A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
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A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome 13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent review, see H. Liu et al. (2004), \"Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55–64. When retinoblastoma occurs in families, the disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic (spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only). Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb+/Rb– and may get retinoblastoma by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele.Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One would expect the Rb–/Rb– genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to be characterized as: a.lethal (inviable or lasting a relatively short time) b.completely normal c.having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma d.having unilateral retinoblastoma only Solution A. the Rb-/Rb- genotype B. the Rb+/Rb- genotype C. the Rb+/Rb+ genotype So answer is A.
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A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a.pdf
A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome
13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high
likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb
binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to
produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of
cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally
releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent
review, see H. Liu et al. (2004). \'Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current
Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55-64. When retinoblastoma occurs in fannies, the
disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic
(spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only).
Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb +/Rb- and may got retinoblastoma
by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One
would expect the Rb-/Rb- genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to
be characterized as: lethal (in viable or lasting a relatively short time) completely normal having
a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma having unilateral retinoblastoma only
Solution
3. Having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma
although, Rb-/Rb- is a normal genotype, but here while answering we would keep the possibility
of somatic mutations alive. Children born with the normal gene can have some spontaneous
mutations such that the function of Rb- with be mutated or lost resulting in loss of the function of
the pRb protein resulting in uncontrolled cell growth..
Rb gene and cell cycle
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a cancer that develops in the retina. It describes the genetic and non-genetic forms of the disease. The genetic form is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. For tumor development to occur, both copies of the RB1 gene must be inactivated. The RB protein normally acts to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting the cell cycle. Loss of RB function contributes to unregulated cell growth and cancer development. Nearly all cancers involve disruption of the RB pathway that controls the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition.
4.Tumour Suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes are genes that normally restrain cell growth but whose loss or inactivation can lead to cancer. Two key tumor suppressor genes are RB, which was discovered through studies of retinoblastoma, and p53, which is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. Other important tumor suppressor genes include APC, which codes for a protein that inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway and is linked to colon cancer when mutated. Loss of tumor suppressor gene function can cause genetic instability in cells, allowing the accumulation of mutations that drive cancer development.
16. Biology of Cancer
This presentation consists of topics related to oncogene, proto oncogene, Tumor suppresor gene, Ras gene family and structure and functions of tumor suppressor gene.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned how certain changes in a person’s DNA can cause cells of the retina to become cancerous. The DNA in each of our cells makes up our genes, which are the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects much more than how we look. Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die at the right time. Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes. Others that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. The most important gene in retinoblastoma is the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. This gene makes a protein (pRb) that helps stop cells from growing too quickly. Each cell normally has 2 RB1 genes. As long as a retinal cell has at least one RB1 gene that works as it should, it will not form a retinoblastoma. But when both of the RB1 genes are mutated or missing, a cell can grow unchecked. This can lead to further gene changes, which in turn may cause cells to become cancerous.
5q syndrome
1) Researchers used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate zebrafish with mutations in the RPS14 gene, mimicking the deletion seen in human 5q syndrome patients.
2) Zebrafish with RPS14 mutations showed morphological defects and decreased hemoglobin levels, mirroring the anemia seen in patients.
3) The erythroid defect in RPS14 mutant zebrafish was initially p53-independent but later became p53-dependent, providing insight into the disease mechanism. This zebrafish model can be used to test potential drug therapies.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood arising from retinal cells. It can present as unilateral or bilateral tumors that are either sporadic or hereditary. The Knudson "two hit" hypothesis explains that two mutations in the RB1 gene are required for retinoblastoma to develop. Clinically, it may appear as a white pupil, strabismus, glaucoma, or proptosis. Diagnosis involves ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, CT, MRI and biopsy if needed. Differential diagnoses include toxocariasis, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats' disease.
Retinoblastoma protein and gene
pRb is a tumor suppressor protein that belongs to the pocket protein family. It functions to repress cell cycle progression by binding to and inactivating E2F transcription factors. pRb exists in three phosphorylation states - unphosphorylated (active), monophosphorylated (early G1), and hyperphosphorylated (late G1, inactive). Cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate pRb to regulate the cell cycle and allow progression from G1 to S phase. Mutation or inactivation of the RB1 gene, which encodes pRb, can lead to cancers like retinoblastoma.
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A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a.pdf
A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome
13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high
likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb
binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to
produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of
cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally
releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent
review, see H. Liu et al. (2004). \'Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current
Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55-64. When retinoblastoma occurs in fannies, the
disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic
(spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only).
Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb +/Rb- and may got retinoblastoma
by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One
would expect the Rb-/Rb- genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to
be characterized as: lethal (in viable or lasting a relatively short time) completely normal having
a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma having unilateral retinoblastoma only
Solution
3. Having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma
although, Rb-/Rb- is a normal genotype, but here while answering we would keep the possibility
of somatic mutations alive. Children born with the normal gene can have some spontaneous
mutations such that the function of Rb- with be mutated or lost resulting in loss of the function of
the pRb protein resulting in uncontrolled cell growth..
Rb gene and cell cycle
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a cancer that develops in the retina. It describes the genetic and non-genetic forms of the disease. The genetic form is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. For tumor development to occur, both copies of the RB1 gene must be inactivated. The RB protein normally acts to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting the cell cycle. Loss of RB function contributes to unregulated cell growth and cancer development. Nearly all cancers involve disruption of the RB pathway that controls the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition.
4.Tumour Suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes are genes that normally restrain cell growth but whose loss or inactivation can lead to cancer. Two key tumor suppressor genes are RB, which was discovered through studies of retinoblastoma, and p53, which is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. Other important tumor suppressor genes include APC, which codes for a protein that inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway and is linked to colon cancer when mutated. Loss of tumor suppressor gene function can cause genetic instability in cells, allowing the accumulation of mutations that drive cancer development.
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This presentation consists of topics related to oncogene, proto oncogene, Tumor suppresor gene, Ras gene family and structure and functions of tumor suppressor gene.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned how certain changes in a person’s DNA can cause cells of the retina to become cancerous. The DNA in each of our cells makes up our genes, which are the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects much more than how we look. Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die at the right time. Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes. Others that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. The most important gene in retinoblastoma is the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. This gene makes a protein (pRb) that helps stop cells from growing too quickly. Each cell normally has 2 RB1 genes. As long as a retinal cell has at least one RB1 gene that works as it should, it will not form a retinoblastoma. But when both of the RB1 genes are mutated or missing, a cell can grow unchecked. This can lead to further gene changes, which in turn may cause cells to become cancerous.
5q syndrome
1) Researchers used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate zebrafish with mutations in the RPS14 gene, mimicking the deletion seen in human 5q syndrome patients.
2) Zebrafish with RPS14 mutations showed morphological defects and decreased hemoglobin levels, mirroring the anemia seen in patients.
3) The erythroid defect in RPS14 mutant zebrafish was initially p53-independent but later became p53-dependent, providing insight into the disease mechanism. This zebrafish model can be used to test potential drug therapies.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood arising from retinal cells. It can present as unilateral or bilateral tumors that are either sporadic or hereditary. The Knudson "two hit" hypothesis explains that two mutations in the RB1 gene are required for retinoblastoma to develop. Clinically, it may appear as a white pupil, strabismus, glaucoma, or proptosis. Diagnosis involves ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, CT, MRI and biopsy if needed. Differential diagnoses include toxocariasis, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats' disease.
Retinoblastoma protein and gene
pRb is a tumor suppressor protein that belongs to the pocket protein family. It functions to repress cell cycle progression by binding to and inactivating E2F transcription factors. pRb exists in three phosphorylation states - unphosphorylated (active), monophosphorylated (early G1), and hyperphosphorylated (late G1, inactive). Cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate pRb to regulate the cell cycle and allow progression from G1 to S phase. Mutation or inactivation of the RB1 gene, which encodes pRb, can lead to cancers like retinoblastoma.
Retinoblastoma, an overview
Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that is most common in young children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. The disease can be inherited through a germline mutation or occur spontaneously through two somatic mutations. The RB1 gene normally functions to inhibit cell cycle progression, and its inactivation allows uncontrolled cell division leading to tumor formation. While RB1 mutations can occur in other cancers, retinoblastoma predominantly affects the retina due to its rapid growth and lack of redundancy in the retinal cells.
UNIT 3 7 QUESTION.pdf
This document provides an outline on tumor suppressor genes. It discusses several key tumor suppressor genes including p53, Rb, BRCA1/2, APC, PTEN, PPA2, LKB1, p16, WTX, and epigenetic changes. For each gene, it summarizes the associated cancers, functions, and key mechanisms such as phosphorylation, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, signaling pathways, and chromatin remodeling. It also mentions the roles of miRNAs and how some can act as oncogenes while others like let-7 suppress tumor growth.
tumor suppressor gene, prb, p53 gene
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
SigmaXiShowcase_S_Patel_2020
Rbm24 is an RNA-binding protein that is expressed in the developing eye and lens of mice and zebrafish. Deletion of Rbm24 in mice and zebrafish results in eye defects such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Rbm24 regulates the expression of key transcription factors important for eye development, such as Sox2 and Lhx2, by stabilizing their mRNAs. Rbm24 directly binds to the 3'UTR of Sox2 mRNA to post-transcriptionally regulate its expression. Disruption of this regulatory mechanism by Rbm24 deletion leads to downregulation of Sox2 and other factors, causing ocular developmental defects.
