The document discusses four major educational philosophies - Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism/Critical Theory. It provides overview of each philosophy, including their views on curriculum, teaching methods, and goals of education. Additionally, it briefly discusses the philosophies of Eclecticism and Existentialism.
Oldest and most conservative Educational Philosophy basing its teachings on the Great Books, written by the most exceptional minds ever known to mankind. It values knowledge that transcends time. It is teacher centered and subject centered--focusing on the curriculum and not the learners' interest. It aims to develop both the learners' moral & intellectual qualities
Progressivism concept of Education was first started in Amerca in late 19th century. The aim of education is to improve decision-making skills, provide knowledge through field works, discussions and practical work.
1. An Enigma httpenigmaco.deenigmaenigma.htmlencrypted messag.docxSONU61709
1. An Enigma http://enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.htmlencrypted message was intercepted and reads as follows:
OTIBDHEMUOFGMFMHGKMGNDOEGIBBKXZEJWR
A sleeper of ours behind enemy lines sent a message that the enemy's encryption used Rotor1: Z and Rotor3: E . Decrypt the message.
2. An encryption algorithm turned GOOD MORNING AMERICA into FNNC LNQMHMF ZLDQHJZ Identify the encryption algorithm and express it in a mathematical form.
3. The following enemy encrypted message has been intercepted:
YJRNP<NSTTF<RMYEO::DYSTYYP<PTTPE A sleeper of ours behind enemy lines sent a message that the enemy's encryption had to do with the QWERTY keyboard layout. Decrypt the message and save lives.
Educational Philosophies Definitions and Comparison Chart
Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to
know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general
or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently
used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and
Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach,
the curriculum aspect.
Perennialism
For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about
the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in
any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are
constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not
change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their
minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a
worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing
students' growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are
emphasized– the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science. Advocates
of this educational philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books
program in 1963 and Mortimer Adler, who further developed this curriculum based on 100 great
books of western civilization.
Essentialism
Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to
students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on
intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach. The core of the curriculum is
essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. Although this educational philosophy is
similar in some ways to Perennialism, Essentialists accept the idea that this core curriculum
may change. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of
society ...
Oldest and most conservative Educational Philosophy basing its teachings on the Great Books, written by the most exceptional minds ever known to mankind. It values knowledge that transcends time. It is teacher centered and subject centered--focusing on the curriculum and not the learners' interest. It aims to develop both the learners' moral & intellectual qualities
Progressivism concept of Education was first started in Amerca in late 19th century. The aim of education is to improve decision-making skills, provide knowledge through field works, discussions and practical work.
1. An Enigma httpenigmaco.deenigmaenigma.htmlencrypted messag.docxSONU61709
1. An Enigma http://enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.htmlencrypted message was intercepted and reads as follows:
OTIBDHEMUOFGMFMHGKMGNDOEGIBBKXZEJWR
A sleeper of ours behind enemy lines sent a message that the enemy's encryption used Rotor1: Z and Rotor3: E . Decrypt the message.
2. An encryption algorithm turned GOOD MORNING AMERICA into FNNC LNQMHMF ZLDQHJZ Identify the encryption algorithm and express it in a mathematical form.
3. The following enemy encrypted message has been intercepted:
YJRNP<NSTTF<RMYEO::DYSTYYP<PTTPE A sleeper of ours behind enemy lines sent a message that the enemy's encryption had to do with the QWERTY keyboard layout. Decrypt the message and save lives.
Educational Philosophies Definitions and Comparison Chart
Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to
know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general
or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently
used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and
Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach,
the curriculum aspect.
Perennialism
For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about
the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in
any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are
constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not
change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their
minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a
worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing
students' growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are
emphasized– the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science. Advocates
of this educational philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books
program in 1963 and Mortimer Adler, who further developed this curriculum based on 100 great
books of western civilization.
Essentialism
Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to
students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on
intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach. The core of the curriculum is
essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. Although this educational philosophy is
similar in some ways to Perennialism, Essentialists accept the idea that this core curriculum
may change. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of
society ...
This is philosophical roots of education. There are five philosophies and four theories of education. Comprehensive philosophies such as idealism and realism. For educational theories such originate from philosophies and from arising practice on education, school, curriculum, teaching, and learning.
Relationship between Education and Philosophy.SANA FATIMA
”Education without philosophy is blind, philosophy without education is lame” comment.
EDUCATION:
PHILOSOPHY:
Metaphysics:
Epistemology:
Ethics:
Logic:
Relationship between philosophy and education:
a] Determining the aims of education:
b] Harmonizing old and new traditions in the field of education
c] Providing the educational planners, administrators, and educators with the progressive vision to achieve educational development:-
d] Preparing the young generation to face the challenges of the modern time:-
REFERENCES:
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
Comparison edu philo (1)
1. Educational Philosophies Definitions and Comparison Chart
Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to
know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general
or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently
used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and
Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach,
the curriculum aspect.
Perennialism
For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about
the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in
any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are
constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not
change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their
minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a
worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing
students' growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are
emphasized– the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science. Advocates
of this educational philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books
program in 1963 and Mortimer Adler, who further developed this curriculum based on 100 great
books of western civilization.
Essentialism
Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to
students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on
intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach. The core of the curriculum is
essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. Although this educational philosophy is
similar in some ways to Perennialism, Essentialists accept the idea that this core curriculum
may change. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of
society. It should focus on facts-the objective reality out there--and "the basics," training
students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should not try to set
or influence policies. Students should be taught hard work, respect for authority, and discipline.
