Compare the following bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bact.pdf
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Compare the following: bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bacterial type. Explain the relationship and development of strains and types to a species. Solution Bacterial species: It is a group of prokaryotic organisms which are ecologically distinct where many ecotypes of bacteria are grouped under a genous. These bacteria show a certain level of phenotypic identity, above 95% pair-wise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and over 97% 16S rRNA identity. bacterial strain: A strain is a low level taxonomically characterized micro-organism within a particular species that show genetic variance. Bacterial types: Bacteria can be classified based on cell wall type, and shape into different types. Based on cell wall type: gram positive, cells take up purple gram stain due to peptidoglycan rich cell wall egs (Streptococcus pneumoneae). Gram-negative bacteria such as vibrio cholerae which cause cholera take up pink stain due to thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. Based on shape bacteria are classified into coccus (spherical shaped bacteria, egs.streptococcus), bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria egs. Ecoli), Vibrio (spiral or comma-shaped bacteria egs. Vibrio cholerae), spirillum (Spiral shape bacteria with more rigid structure egs: Heliobacter Pylori corkscrew shaped bacteria), Spirochete (Long thin flexible bacteria which are corkscrew shaped egs: Treponema pallidum) A species is a higher taxonomical classification which further breaks down into different strains that are genetically different. A type of bacteria shows which morphological differences and cell wall characteristics of a bacteria. The lowest level of classification would be based on type of species. A group of organisms of the different type, different morphological feature and virulence carrying out similar function would be classified under a strain. These strain would have micro-organisms, with genetic variance egs. A species of bacteria E. coli lives in the intestine and is good for human but it can also turn out to be pathogenic due to the 5% genetic variance among strains. Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic bacteria cause diarrhea in humans particularly children. Many such strains are grouped together under species egs E. Coli species. Which contains all the pathogenic and nonpathogenic E.Coli bacteria. These bacteria have 97% 16s rRNA identity, therefore falling under one species..
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telomeric repeats centromeric satellite DNA
Solution
Answer :
a. ) VNTR\'S : The short strectch of nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat in the
genome which are variable in number of tandem repeat (or VNTR) . These can be found on
many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals. These play a very
important role in DNA fingerprinting, studying the population.
b) Microsatellite DNA : These are di-, tri-, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
where in the number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an
individual. The sequence has a 20 dinucleotide repeat (40bp) stretch. These are developed by
sequencing the exon portion of the gene which varies between individual to individual. These
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knocking out the function. These are co dominantly inherited in mendialian seggregation.
c): Minisatellite DNA : A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs
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at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation
rate and high diversity in the population.They are generally GC rich and variant repats are
tandemly intermingled, which make the minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover
mechanisms. They are also called variable number of Tandem repats because the number of
repats in a given mini satellite vaies gratly among individuals.
d) LINES : These are Long interspersed nucleotide sequences these are active or degenerate
descendants of transposable elements. these are related to LTR transposons, but distinct in their
structure
e) SINES : These are nothing but Short interspersed Nucleotide sequences, these are Non-
autonomous transposable elements (lacking the ability to mediate their own transposition) and
their degenerate descendents. these are originally derived from tRNA sequences and distinct
from retrotransposons
SINEs are retrosequences that range in length from 75 to 500 bp, do not possess any reading
frame,Thus their retroposition mustbe aided by other genetic elements . These elements lack
LTR\'s and introns, possess an encoded poly A tail .SINEs require cross mobilisation for
transposition.
f)Telomere repeats : A telomere is a region of repititive nucleotide sequences at each end of the
chromosome, which protect the end of the chromosome from deteriotation or from fusion with
neighbouring chromosomes this sequence of TTAGGG is frequently repeated approximately
2500 times in humans. Telomeric repats are the tandem arrays of a short G rich sequen.
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Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Solution
Multiple sclerosis is more illustrate and descriptive because it is an autoimmune-mediated
process that cause damage to developing myelin. Host immune factors are going to attack
individual neurons so that Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of
neurons” broken due to the various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe
cognitive and sensory –motor impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex.