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Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive.pdf
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Solution
Multiple sclerosis is more illustrate and descriptive because it is an autoimmune-mediated
process that cause damage to developing myelin. Host immune factors are going to attack
individual neurons so that Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of
neurons” broken due to the various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe
cognitive and sensory –motor impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex.
During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected
thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected
because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system. A disease is pertaining to
central nervous system is leading to complete paralysis of the muscle tone innervated with motor
neurons during the functioning of the flexion reflex on the specific skeletal muscle result in
irreversible flaccid & paralysis with no muscle tone. A peripheral nervous system problem can
be irreversible as it can regenerate the activity of spastic nature of the muscle.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which, the myelin sheath covering the neurons
present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be decreased impulse
conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the affected area, the
corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons communication specific
regions. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis include impaired cognitive functions, bladder
functions, emotional changes, depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, visual problems,
convulsions, pain muscle spasticity, etc..
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structu.pdf
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structural make-up, location, and
inter-relationships, if any. variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) microsatellite DNA
minisatellite DNA long interspersed elements (LINEs) short interspersed elements (SINEs)
telomeric repeats centromeric satellite DNA
Solution
Answer :
a. ) VNTR\'S : The short strectch of nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat in the
genome which are variable in number of tandem repeat (or VNTR) . These can be found on
many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals. These play a very
important role in DNA fingerprinting, studying the population.
b) Microsatellite DNA : These are di-, tri-, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
where in the number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an
individual. The sequence has a 20 dinucleotide repeat (40bp) stretch. These are developed by
sequencing the exon portion of the gene which varies between individual to individual. These
help in construction of geneitic linkage maps, function of various genes , study of genes by
knocking out the function. These are co dominantly inherited in mendialian seggregation.
c): Minisatellite DNA : A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs
(ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. Minisatellites occur
at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation
rate and high diversity in the population.They are generally GC rich and variant repats are
tandemly intermingled, which make the minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover
mechanisms. They are also called variable number of Tandem repats because the number of
repats in a given mini satellite vaies gratly among individuals.
d) LINES : These are Long interspersed nucleotide sequences these are active or degenerate
descendants of transposable elements. these are related to LTR transposons, but distinct in their
structure
e) SINES : These are nothing but Short interspersed Nucleotide sequences, these are Non-
autonomous transposable elements (lacking the ability to mediate their own transposition) and
their degenerate descendents. these are originally derived from tRNA sequences and distinct
from retrotransposons
SINEs are retrosequences that range in length from 75 to 500 bp, do not possess any reading
frame,Thus their retroposition mustbe aided by other genetic elements . These elements lack
LTR\'s and introns, possess an encoded poly A tail .SINEs require cross mobilisation for
transposition.
f)Telomere repeats : A telomere is a region of repititive nucleotide sequences at each end of the
chromosome, which protect the end of the chromosome from deteriotation or from fusion with
neighbouring chromosomes this sequence of TTAGGG is frequently repeated approximately
2500 times in humans. Telomeric repats are the tandem arrays of a short G rich sequen.
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable Prove your answer. Solut.pdf
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable? Prove your answer.
Solution
Theorem:
Let T=(S,?) be a finite complement topology on an infinite set S.
Then T is a separable space.
Proof:
Let S be a set.
Then S is countably infinite iff there is a bijection f:S?N, where N is the set of natural numbers.
That is, it is an infinite set of the form:
{s0,s1,.
Identify the impacts of dementia.Is it preventable in our future a.pdf
Identify the impacts of dementia.
Is it preventable in our future and how can we reduce its effects?
What are some steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness? Be specific in your
answer.
Solution
Impacts of dementia are as follows:
It is not preventable in future as the treatment or available therapies give only small and
temporary relief.
To reduce the effects of dementia the following things can be done:
steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness:.
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...Why does my professor write delt.pdf
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...
Why does my professor write deltapydeltay>h/4pi and then h (bar) = h/2pi? The book just says
deltapydeltay>h/2pi. What is going on? Pic here.
Small 1. Large py Large ay, Small p There is a reciprocal relationship between p and y. 2 2T
Solution
The uncertainity principle states that if position is known more accurately(smaller delta y) , the
less accurately you know the momentum of the particle(larger delta py) and vice versa.
So,
delta Pydeltay>=h/4pi= h(cross)/2
where h(cross)= h/2pi..
