitamin E on risk of diabe-
tes and its complications is most prob-
ably due to its role as an antioxidant; a
decrease in plasma tocopherol was noted
in diabetic patients with chronic state
relates to total cholesterol, central type
obesity, lipid peroxidation, and cardio-
vascular complications.
Vitamin K Vitamin K affects insulin sensitivity,
glucose metabolism in diabetes.
Multivitamin In the study of multivitamin effect in
type 2 diabetes patients, the study popu-
lation was administered with multivita-
mins and minerals for one year resulted
in reduced incidence of infections in
patients with subclinical micronutrient
deficiency4
.
Data was obtained from articles showing Clinical trials
conducted on herbs like Cinnamon [Cinnamomum verum],
Table 1: (Continued)
3. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 12 • Issue 17 • September 2020 158
Chavan et al.: Complementary and alternative medicine in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus
bitter gourd [Momordica charantia], fenugreek [Trigonella
foenum-graecum], Crepe Ginger [Costus speciosus] and ivy
gourd [Coccinia grandis]. Clinical outcomes and mecha-
nisms of the antidiabetic effect of these herbs were summa-
rized and mentioned in table no.2.
Table 2: Clinical outcomes and mechanisms of the
antidiabetic effect of herbs
Herb The mechanism utilized in diabe-
tes
Cinnamomum Verum
Cinnamon
Cinnamon facilitates glucose entry
into cells by increasing the amount
of GLUT4 [Glucose transporter type
4] receptors, Insulin Receptor (IR),
and Insulin Receptor substrate40,41
.
Cinnamon increases the expression
of PPAR [Peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptors] (alpha) and PPAR
(gamma), that help to improve insulin
sensitivity42
.
Momordica charantia
(MC) (Bitter gourd or
bitter melon)
MC extract increases cellular glucose
uptake by enhancing cellular insulin
signalling pathways through up-regu-
lation of GLUT 4 [Glucose transporter
type 4] and PI3K [Phosphoinositide
3-kinase], as well as up-regulating
PPAR [ Peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptors] gamma, MC
preserves islet beta cells and has
shown to stimulate glycogen storage
by liver and insulin secretion by islets
of Langerhans43,44
.
Trigonella foenum-
graecum (Fenugreek)
Fenugreek helps diabetic patients by
enhancing glucose uptake into the
cells and also by stimulating the ty-
rosine phosphorylation of the insulin
receptor45
.
Costus speciosus
(Crepe Ginger)
The Hypoglycemic effect was ac-
companied by an increased hepatic
hexokinase activity and liver glycogen
content in diabetic rats.
Coccinia grandis (Ivy
gourd)
Pectin, isolated from the fruit of Coc-
cinia grandis has hypoglycemic prop-
erties in rats46
by correcting elevated
levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and
lactate dehydrogenase 47
. The plant
extract found to increase activation of
peroxisome proliferator-activated re-
ceptor-gamma activity 48
. Triterpenes,
isolated from Coccinia spp may have
the ability to reverse beta-cell damage
induced by Alloxan in experimental
diabetic rats 46
.
Mind-body therapies
The therapies including holistic perspectives or mind body
spirit evaluation techniques to enhance the mind’s ability
to affect body functions and symptoms are known as mind-
body therapies. Its broad category approach to be consid-
ered to include various therapies like visualization, guided
imagination, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation,
prayer, music therapy, light therapy, art therapy, journaling,
storytelling, biofeedback, hypnosis, humour, animal-assisted
therapy, tai chi, qigong, and yoga20
.
Manipulative and body-based therapies
Application of pressure for manipulation or movement of
one or more body parts can be considered in this therapy. The
following are some examples that can interpret the idea of
manipulative and body-based therapies as chiropractic medi-
cine, osteopathic manipulative medicine, movement therapy,
and Rolfing i.e. a form of soft-tissue manipulation20
.