During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected
thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected
because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system. A disease is pertaining to
central nervous system is leading to complete paralysis of the muscle tone innervated with motor
neurons during the functioning of the flexion reflex on the specific skeletal muscle result in
irreversible flaccid & paralysis with no muscle tone. A peripheral nervous system problem can
be irreversible as it can regenerate the activity of spastic nature of the muscle.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which, the myelin sheath covering the neurons
present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be decreased impulse
conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the affected area, the
corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons communication specific
regions. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis include impaired cognitive functions, bladder
functions, emotional changes, depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, visual problems,
convulsions, pain muscle spasticity, etc..
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structu.pdf
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structural make-up, location, and
inter-relationships, if any. variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) microsatellite DNA
minisatellite DNA long interspersed elements (LINEs) short interspersed elements (SINEs)
telomeric repeats centromeric satellite DNA
Solution
Answer :
a. ) VNTR\'S : The short strectch of nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat in the
genome which are variable in number of tandem repeat (or VNTR) . These can be found on
many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals. These play a very
important role in DNA fingerprinting, studying the population.
b) Microsatellite DNA : These are di-, tri-, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
where in the number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an
individual. The sequence has a 20 dinucleotide repeat (40bp) stretch. These are developed by
sequencing the exon portion of the gene which varies between individual to individual. These
help in construction of geneitic linkage maps, function of various genes , study of genes by
knocking out the function. These are co dominantly inherited in mendialian seggregation.
c): Minisatellite DNA : A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs
(ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. Minisatellites occur
at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation
rate and high diversity in the population.They are generally GC rich and variant repats are
tandemly intermingled, which make the minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover
mechanisms. They are also called variable number of Tandem repats because the number of
repats in a given mini satellite vaies gratly among individuals.
d) LINES : These are Long interspersed nucleotide sequences these are active or degenerate
descendants of transposable elements. these are related to LTR transposons, but distinct in their
structure
e) SINES : These are nothing but Short interspersed Nucleotide sequences, these are Non-
autonomous transposable elements (lacking the ability to mediate their own transposition) and
their degenerate descendents. these are originally derived from tRNA sequences and distinct
from retrotransposons
SINEs are retrosequences that range in length from 75 to 500 bp, do not possess any reading
frame,Thus their retroposition mustbe aided by other genetic elements . These elements lack
LTR\'s and introns, possess an encoded poly A tail .SINEs require cross mobilisation for
transposition.
f)Telomere repeats : A telomere is a region of repititive nucleotide sequences at each end of the
chromosome, which protect the end of the chromosome from deteriotation or from fusion with
neighbouring chromosomes this sequence of TTAGGG is frequently repeated approximately
2500 times in humans. Telomeric repats are the tandem arrays of a short G rich sequen.
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable Prove your answer. Solut.pdf
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable? Prove your answer.
Solution
Theorem:
Let T=(S,?) be a finite complement topology on an infinite set S.
Then T is a separable space.
Proof:
Let S be a set.
Then S is countably infinite iff there is a bijection f:S?N, where N is the set of natural numbers.
That is, it is an infinite set of the form:
{s0,s1,.
Identify the impacts of dementia.Is it preventable in our future a.pdf
Identify the impacts of dementia.
Is it preventable in our future and how can we reduce its effects?
What are some steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness? Be specific in your
answer.
Solution
Impacts of dementia are as follows:
It is not preventable in future as the treatment or available therapies give only small and
temporary relief.
To reduce the effects of dementia the following things can be done:
steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness:.
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...Why does my professor write delt.pdf
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...
Why does my professor write deltapydeltay>h/4pi and then h (bar) = h/2pi? The book just says
deltapydeltay>h/2pi. What is going on? Pic here.
Small 1. Large py Large ay, Small p There is a reciprocal relationship between p and y. 2 2T
Solution
The uncertainity principle states that if position is known more accurately(smaller delta y) , the
less accurately you know the momentum of the particle(larger delta py) and vice versa.