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African sla.pdf
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
B.Purchase directly from African kingdoms
C.Capture through military expeditions into the African interior
D.Purchase from Portuguese merchants
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
B. Dutch
C. neighboring kingdom of Ndongo.
D. Spanish
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
A.South Asia Trading Company.
B.East India Company.
C.Oriental Trading Company.
D.West Indies Ltd.
In 1485, the Portuguese started an experiment on São Tomé that proved they could
A.control East African trade from ports in the Atlantic Ocean.
B.mass-produce sugar entirely with slave labor.
C.use a joint-stock company to increase trade profits.
D.grow American staple crops outside of the Americas.
Solution
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
B.East India Company..
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing.pdf
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing because?
A - there are four different types of DNA that can be sequenced using the procedure
B - DNA molecules are cut into four pieces during the process
C - the process involves four different steps
D - there are four different nucleotides in DNA
Solution
since there are four different nucleotides in DNA four different fluoroscent dyes are used in
DNA sequencing..
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate.pdf
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate, the length of the investment
in years, the periodic Interest rate, end the number of periods of the investment. 4%
compounded quarterly for 7 years the annual Interest rate the length of the Investment in years
the periodic interest rate the number of periods of the Investment
Solution
n is given as 4 since quaterly they have mentioned
a) r=.04
b) t=7
c) c= r/n=.04/4=0.01
d) d= n*t=4*7=28.
More Related Content
Similar to A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
Retinoblastoma, an overview
Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that is most common in young children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. The disease can be inherited through a germline mutation or occur spontaneously through two somatic mutations. The RB1 gene normally functions to inhibit cell cycle progression, and its inactivation allows uncontrolled cell division leading to tumor formation. While RB1 mutations can occur in other cancers, retinoblastoma predominantly affects the retina due to its rapid growth and lack of redundancy in the retinal cells.
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This document provides an outline on tumor suppressor genes. It discusses several key tumor suppressor genes including p53, Rb, BRCA1/2, APC, PTEN, PPA2, LKB1, p16, WTX, and epigenetic changes. For each gene, it summarizes the associated cancers, functions, and key mechanisms such as phosphorylation, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, signaling pathways, and chromatin remodeling. It also mentions the roles of miRNAs and how some can act as oncogenes while others like let-7 suppress tumor growth.
tumor suppressor gene, prb, p53 gene
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
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Rbm24 is an RNA-binding protein that is expressed in the developing eye and lens of mice and zebrafish. Deletion of Rbm24 in mice and zebrafish results in eye defects such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Rbm24 regulates the expression of key transcription factors important for eye development, such as Sox2 and Lhx2, by stabilizing their mRNAs. Rbm24 directly binds to the 3'UTR of Sox2 mRNA to post-transcriptionally regulate its expression. Disruption of this regulatory mechanism by Rbm24 deletion leads to downregulation of Sox2 and other factors, causing ocular developmental defects.
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Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a cancer of the retina. Retinoblastoma is the most common primary ocular malignancy of childhood. Although this disorder can occur at any age, it usually develops in young children. Most cases of retinoblastoma occur in only one eye, but both eyes can be affected. Untreated, retinoblastoma is almost always fatal, hence the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
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DBA is a fascinating and complex erythroid disorder, as illustrated from the
study of the DBA family we described. Progress is being made in our understanding of the
molecular basis for DBA, pathophysiology of the disease, and developing and pursuing new
therapeutic options. In this review we studied that these advances will enable better clinical
management of the patients with DBA in the coming years. DBA diagnosis requires a correlation between examination findings and laboratory abnormalities demonstrating macrocytic anemia, elevated hemoglobin F levels, high erythrocyte deaminase activity, and confirmation with bone marrow biopsy and gene karyotyping.
Angela Poster Draft.JB
Using next generation sequencing, researchers identified the genetic mutations causing Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) in a patient. They found the patient had two severe mutations in the RPGRIP1 gene, which is known to cause LCA. The mutations were inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern from the patient's mother and father, who each carried one mutated copy of the gene. Identifying the specific genetic cause of the patient's LCA provides insights that could help develop future therapies to treat this blindness-causing condition.