Energy therapies
This kind of complementary and alternative medicine works
on the belief that a vital energy flows through the human
body. They aimed to balance the energy flow in the patient
by modification, manipulation, enhancement, and support-
ing the energy fields for reducing stress, anxiety, and promo-
tion of well being21
. Energy therapy can be known by vari-
ous names as per various regions and by different countries
and considered to work by light therapy or energy infusion
therapy1,23
. Energy therapies may include healing touch, ther-
apeutic touch, Reiki, acupuncture or acupressure, and reflex-
ology1
. A data on randomized controlled trial in patients with
diabetic peripheral neuropathy, foot reflexology resulted in a
reduction of A1C and FPG, and improve pain scores along
with nerve conduction velocity39
.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine work as a holistic system
consisting of a combination of natural medicines, massage
therapy, diet changes, acupuncture, and some practices like
breathing exercises, movement therapies, and mind stabiliz-
ing therapies19
.
Systems of Care
There are some categories of treatment which become dis-
tinct from other approaches of disease management that
shows their work based on systems of care like homoeopa-
thy, Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, a folk system of medicine
and can be proved to be effective for improving the health
status of the patients1, 21
.
Yoga
Yoga consists of various exercises, asanas, and meditation.
Yoga harmonizes the body with our mind and breath. It iden-
tifies one with different levels of consciousness and under-
standing resulting in gaining perspective and peace. Yoga
interns proved to obtain a healthy mind and a healthy body.
In the case of the diabetic population some studies on yoga
4. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 12 • Issue 17 • September 2020159
Chavan et al.: Complementary and alternative medicine in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus
for reducing complications type 2diabetes showed better ef-
fects of controlling glycemic levels, regulation of lipid and
BP profile, again to reduce A1C, fasting, and postprandial
glucose values19
.
DISCUSSION
An article among Non-Hispanic White, Mexican American,
and Vietnamese American Type 2 Diabetic Patients on Com-
plementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Use concluded
that CAM use may result in improved diabetes management
with long-term health outcomes as per race and ethnicity. It
also reflected Low levels of thiamine and increased renal
clearance in both Type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Better
clinical outcomes found to be obtained on thiamine supple-
mentation among those patients.
The association between diabetes and bacterial infection
has been recognized for many years25, 26
. A prospective
study showed a higher incidence of bacteremia in diabetic
patients compared to non-diabetics. Surgical wound infec-
tion may also be associated with diabetes mellitus. In a
study calculating rate of wound infection for total hip re-
placement surgeries among diabetic and nondiabetic popu-
lations with similar circumstances found to obtain a higher
percentage for diabetic people and a very low fraction for
non-diabetics. In the study i.e. Effect of Antioxidants and
B-Group Vitamins on Risk of Infections in Patients with
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the provision of nutrient supple-
mentation to diabetic subjects was done and improvement
in the disease-related complications was noted27
. In some
studies relating to vitamin D and chronic inflammatory
status of T2DM patients, outcomes helped to conclude that
vitamin D acts on inflammatory mediators and modulates
the effects of mediators like cytokines and nuclear tran-
scription factors such as NF-κB. This results in improving
insulin sensitivity and promoting pancreatic β-cell surviv-
al28
.
Studies on Systems like yoga, tai chi showed an effect on
glycemic control in people with type 2diabetes and in lower-
ing A1C levels19
.
In a preclinical study for outcomes of nutrient therapy for
the management of diabetes, it was reported that external
supplementation like Calcium, zinc, chromium, magnesium,
vitamins found to increase insulin sensitivity, reduced vas-
cular resistance and induced partial regurgitation, increased
HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin level, decreased lipid
peroxidation, reduction in serum triglycerides, and VLDL
reduction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSION
Total of 18 articles relating to complementary and alternative
medicine was included in the study, out of which 4 reviews
found to be showing the significance of CAM for the reduc-
tion of blood glucose level, improving insulin utility, and
minimizing diabetic complications. One preclinical study
on diabetic rats indicates Diagnostic parameters improved in
MVT treated male rats but not in streptozocin treated female
rats. In another prospective observational study, varying
rates of CAM use were analyzed. A descriptive cross-sec-
tional study containing differential statistical questionnaires
came with outcomes as Herbs proved to be effective for re-
ducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy body, and re-
lieving symptoms of DM. As such numbers of studies were
taken into consideration for finding the beneficial outcomes
for utilization as well as finding safety parameters of CAM
for managing diabetic complications. Some of which are
shown in table no 3.