So,
delta Pydeltay>=h/4pi= h(cross)/2
where h(cross)= h/2pi..
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African sla.pdf
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
B.Purchase directly from African kingdoms
C.Capture through military expeditions into the African interior
D.Purchase from Portuguese merchants
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
B. Dutch
C. neighboring kingdom of Ndongo.
D. Spanish
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
A.South Asia Trading Company.
B.East India Company.
C.Oriental Trading Company.
D.West Indies Ltd.
In 1485, the Portuguese started an experiment on São Tomé that proved they could
A.control East African trade from ports in the Atlantic Ocean.
B.mass-produce sugar entirely with slave labor.
C.use a joint-stock company to increase trade profits.
D.grow American staple crops outside of the Americas.
Solution
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
B.East India Company..
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing.pdf
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing because?
A - there are four different types of DNA that can be sequenced using the procedure
B - DNA molecules are cut into four pieces during the process
C - the process involves four different steps
D - there are four different nucleotides in DNA
Solution
since there are four different nucleotides in DNA four different fluoroscent dyes are used in
DNA sequencing..
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate.pdf
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate, the length of the investment
in years, the periodic Interest rate, end the number of periods of the investment. 4%
compounded quarterly for 7 years the annual Interest rate the length of the Investment in years
the periodic interest rate the number of periods of the Investment
Solution
n is given as 4 since quaterly they have mentioned
a) r=.04
b) t=7
c) c= r/n=.04/4=0.01
d) d= n*t=4*7=28.
For a given class, the studen records are stored in a file. The reco.pdf
For a given class, the studen records are stored in a file. The records are randomly accessed and
updated. Assume that each student\'s record is of fixed size. Which of the three allocation
schemes (contiguous, linked and table/indexed) will be the most appropriate?
Solution
As each file has its own index block which stores the addresses of memory occupied by the file
so Table/indexed allocation scheme would be most appropriate as we can easily access any block
with help of index,.
Elementary school children spent significantly more time reading i.pdf
\"Elementary school children spent significantly more time reading in the presence of a teacher
than when the teacher was absent, t(7) = 2.804, p < 0.05 (2 = 0.46).\" In this related samples t
test, how many participants were observed?
Solution
t(7) means df = 7, and participants must be 7+1 = 8
(unless the control group students were identical twins of those in experiment, making 8*2=16
participants in dependent samples).
Describe the tools and technology used to support IT project managem.pdf
Describe the tools and technology used to support IT project management. What are the
characteristics of future tools?
Solution
Project management is defined as the application of a collection of tools and techniques which
are used to direct the use of the resources toward the accomplishment of a unique, complex, one-
time task.This task has boundries that needs to be taken care of such as the project must be
completed within time limit, cost, and quality constraints. Each task requires a particular mix of
these tools and techniques structured to fit the task environment and life cycle of the task.
The project management techniques related to the project initiation phase include: [16].