Seminario Biologia Molecular, Luna Choconta
The document discusses retinitis pigmentosa, a group of rare eye diseases that cause vision loss by breaking down cells in the retina over time. More than 50 genes are known to cause retinitis pigmentosa, with 44 genes associated with autosomal recessive RP, 22 genes associated with autosomal dominant RP, and 5 genes associated with X-linked RP. The study investigated the molecular genetic analysis of autosomal recessive non-syndromic inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Two families with at least two affected individuals were selected and candidate genes were evaluated using PCR techniques to identify which genes were associated with retinitis pigmentosa in the families. The results showed the genes expressed or not expressed in individuals
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited eye diseases characterized by the gradual degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina. This causes vision loss that gets worse over time, with symptoms including trouble seeing at night and developing tunnel vision. It is a genetic disorder, where mutations in any of several genes can cause the photoreceptor cells to deteriorate. The progression and severity of vision loss varies between individuals. While there is no cure, treatments aim to slow the progression and help manage symptoms through methods like vitamin supplements, sunglasses, low vision aids, and retinal implants.
Oncogenic dna virus
This presentation includes information about DNA oncogenic viruses and latent and lytic replication of Herpes virus.
Cancer genes
Cancer genes can be divided into two main classes: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes promote cell growth and proliferation when activated by mutations, while tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell growth and their inactivation allows for unchecked cell division. Dysfunction of multiple cancer genes is typically required for malignant transformation, as an imbalance between oncogene and tumor suppressor gene activity leads to cancer development. Common oncogenes include ras, myc, and HER2, while tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, and APC. Mutations in DNA repair genes can also contribute to cancer by allowing genetic errors to persist.
Genetics of cancer
This document summarizes key information about tumor suppressor genes. It discusses retinoblastoma, the first tumor suppressor gene identified. It was found that deletion of the RB gene causes retinoblastoma cancer. The document also describes several other important tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, PTEN, Rb, and INK4. It explains how mutations or deletions in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development by disrupting cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.
Similar to A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf (14)
Retinoblastoma Eye (retina cancer) Surgery in India – Full information
Retinoblastoma Eye (retina cancer) Surgery in India – Full information
MAIN MOLECULAR MARKERS OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA / dental implant cour...
MAIN MOLECULAR MARKERS OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA / dental implant cour...
More from aromanets
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive.pdf
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Multiple sclerosis (like many CNS disorders) is more descriptive than it is prescriptive. What do
I mean by this? Explain one general class of problems that can cause the symptoms of multiple
sclerosis. How does this class of problems lead to damage?
Solution
Multiple sclerosis is more illustrate and descriptive because it is an autoimmune-mediated
process that cause damage to developing myelin. Host immune factors are going to attack
individual neurons so that Multiple sclerosis is the demyelinating disorder in which “myelin of
neurons” broken due to the various factors in the both neonatal and child brain leading severe
cognitive and sensory –motor impairment due to the improper functioning of the flexion reflex.
During multiple sclerosis, merely central nervous system with oligodendrocytes will be affected
thereby improper myelination around the CNS neurons. Schwann cells will not get affected
because these are myelin-producing cells in peripheral nervous system. A disease is pertaining to
central nervous system is leading to complete paralysis of the muscle tone innervated with motor
neurons during the functioning of the flexion reflex on the specific skeletal muscle result in
irreversible flaccid & paralysis with no muscle tone. A peripheral nervous system problem can
be irreversible as it can regenerate the activity of spastic nature of the muscle.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which, the myelin sheath covering the neurons
present in the central nervous system is degraded. As a result, there will be decreased impulse
conduction or loss of impulse conduction in that area. Depend upon the affected area, the
corresponding organs may suffer from paralysis because loss of neurons communication specific
regions. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis include impaired cognitive functions, bladder
functions, emotional changes, depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, visual problems,
convulsions, pain muscle spasticity, etc..
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structu.pdf
In your own words, define the following terms. Concentrate on structural make-up, location, and
inter-relationships, if any. variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) microsatellite DNA
minisatellite DNA long interspersed elements (LINEs) short interspersed elements (SINEs)
telomeric repeats centromeric satellite DNA
Solution
Answer :
a. ) VNTR\'S : The short strectch of nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat in the
genome which are variable in number of tandem repeat (or VNTR) . These can be found on
many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals. These play a very
important role in DNA fingerprinting, studying the population.
b) Microsatellite DNA : These are di-, tri-, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
where in the number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an
individual. The sequence has a 20 dinucleotide repeat (40bp) stretch. These are developed by
sequencing the exon portion of the gene which varies between individual to individual. These
help in construction of geneitic linkage maps, function of various genes , study of genes by
knocking out the function. These are co dominantly inherited in mendialian seggregation.
c): Minisatellite DNA : A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs
(ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. Minisatellites occur
at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation
rate and high diversity in the population.They are generally GC rich and variant repats are
tandemly intermingled, which make the minisatellites ideal for studying DNA turnover
mechanisms. They are also called variable number of Tandem repats because the number of
repats in a given mini satellite vaies gratly among individuals.