Table 3: Different clinical trials showing CAM significance in the diabetic population
Articles Type of study Study parameters Clinical outcomes
Uslu et al. 2018, 7:1 Review CAM for children with
T1DM
Use of CAM reduces diagnosis duration, lowers
blood glucose level, improves insulin utility,
minimizes diabetic complications
Sarkozy et al. 2014,
14:72
Preclinical case-control
study
MVT administration in
diabetic rats
Diagnostic parameters improved in MVT
treated male rats but not in streptozocin treated
female rats
Khalaf et al. 2010,
10:35
Prospective observational
study
CAM use for Diabetes High rates of CAM users for managing diabetes
Niswah et al. 2014 A descriptive, cross-sec-
tional study
Differential statistical ques-
tionnaire for herb use
Herbs proved to be effective for reducing blood
glucose levels, maintaining proper health, and
relieving symptoms of DM
Medagama et al.
2014, 13:102
Review Cinnamon, bitter guard,
fenugreek, crepe ginger, ivy
guard as a CAM
Effects of 5 CAM for minimizing diabetic com-
plications
5. Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 12 • Issue 17 • September 2020 160
Chavan et al.: Complementary and alternative medicine in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Articles Type of study Study parameters Clinical outcomes
Debra Kramlich.
2014, 6
Research article CAM use and significance To emphasis the benefits of nonpharmacologic
therapies for critically ill patients
L.D. Grossman et al.
2018, 42
Case-control study NHP and CAM Reduction of co-morbidities and complications
of diabetes, including lipids and blood pressure
(BP) in diabetes, as well as CVD, nephropathy,
retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy
Valdes Ramos et al.
2015, 15
Review Vitamins and Type 2 Diabe-
tes Mellitus
Neutropceuticals shows effectiveness for man-
agement of C-reactive protein, HDL cholesterol,
triacylglycerides, serum Homocysteine, blood
pressure and incidence of diabetes
Nguyen et al. 2014,
25(4)
California Health Inter-
view Survey
CAM CAM use may influence diabetes management
behaviours
Salah Gariballa et
al. 2013, 5
Randomized trial Dietary supplementation Need to do more clinical studies for better clini-
cal outcomes
Ghulam Jilany Khan
et al. 2014, 21(6)
A cross-sectional, inter-
view-based survey
CAM CAM can be used for disease management
Table 3: (Continued)
CONCLUSION
This study focuses on complementary and alternative medi-
cine, its significance, and utilization for minimizing diabetic
complications. As per the data collected from various arti-
cles CAM therapy proved beneficial for the diabetic popula-
tion by various mechanisms. CAM therapies include natural
therapies like Yoga, mind-body intervention, energy therapy,
reiki, tai chi, behavioural therapies, and utilization of natu-
ral medicines like herbs, vitamins, minerals, nutrients for
disease management. CAM therapy shows its significance
not only on disease outcomes but also improves the patient’s
physical, psychological, and social health. CAM utilization
in type 2 diabetes was found to be associated with the reduc-
tion of plasma glucose levels, it also helps by maintaining
HbA1c, improving insulin sensitivity, and again it can mini-
mize comorbid states by maintaining biological markers and
improves the health status of the patient.
This review concluded that CAM therapy found to have adept
at reducing blood glucose, maintaining a healthy body, and
relieving symptoms of DM. From the study, the relevance of
CAM for managing Diabetic complications was verified and
the future need to perform scientific researches on CAM use
was analyzed.
Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the immense
help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and
included in references of this manuscript. The authors are
also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those ar-
ticles, journals and books from where the literature for this
article has been reviewed and discussed.
Conflict of interest: None
Source of funding: None
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