Creat Shape classes from scratch DETAILS You will create 3 shape cla.pdf
Creat Shape classes from scratch DETAILS You will create 3 shape classes (Circle, Rectangle,
Triangle) that all inherit from a single abstract class called AbstractShape which implements
Shape (also created by you). You are also responsible for creating the driver class
\"Assignment7.java\" (program that tests your classes and described on page 3) which does the
following reads input data from a file instantiates various objects of the three shapes based on the
input data stores each in a LinkedList outputs this list to an output file sorts a \"copy\" of this
LinkedList of objects outputs the sorted version of the list to the output file outputs the original
list to the output file This driver program also needs to \"ignore errors in the input file that breach
the specified input format as described in the Assianment7,java details (see page 3 1. Shape.java
This is an interface that has 2 abstract methods, and passes the responsibility of implementing the
compareTo method to the class that implements Shape (you may note, nomally Comparable is
\"implemented\" by a class. However, an interface cannot implement because interfaces can only
contain abstract methods. That said, an interface can only extend other interfaces and the
responsibility of actually \"implementing\" the abstract method(s) of the super class interface is
passed on to the sub-classes) public interface Shape extends Comparable public double
calculateAreal) Il This abstract method is implemented at the concrete level public Shape
copyShape); Il also implemented at the concrete level 2. AbstractShape.java public abstract class
AbstractShape implements Shape This class should contain an instance field to store the name of
each obiect. The constructor which sets this field should receive the name and a number to be
concatenated to the name and then stored in the name field Recall, when the super class has a
parameterized constructor, the sub-classes will need to call it AND the sub- classes will need to
also provide a constructor without parameters This abstract class will implement the compareTo
method passed on from the Shape interface and will pass on the responsibility of implementing
calculateArea to the extending sub-classes (compare To will use the calculateArea method when
comparing 2 Shape objects). Along with compare To, one more concrete method should be
included. The following will be used by the sub-classes\' toString method: public String
getName) II Simply returns the name field data
Solution
in7.txt
4.4
2.5 3
8.1 3.0 5.0
2.5 3 4
2.5
tuesday
-7
1.0
3 three
3 -9
3 5
1.0
Assignment7.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Assignment7 {
/**
* This is the test driver class that will include main.
* This program MUST read a file named in7.txt and
* generate an output file named out7.txt. The in7.txt
* file must be created by you based on formatting
* described shortly.
*
* @param theArgs
*/
public static void main(String[] theArgs) {
List myList = new Arra.
Annual estimates of the population in a Hawaiian county from 1999 (t .pdf
Annual estimates of the population in a Hawaiian county from 1999 (t = 1) onward are shown in
the time series graph below. What is the dominant component in this time series? Click the icon
to view the time series plot.
Solution
The dominant part in this time series is just the upward trend. It is not cyclic (repetative), it is not
seasonal (some time up and some time down) and it is not random either (not that random
actually)..
Acid rain negatively affects plants byA. reducing the photosynthet.pdf
Acid rain negatively affects plants by
A. reducing the photosynthetic rate in the leaves
B. burning the leaves and bark.
C. leaching cations that the plant needs from the soil
D. leaching anions from the soil that the plant needs
Solution
Acid rain is a mixture of inorganic acids like H2SO4 and HNO3. These acids are from upon the
reaction of pollutant like NOx and SO2 with water oxygen and other components present in the
air. Both the acids are strong acid and it is the property of strong acid to dissociate into proton
and Sulphate or Nitrate ions. In the soil cation, such as Potassium, calcium and magnesium are
present, in their mineral forms, which are exchange with proton in acidic condition. Once cation
is exchanged they leach into the soil are no more available for the plants..
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.pdf
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.a-1.What is the rate
parameter ? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)
Solution
Rate parameter 1/mean 7.142857 Variance mean^2 0.0196 Std dev Mean 0.14
P(x>0.24) e^(-0.24*7.1429) 0.180124 P(0.141.4) 0.367918 P(X>0.24) 0.180124
P(0.14.
A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome
13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high
likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb
binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to
produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of
cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally
releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent
review, see H. Liu et al. (2004), \"Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current
Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55–64. When retinoblastoma occurs in families, the
disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic
(spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only).
Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb+/Rb– and may get retinoblastoma
by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele.Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One
would expect the Rb–/Rb– genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to
be characterized as:
a.lethal (inviable or lasting a relatively short time)
b.completely normal
c.having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma
d.having unilateral retinoblastoma only
Solution
A. the Rb-/Rb- genotype
B. the Rb+/Rb- genotype
C. the Rb+/Rb+ genotype
So answer is A.
What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt a.pdf
What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt ammonium chloride
(NH_4Cl)? Iconic. Polar covalent. Hydrogen. Nonpolar covalent. A or C, depending on
conditions. When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form a hydrogen
bond. nonpolar covalent bond. pair of ions. ionic bond. polar covalent bond. A(n) occurs
between nonpolar molecules. ionic attraction van der force hydrogen bond nonpolar covalent
bond Which of the following statements about the density of water is accurate? dense than water
vapor. Liquid water is denser than ice, which is more water behaves like other substances in
terms of density. At all temperatures, water vapor. liquid water, which is water vapor is denser
than ice, which is more dense than liquid water.
