Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive.pdf
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Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage? Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage? Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage? Solution Multiple sclerosis is more illustrate and descriptive because it is an autoimmune-mediated process that cause damage to developing myelin. Host immune factors are going to attack individual neurons so that Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of neurons” broken due to the various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe cognitive and sensory –motor impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex. During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system. A disease is pertaining to central nervous system is leading to complete paralysis of the muscle tone innervated with motor neurons during the functioning of the flexion reflex on the specific skeletal muscle result in irreversible flaccid & paralysis with no muscle tone. A peripheral nervous system problem can be irreversible as it can regenerate the activity of spastic nature of the muscle. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which, the myelin sheath covering the neurons present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be decreased impulse conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the affected area, the corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons communication specific regions. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis include impaired cognitive functions, bladder functions, emotional changes, depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, visual problems, convulsions, pain muscle spasticity, etc..
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The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientist.pdf
The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of
multiple sclerosis.
The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of
multiple sclerosis.
Solution
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune & neurodegenerative disease in which, the myelin sheath
covering the neurons present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be
decreased impulse conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the
affected area, the corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons
communication specific regions. However, a majority of pathophysiological pathways has been
illustrated but various neuroscientists to examine theses demyelinating effects but they
profoundly failed to provide exact pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of neurons” broken due to the
various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe cognitive and sensory –motor
impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex. Potential medication and
associated treatment is very difficult as the specific drug molecules, which can act against this
gene coding proteins for the synthesis of myelin.
During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected
thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected
because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system..
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive.pdf
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive disease of the central nervous
system characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers of the
brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses becomes
impaired, particularly in pathways involved with vision, sensation, and movement
Most well- known symptoms of MS can include muscle weakness, vision trouble, coordination
problems, memory issues and sensations of numbness.
MS attacks the central nervous system, or the tissues in the spinal cord and the brain . This
system is made up of a complex network of nerve cells that are responsible for sending and
receiving many different signals throughout the body. MS attacks the myelin and breaks it down,
interrupting the nerve signals that move through the body. MS usually starts with inflammation;
white blood cells that are triggered to enter the central nervous system and attack the nerve cells.
Myelin damage can basically occur anywhere in the spinal cord or the brain, Depending on the
severity and the location of the damage, symptoms can include a loss of balance, tremors, eye
problems, facial pain, weakness, muscle spasms and hearing loss
Solution
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive disease of the central nervous
system characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers of the
brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses becomes
impaired, particularly in pathways involved with vision, sensation, and movement
Most well- known symptoms of MS can include muscle weakness, vision trouble, coordination
problems, memory issues and sensations of numbness.
MS attacks the central nervous system, or the tissues in the spinal cord and the brain . This
system is made up of a complex network of nerve cells that are responsible for sending and
receiving many different signals throughout the body. MS attacks the myelin and breaks it down,
interrupting the nerve signals that move through the body. MS usually starts with inflammation;
white blood cells that are triggered to enter the central nervous system and attack the nerve cells.
Myelin damage can basically occur anywhere in the spinal cord or the brain, Depending on the
severity and the location of the damage, symptoms can include a loss of balance, tremors, eye
problems, facial pain, weakness, muscle spasms and hearing loss.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, sometimes disabling, disease of the central nervous system affecting approximately 400,000 people in the United States, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. It affects two to three times as many women as men
Understanding the Brain ( MS).pptx
My Final Project for Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life
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The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientist.pdf
The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of
multiple sclerosis.
The origins of multiple sclerosis are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of
multiple sclerosis.
Solution
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune & neurodegenerative disease in which, the myelin sheath
covering the neurons present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be
decreased impulse conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the
affected area, the corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons
communication specific regions. However, a majority of pathophysiological pathways has been
illustrated but various neuroscientists to examine theses demyelinating effects but they
profoundly failed to provide exact pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of neurons” broken due to the
various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe cognitive and sensory –motor
impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex. Potential medication and
associated treatment is very difficult as the specific drug molecules, which can act against this
gene coding proteins for the synthesis of myelin.