d) LINES : These are Long interspersed nucleotide sequences these are active or degenerate
descendants of transposable elements. these are related to LTR transposons, but distinct in their
structure
e) SINES : These are nothing but Short interspersed Nucleotide sequences, these are Non-
autonomous transposable elements (lacking the ability to mediate their own transposition) and
their degenerate descendents. these are originally derived from tRNA sequences and distinct
from retrotransposons
SINEs are retrosequences that range in length from 75 to 500 bp, do not possess any reading
frame,Thus their retroposition mustbe aided by other genetic elements . These elements lack
LTR\'s and introns, possess an encoded poly A tail .SINEs require cross mobilisation for
transposition.
f)Telomere repeats : A telomere is a region of repititive nucleotide sequences at each end of the
chromosome, which protect the end of the chromosome from deteriotation or from fusion with
neighbouring chromosomes this sequence of TTAGGG is frequently repeated approximately
2500 times in humans. Telomeric repats are the tandem arrays of a short G rich sequen.
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable Prove your answer. Solut.pdf
Is R with the cofinite topo1o separable? Prove your answer.
Solution
Theorem:
Let T=(S,?) be a finite complement topology on an infinite set S.
Then T is a separable space.
Proof:
Let S be a set.
Then S is countably infinite iff there is a bijection f:S?N, where N is the set of natural numbers.
That is, it is an infinite set of the form:
{s0,s1,.
Identify the impacts of dementia.Is it preventable in our future a.pdf
Identify the impacts of dementia.
Is it preventable in our future and how can we reduce its effects?
What are some steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness? Be specific in your
answer.
Solution
Impacts of dementia are as follows:
It is not preventable in future as the treatment or available therapies give only small and
temporary relief.
To reduce the effects of dementia the following things can be done:
steps that you can take to increase intellectual wellness:.
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...Why does my professor write delt.pdf
Heisenberg Uncertainty question...
Why does my professor write deltapydeltay>h/4pi and then h (bar) = h/2pi? The book just says
deltapydeltay>h/2pi. What is going on? Pic here.
Small 1. Large py Large ay, Small p There is a reciprocal relationship between p and y. 2 2T
Solution
The uncertainity principle states that if position is known more accurately(smaller delta y) , the
less accurately you know the momentum of the particle(larger delta py) and vice versa.
So,
delta Pydeltay>=h/4pi= h(cross)/2
where h(cross)= h/2pi..
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African sla.pdf
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
B.Purchase directly from African kingdoms
C.Capture through military expeditions into the African interior
D.Purchase from Portuguese merchants
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
B. Dutch
C. neighboring kingdom of Ndongo.
D. Spanish
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
A.South Asia Trading Company.
B.East India Company.
C.Oriental Trading Company.
D.West Indies Ltd.
In 1485, the Portuguese started an experiment on São Tomé that proved they could
A.control East African trade from ports in the Atlantic Ocean.
B.mass-produce sugar entirely with slave labor.
C.use a joint-stock company to increase trade profits.
D.grow American staple crops outside of the Americas.
Solution
How did the Spanish crown initially fulfill its need for African slaves in the early sixteenth
century?
A.Transport of existing African slaves in Europe
The African kingdom of Kongo nearly disintegrated from internal political struggles that
followed many ruinous wars with the...
A. Portuguese
The English joint-stock enterprise similar to the Dutch VOC was called the
B.East India Company..
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing.pdf
Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing because?
A - there are four different types of DNA that can be sequenced using the procedure
B - DNA molecules are cut into four pieces during the process
C - the process involves four different steps
D - there are four different nucleotides in DNA
Solution
since there are four different nucleotides in DNA four different fluoroscent dyes are used in
DNA sequencing..
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate.pdf
For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate, the length of the investment
in years, the periodic Interest rate, end the number of periods of the investment. 4%
compounded quarterly for 7 years the annual Interest rate the length of the Investment in years
the periodic interest rate the number of periods of the Investment
Solution
n is given as 4 since quaterly they have mentioned
a) r=.04
b) t=7
c) c= r/n=.04/4=0.01
d) d= n*t=4*7=28.
For a given class, the studen records are stored in a file. The reco.pdf
For a given class, the studen records are stored in a file. The records are randomly accessed and
updated. Assume that each student\'s record is of fixed size. Which of the three allocation
schemes (contiguous, linked and table/indexed) will be the most appropriate?
Solution
As each file has its own index block which stores the addresses of memory occupied by the file
so Table/indexed allocation scheme would be most appropriate as we can easily access any block
with help of index,.
Elementary school children spent significantly more time reading i.pdf
\"Elementary school children spent significantly more time reading in the presence of a teacher
than when the teacher was absent, t(7) = 2.804, p < 0.05 (2 = 0.46).\" In this related samples t
test, how many participants were observed?