Solution
Answer:
Answer:
6). a). Ionic
NH4Cl, or Ammonium Chloride, is a salt, which means it has an ionic bond.
7). d). nonpolar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemicalbond where two atoms share a pair of electrons
with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
8). c). van der Waals force
If the molecule is nonpolar, then no dipole-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding can occur
and the only possible intermolecular force is the weak van der Waals force
9). a). Liquid water is more dense than ice, which is more dense than water vapor
When water freezes, water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen
bonding. Solid water, or ice, is less dense than liquid water.Ice is less dense than water because
the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the
density.
In the gas/vapor phase, molecules have very little interaction with each other and they are at
large distance, whereas in liquid and solid, molecules are in continuous contact with each other.
It is therefore clear that there are more molecules per liter in ice than in water vapor, and
therefore the density is larger..
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist fr taking the
pulse?
Solution
answer is D this Flexor Carpi Radialis which runs diagonally across forearm; midway, its fleshy
belly replaced by a flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist, O-medial epicondyle of humerus I-
base of second and 3rd metacarpals, insertion tendon easily seen and provides guide to position
of radial artery (Used for pulse taking) at wrist.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomesWhi.pdf
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?A. The lysosome may mature
from a late endosome.B. The contents of the lysosome originate in the smooth ER.C. The
lysosome may function in glycosylation.D. The lysosome functions in export packaging.E. None
of these are correct.
Solution
A) The lysosome may mature from a late endosome.
Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, which in turn mature into lysosomes..
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant.pdf
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant by the term signal
transduction?
Solution
In cell Signal transduction is a process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted
from cell exterior to interior as a series of biomolecular events. Proteins detecting stimuli are
known as receptors or sensors..
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Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive.pdf
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For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate.pdf
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A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.pdf
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A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
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Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
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Compare the following bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bact.pdf
- 1. Compare the following: bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bacterial type. Explain the relationship and development of strains and types to a species. Solution Bacterial species: It is a group of prokaryotic organisms which are ecologically distinct where many ecotypes of bacteria are grouped under a genous. These bacteria show a certain level of phenotypic identity, above 95% pair-wise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and over 97% 16S rRNA identity. bacterial strain: A strain is a low level taxonomically characterized micro-organism within a particular species that show genetic variance. Bacterial types: Bacteria can be classified based on cell wall type, and shape into different types. Based on cell wall type: gram positive, cells take up purple gram stain due to peptidoglycan rich cell wall egs (Streptococcus pneumoneae). Gram-negative bacteria such as vibrio cholerae which cause cholera take up pink stain due to thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. Based on shape bacteria are classified into coccus (spherical shaped bacteria, egs.streptococcus), bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria egs. Ecoli), Vibrio (spiral or comma-shaped bacteria egs. Vibrio cholerae), spirillum (Spiral shape bacteria with more rigid structure egs: Heliobacter Pylori corkscrew shaped bacteria), Spirochete (Long thin flexible bacteria which are corkscrew shaped egs: Treponema pallidum) A species is a higher taxonomical classification which further breaks down into different strains that are genetically different. A type of bacteria shows which morphological differences and cell wall characteristics of a bacteria. The lowest level of classification would be based on type of species. A group of organisms of the different type, different morphological feature and virulence carrying out similar function would be classified under a strain. These strain would have micro-organisms, with genetic variance egs. A species of bacteria E. coli lives in the intestine and is good for human but it can also turn out to be pathogenic due to the 5% genetic variance among strains. Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic bacteria cause diarrhea in humans particularly children. Many such strains are grouped together under species egs E. Coli species. Which contains all the pathogenic and nonpathogenic E.Coli bacteria. These bacteria have 97% 16s rRNA identity, therefore falling under one species.