Teachers are to help students keep their non-productive instincts in check, such as aggression
or mindlessness. This approach was in reaction to progressivist approaches prevalent in the
1920s and 30s. William Bagley, took progressivist approaches to task in the journal he formed
in 1934. Other proponents of Essentialism are: James D. Koerner (1959), H. G. Rickover
(1959), Paul Copperman (1978), and Theodore Sizer (1985).
Progressivism
Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content
or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active
experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing
the world. It is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes
meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective
teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. Curriculum content is derived
from student interests and questions. The scientific method is used by progressivist educators
so that students can study matter and events systematically and first hand. The emphasis is on
process-how one comes to know. The Progressive education philosophy was established in
America from the mid 1920s through the mid 1950s. John Dewey was its foremost proponent.
2. One of his tenets was that the school should improve the way of life of our citizens through
experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision making, planning of teachers
with students, student-selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than authority.
Reconstructionism/Critical Theory
Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions
and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators
focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. Theodore Brameld
(1904-1987) was the founder of social reconstructionism, in reaction against the realities of
World War II. He recognized the potential for either human annihilation through technology and
human cruelty or the capacity to create a beneficent society using technology and human
compassion. George Counts (1889-1974) recognized that education was the means of
preparing people for creating this new social order.
Critical theorists, like social reconstructionists, believe that systems must be changed to
overcome oppression and improve human conditions. Paulo Freire (1921-1997) was a Brazilian
whose experiences living in poverty led him to champion education and literacy as the vehicle
for social change. In his view, humans must learn to resist oppression and not become its
victims, nor oppress others. To do so requires dialog and critical consciousness, the
development of awareness to overcome domination and oppression. Rather than "teaching as
banking," in which the educator deposits information into students' heads, Freire saw teaching
and learning as a process of inquiry in which the child must invent and reinvent the world.
For social reconstructionists and critical theorists, curriculum focuses on student experience and
taking social action on real problems, such as violence, hunger, international terrorism, inflation,
and inequality. Strategies for dealing with controversial issues (particularly in social studies and
literature), inquiry, dialogue, and multiple perspectives are the focus. Community-based learning
and bringing the world into the classroom are also strategies.
Eclecticism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of
assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary
insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.
It can be inelegant, and eclectics are sometimes criticised for lack of consistency in their
thinking, but it is common in many fields of study. For example, most psychologists accept parts
of behaviorism, but do not attempt to use the theory to explain all aspects of human behavior. A
statistician may use frequentist techniques on one occasion and Bayesian ones on another. An
example of eclecticism in economics is John Dunning's eclectic theory of international
production.
Existentialism
"Childhood is not adulthood; childhood is playing and no child ever gets enough play. The
Summerhill theory is that when a child has played enough he will start to work and face
difficulties, and I claim that this theory has been vindicated in our pupils' ability to do a good job
even when it involves a lot of unpleasant work."
3. • A. S. Neill
Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism.' '
• Jean Paul Sartre
Existentialism as a Philosophical Term
The existentialist movement in education is based on an intellectual attitude that philosophers
term existentialism. Born in nineteenth-century Europe, existentialism is associated with such
diverse thinkers as
• Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a passionate Christian, and
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1811 1900)
who wrote a book entitled The Antichrist and coined the phrase God is dead. While the famous
existentialists would passionately disagree with one another on many basic philosophical
issues, what they shared was a respect for individualism. In particular, they argued that
traditional approaches to philosophy do not adequately respect the unique concerns of each
individual.
Jean Paul Sartre's classic formulation of existentialism--that "existence precedes essence"--
means that there exists no universal, inborn human nature. We are born and exist, and then we
ourselves freely determine our essence (that is, our innermost nature). Some philosophers
commonly associated with the existentialist tradition never fully adopted the "existence precedes
essence" principle. Nevertheless, that principle is fundamental to the educational existentialist
movement.
Existentialism as an Educational Philosophy
Just as its namesake sprang from a strong rejection of traditional philosophy, educational
existentialism sprang from a strong rejection of the traditional, essentialist approach to
education. Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth
about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Instead, individuals are responsible for
4. determining for themselves what is "true" or "false," "right" or "wrong," "beautiful" or "ugly." For
the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to
develop as we see fit.
In the existentialist classroom, subject matter takes second place to helping the students
understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility
for their thoughts, feelings, and actions. The teacher's role is to help students define their own
essence by exposing them to various paths they may take in life and creating an environment in
which they may freely choose their own preferred way. Since feeling is not divorced from reason
in decision making, the existentialist demands the education of the whole person, not just the
mind.
Although many existentialist educators provide some curricular structure, existentialism, more
than other educational philosophies, affords students great latitude in their choice of subject
matter. In an existentialist curriculum, students are given a wide variety of options from which to
choose.
To the extent that the staff, rather than the students, influence the curriculum, the humanities
are commonly given tremendous emphasis. They are explored as a means of providing
students with vicarious experiences that will help unleash their own creativity and self-
expression. For example, rather than emphasizing historical events, existentialists focus upon
the actions of historical individuals, each of whom provides possible models for the students'
own behavior. In contrast to the humanities, math and the natural sciences may be de-
emphasized, presumably because their subject matter would be considered "cold," "dry,"
"objective," and therefore less fruitful to self-awareness. Moreover, vocational education is
regarded more as a means of teaching students about themselves and their potential than of
earning a livelihood. In teaching art, existentialism encourages individual creativity and
imagination more than copying and imitating established models.
Existentialist methods focus on the individual. Learning is self-paced, self directed, and includes
a great deal of individual contact with the teacher, who relates to each student openly and
honestly. Although elements of existentialism occasionally appear in public schools, this
philosophy has found wider acceptance in private schools and ill alternative public schools
founded in the late 1960s and early 1970s.