During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected
thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected
because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system..
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive.pdf
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive disease of the central nervous
system characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers of the
brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses becomes
impaired, particularly in pathways involved with vision, sensation, and movement
Most well- known symptoms of MS can include muscle weakness, vision trouble, coordination
problems, memory issues and sensations of numbness.
MS attacks the central nervous system, or the tissues in the spinal cord and the brain . This
system is made up of a complex network of nerve cells that are responsible for sending and
receiving many different signals throughout the body. MS attacks the myelin and breaks it down,
interrupting the nerve signals that move through the body. MS usually starts with inflammation;
white blood cells that are triggered to enter the central nervous system and attack the nerve cells.
Myelin damage can basically occur anywhere in the spinal cord or the brain, Depending on the
severity and the location of the damage, symptoms can include a loss of balance, tremors, eye
problems, facial pain, weakness, muscle spasms and hearing loss
Solution
Multiple sclerosis also called disseminated sclerosis, a progressive disease of the central nervous
system characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers of the
brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses becomes
impaired, particularly in pathways involved with vision, sensation, and movement
Most well- known symptoms of MS can include muscle weakness, vision trouble, coordination
problems, memory issues and sensations of numbness.
MS attacks the central nervous system, or the tissues in the spinal cord and the brain . This
system is made up of a complex network of nerve cells that are responsible for sending and
receiving many different signals throughout the body. MS attacks the myelin and breaks it down,
interrupting the nerve signals that move through the body. MS usually starts with inflammation;
white blood cells that are triggered to enter the central nervous system and attack the nerve cells.
Myelin damage can basically occur anywhere in the spinal cord or the brain, Depending on the
severity and the location of the damage, symptoms can include a loss of balance, tremors, eye
problems, facial pain, weakness, muscle spasms and hearing loss.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, sometimes disabling, disease of the central nervous system affecting approximately 400,000 people in the United States, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. It affects two to three times as many women as men
Understanding the Brain ( MS).pptx
My Final Project for Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life
neurobiology of brain and everyday behaviour
This is the final project for the course neurobiology of brain and behaviour. This consists analysis of the neurodegenerative disease- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ASL)
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3) Common symptoms of Multiple sclerosis are -Vision problem occur.pdf
3) Common symptoms of Multiple sclerosis are -
Vision problem occurs due to inflammation of optic nerve that damages the central vision.
Sensation of numbness and tingling as the signals across the nerves are confused and are not
transmitted completely or effectively.
Weakness and Muscle fatigue due to degeneration of nerves.
Vertigo and dizziness occur due to lack of coordination.
Schwann cell is responsible for insulating axons in Peripheral nervous system. It is not affected
in Multiple sclerosis. It is oligodendrocytes which are affected, and thus fail to insulate axons of
central nervous system.
4) Lidocaine prevents the evolution of action potential and thus decreases or stops any sensation
arising in affected area.
Solution
3) Common symptoms of Multiple sclerosis are -
Vision problem occurs due to inflammation of optic nerve that damages the central vision.
Sensation of numbness and tingling as the signals across the nerves are confused and are not
transmitted completely or effectively.
Weakness and Muscle fatigue due to degeneration of nerves.
Vertigo and dizziness occur due to lack of coordination.
Schwann cell is responsible for insulating axons in Peripheral nervous system. It is not affected
in Multiple sclerosis. It is oligodendrocytes which are affected, and thus fail to insulate axons of
central nervous system.
4) Lidocaine prevents the evolution of action potential and thus decreases or stops any sensation
arising in affected area..