Solution
t(7) means df = 7, and participants must be 7+1 = 8
(unless the control group students were identical twins of those in experiment, making 8*2=16
participants in dependent samples).
Describe the tools and technology used to support IT project managem.pdf
Describe the tools and technology used to support IT project management. What are the
characteristics of future tools?
Solution
Project management is defined as the application of a collection of tools and techniques which
are used to direct the use of the resources toward the accomplishment of a unique, complex, one-
time task.This task has boundries that needs to be taken care of such as the project must be
completed within time limit, cost, and quality constraints. Each task requires a particular mix of
these tools and techniques structured to fit the task environment and life cycle of the task.
The project management techniques related to the project initiation phase include: [16].
Creat Shape classes from scratch DETAILS You will create 3 shape cla.pdf
Creat Shape classes from scratch DETAILS You will create 3 shape classes (Circle, Rectangle,
Triangle) that all inherit from a single abstract class called AbstractShape which implements
Shape (also created by you). You are also responsible for creating the driver class
\"Assignment7.java\" (program that tests your classes and described on page 3) which does the
following reads input data from a file instantiates various objects of the three shapes based on the
input data stores each in a LinkedList outputs this list to an output file sorts a \"copy\" of this
LinkedList of objects outputs the sorted version of the list to the output file outputs the original
list to the output file This driver program also needs to \"ignore errors in the input file that breach
the specified input format as described in the Assianment7,java details (see page 3 1. Shape.java
This is an interface that has 2 abstract methods, and passes the responsibility of implementing the
compareTo method to the class that implements Shape (you may note, nomally Comparable is
\"implemented\" by a class. However, an interface cannot implement because interfaces can only
contain abstract methods. That said, an interface can only extend other interfaces and the
responsibility of actually \"implementing\" the abstract method(s) of the super class interface is
passed on to the sub-classes) public interface Shape extends Comparable public double
calculateAreal) Il This abstract method is implemented at the concrete level public Shape
copyShape); Il also implemented at the concrete level 2. AbstractShape.java public abstract class
AbstractShape implements Shape This class should contain an instance field to store the name of
each obiect. The constructor which sets this field should receive the name and a number to be
concatenated to the name and then stored in the name field Recall, when the super class has a
parameterized constructor, the sub-classes will need to call it AND the sub- classes will need to
also provide a constructor without parameters This abstract class will implement the compareTo
method passed on from the Shape interface and will pass on the responsibility of implementing
calculateArea to the extending sub-classes (compare To will use the calculateArea method when
comparing 2 Shape objects). Along with compare To, one more concrete method should be
included. The following will be used by the sub-classes\' toString method: public String
getName) II Simply returns the name field data
Solution
in7.txt
4.4
2.5 3
8.1 3.0 5.0
2.5 3 4
2.5
tuesday
-7
1.0
3 three
3 -9
3 5
1.0
Assignment7.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Assignment7 {
/**
* This is the test driver class that will include main.
* This program MUST read a file named in7.txt and
* generate an output file named out7.txt. The in7.txt
* file must be created by you based on formatting
* described shortly.
*
* @param theArgs
*/
public static void main(String[] theArgs) {
List myList = new Arra.
Compare the following bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bact.pdf
Compare the following: bacterial species, bacterial strain, and bacterial type. Explain the
relationship and development of strains and types to a species.
Solution
Bacterial species: It is a group of prokaryotic organisms which are ecologically distinct where
many ecotypes of bacteria are grouped under a genous. These bacteria show a certain level of
phenotypic identity, above 95% pair-wise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and over 97% 16S
rRNA identity.
bacterial strain: A strain is a low level taxonomically characterized micro-organism within a
particular species that show genetic variance.
Bacterial types: Bacteria can be classified based on cell wall type, and shape into different types.
Based on cell wall type: gram positive, cells take up purple gram stain due to peptidoglycan rich
cell wall egs (Streptococcus pneumoneae). Gram-negative bacteria such as vibrio cholerae which
cause cholera take up pink stain due to thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.
Based on shape bacteria are classified into coccus (spherical shaped bacteria, egs.streptococcus),
bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria egs. Ecoli), Vibrio (spiral or comma-shaped bacteria egs. Vibrio
cholerae), spirillum (Spiral shape bacteria with more rigid structure egs: Heliobacter Pylori
corkscrew shaped bacteria), Spirochete (Long thin flexible bacteria which are corkscrew shaped
egs: Treponema pallidum)
A species is a higher taxonomical classification which further breaks down into different strains
that are genetically different. A type of bacteria shows which morphological differences and cell
wall characteristics of a bacteria. The lowest level of classification would be based on type of
species. A group of organisms of the different type, different morphological feature and
virulence carrying out similar function would be classified under a strain. These strain would
have micro-organisms, with genetic variance egs.