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structu.pdf
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structural make-up, location, and
inter-relationships, if any. variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) microsatellite DNA
minisatellite DNA long interspersed elements (LINEs) short interspersed elements (SINEs)
telomeric repeats centromeric satellite DNA
Solution
Answer :
a. ) VNTR\'S : The short strectch of nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat in the
genome which are variable in number of tandem repeat (or VNTR) . These can be found on
many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals. These play a very
important role in DNA fingerprinting, studying the population.
b) Microsatellite DNA : These are di-, tri-, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
where in the number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an
individual. The sequence has a 20 dinucleotide repeat (40bp) stretch. These are developed by
sequencing the exon portion of the gene which varies between individual to individual. These
help in construction of geneitic linkage maps, function of various genes , study of genes by
knocking out the function. These are co dominantly inherited in mendialian seggregation.
c): Minisatellite DNA : A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs
(ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. Minisatellites occur
at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation
rate and high diversity in the population.They are generally GC rich and variant repats are
tandemly intermingled, which make the minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover
mechanisms. They are also called variable number of Tandem repats because the number of
repats in a given mini satellite vaies gratly among individuals.
d) LINES : These are Long interspersed nucleotide sequences these are active or degenerate
descendants of transposable elements. these are related to LTR transposons, but distinct in their
structure
e) SINES : These are nothing but Short interspersed Nucleotide sequences, these are Non-
autonomous transposable elements (lacking the ability to mediate their own transposition) and
their degenerate descendents. these are originally derived from tRNA sequences and distinct
from retrotransposons
SINEs are retrosequences that range in length from 75 to 500 bp, do not possess any reading
frame,Thus their retroposition mustbe aided by other genetic elements . These elements lack
LTR\'s and introns, possess an encoded poly A tail .SINEs require cross mobilisation for
transposition.
f)Telomere repeats : A telomere is a region of repititive nucleotide sequences at each end of the
chromosome, which protect the end of the chromosome from deteriotation or from fusion with
neighbouring chromosomes this sequence of TTAGGG is frequently repeated approximately
2500 times in humans. Telomeric repats are the tandem arrays of a short G rich sequen.
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable Prove your answer. Solut.pdf
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable? Prove your answer.
Solution
Theorem:
Let T=(S,?) be a finite complement topology on an infinite set S.
Then T is a separable space.
Proof:
Let S be a set.
Then S is countably infinite iff there is a bijection f:S?N, where N is the set of natural numbers.
That is, it is an infinite set of the form:
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3) Common symptoms of Multiple sclerosis are -
Vision problem occurs due to inflammation of optic nerve that damages the central vision.
Sensation of numbness and tingling as the signals across the nerves are confused and are not
transmitted completely or effectively.
Weakness and Muscle fatigue due to degeneration of nerves.
Vertigo and dizziness occur due to lack of coordination.
Schwann cell is responsible for insulating axons in Peripheral nervous system. It is not affected
in Multiple sclerosis. It is oligodendrocytes which are affected, and thus fail to insulate axons of
central nervous system.
4) Lidocaine prevents the evolution of action potential and thus decreases or stops any sensation
arising in affected area.
Solution
3) Common symptoms of Multiple sclerosis are -
Vision problem occurs due to inflammation of optic nerve that damages the central vision.
Sensation of numbness and tingling as the signals across the nerves are confused and are not
transmitted completely or effectively.
Weakness and Muscle fatigue due to degeneration of nerves.
Vertigo and dizziness occur due to lack of coordination.
Schwann cell is responsible for insulating axons in Peripheral nervous system. It is not affected
in Multiple sclerosis. It is oligodendrocytes which are affected, and thus fail to insulate axons of
central nervous system.
4) Lidocaine prevents the evolution of action potential and thus decreases or stops any sensation
arising in affected area..
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Theorem:
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Solution
The dominant part in this time series is just the upward trend. It is not cyclic (repetative), it is not
seasonal (some time up and some time down) and it is not random either (not that random
actually)..
Acid rain negatively affects plants byA. reducing the photosynthet.pdf
Acid rain negatively affects plants by
A. reducing the photosynthetic rate in the leaves
B. burning the leaves and bark.
C. leaching cations that the plant needs from the soil
D. leaching anions from the soil that the plant needs
Solution
Acid rain is a mixture of inorganic acids like H2SO4 and HNO3. These acids are from upon the
reaction of pollutant like NOx and SO2 with water oxygen and other components present in the
air. Both the acids are strong acid and it is the property of strong acid to dissociate into proton
and Sulphate or Nitrate ions. In the soil cation, such as Potassium, calcium and magnesium are
present, in their mineral forms, which are exchange with proton in acidic condition. Once cation
is exchanged they leach into the soil are no more available for the plants..
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.pdf
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.a-1.What is the rate
parameter ? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)
Solution
Rate parameter 1/mean 7.142857 Variance mean^2 0.0196 Std dev Mean 0.14
P(x>0.24) e^(-0.24*7.1429) 0.180124 P(0.141.4) 0.367918 P(X>0.24) 0.180124
P(0.14.
A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome
13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high
likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb
binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to
produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of
cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally
releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent
review, see H. Liu et al. (2004), \"Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current
Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55–64. When retinoblastoma occurs in families, the
disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic
(spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only).
Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb+/Rb– and may get retinoblastoma
by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele.Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One
would expect the Rb–/Rb– genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to
be characterized as:
a.lethal (inviable or lasting a relatively short time)
b.completely normal
c.having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma
d.having unilateral retinoblastoma only
Solution
A. the Rb-/Rb- genotype
B. the Rb+/Rb- genotype
C. the Rb+/Rb+ genotype
So answer is A.
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What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt ammonium chloride
(NH_4Cl)? Iconic. Polar covalent. Hydrogen. Nonpolar covalent. A or C, depending on
conditions. When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form a hydrogen
bond. nonpolar covalent bond. pair of ions. ionic bond. polar covalent bond. A(n) occurs
between nonpolar molecules. ionic attraction van der force hydrogen bond nonpolar covalent
bond Which of the following statements about the density of water is accurate? dense than water
vapor. Liquid water is denser than ice, which is more water behaves like other substances in
terms of density. At all temperatures, water vapor. liquid water, which is water vapor is denser
than ice, which is more dense than liquid water.
Solution
Answer:
Answer:
6). a). Ionic
NH4Cl, or Ammonium Chloride, is a salt, which means it has an ionic bond.
7). d). nonpolar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemicalbond where two atoms share a pair of electrons
with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
8). c). van der Waals force
If the molecule is nonpolar, then no dipole-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding can occur
and the only possible intermolecular force is the weak van der Waals force
9). a). Liquid water is more dense than ice, which is more dense than water vapor
When water freezes, water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen
bonding. Solid water, or ice, is less dense than liquid water.Ice is less dense than water because
the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the
density.
In the gas/vapor phase, molecules have very little interaction with each other and they are at
large distance, whereas in liquid and solid, molecules are in continuous contact with each other.
It is therefore clear that there are more molecules per liter in ice than in water vapor, and
therefore the density is larger..
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist fr taking the
pulse?
Solution
answer is D this Flexor Carpi Radialis which runs diagonally across forearm; midway, its fleshy
belly replaced by a flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist, O-medial epicondyle of humerus I-
base of second and 3rd metacarpals, insertion tendon easily seen and provides guide to position
of radial artery (Used for pulse taking) at wrist.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomesWhi.pdf
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?A. The lysosome may mature
from a late endosome.B. The contents of the lysosome originate in the smooth ER.C. The
lysosome may function in glycosylation.D. The lysosome functions in export packaging.E. None
of these are correct.
Solution
A) The lysosome may mature from a late endosome.
Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, which in turn mature into lysosomes..
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant.pdf
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant by the term signal
transduction?
Solution
In cell Signal transduction is a process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted
from cell exterior to interior as a series of biomolecular events. Proteins detecting stimuli are
known as receptors or sensors..
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