A species of bacteria E. coli lives in the intestine and is good for human but it can also turn out to
be pathogenic due to the 5% genetic variance among strains. Enteropathogenic and
enterotoxigenic bacteria cause diarrhea in humans particularly children.
Many such strains are grouped together under species egs E. Coli species. Which contains all the
pathogenic and nonpathogenic E.Coli bacteria. These bacteria have 97% 16s rRNA identity,
therefore falling under one species..
Annual estimates of the population in a Hawaiian county from 1999 (t .pdf
Annual estimates of the population in a Hawaiian county from 1999 (t = 1) onward are shown in
the time series graph below. What is the dominant component in this time series? Click the icon
to view the time series plot.
Solution
The dominant part in this time series is just the upward trend. It is not cyclic (repetative), it is not
seasonal (some time up and some time down) and it is not random either (not that random
actually)..
Acid rain negatively affects plants byA. reducing the photosynthet.pdf
Acid rain negatively affects plants by
A. reducing the photosynthetic rate in the leaves
B. burning the leaves and bark.
C. leaching cations that the plant needs from the soil
D. leaching anions from the soil that the plant needs
Solution
Acid rain is a mixture of inorganic acids like H2SO4 and HNO3. These acids are from upon the
reaction of pollutant like NOx and SO2 with water oxygen and other components present in the
air. Both the acids are strong acid and it is the property of strong acid to dissociate into proton
and Sulphate or Nitrate ions. In the soil cation, such as Potassium, calcium and magnesium are
present, in their mineral forms, which are exchange with proton in acidic condition. Once cation
is exchanged they leach into the soil are no more available for the plants..
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.pdf
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.a-1.What is the rate
parameter ? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)
Solution
Rate parameter 1/mean 7.142857 Variance mean^2 0.0196 Std dev Mean 0.14
P(x>0.24) e^(-0.24*7.1429) 0.180124 P(0.141.4) 0.367918 P(X>0.24) 0.180124
P(0.14.
What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt a.pdf
What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt ammonium chloride
(NH_4Cl)? Iconic. Polar covalent. Hydrogen. Nonpolar covalent. A or C, depending on
conditions. When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form a hydrogen
bond. nonpolar covalent bond. pair of ions. ionic bond. polar covalent bond. A(n) occurs
between nonpolar molecules. ionic attraction van der force hydrogen bond nonpolar covalent
bond Which of the following statements about the density of water is accurate? dense than water
vapor. Liquid water is denser than ice, which is more water behaves like other substances in
terms of density. At all temperatures, water vapor. liquid water, which is water vapor is denser
than ice, which is more dense than liquid water.
Solution
Answer:
Answer:
6). a). Ionic
NH4Cl, or Ammonium Chloride, is a salt, which means it has an ionic bond.
7). d). nonpolar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemicalbond where two atoms share a pair of electrons
with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
8). c). van der Waals force
If the molecule is nonpolar, then no dipole-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding can occur
and the only possible intermolecular force is the weak van der Waals force
9). a). Liquid water is more dense than ice, which is more dense than water vapor
When water freezes, water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen
bonding. Solid water, or ice, is less dense than liquid water.Ice is less dense than water because
the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the
density.
In the gas/vapor phase, molecules have very little interaction with each other and they are at
large distance, whereas in liquid and solid, molecules are in continuous contact with each other.
It is therefore clear that there are more molecules per liter in ice than in water vapor, and
therefore the density is larger..
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist fr taking the
pulse?
Solution
answer is D this Flexor Carpi Radialis which runs diagonally across forearm; midway, its fleshy
belly replaced by a flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist, O-medial epicondyle of humerus I-
base of second and 3rd metacarpals, insertion tendon easily seen and provides guide to position
of radial artery (Used for pulse taking) at wrist.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomesWhi.pdf
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?A. The lysosome may mature
from a late endosome.B. The contents of the lysosome originate in the smooth ER.C. The
lysosome may function in glycosylation.D. The lysosome functions in export packaging.E. None
of these are correct.
Solution
A) The lysosome may mature from a late endosome.
Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, which in turn mature into lysosomes..
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant.pdf
When a signal arrives at the cell, it gets transduced. What is meant by the term signal
transduction?
Solution
In cell Signal transduction is a process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted
from cell exterior to interior as a series of biomolecular events. Proteins detecting stimuli are
known as receptors or sensors..
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Four different fluorescent dyes are used in automated DNA sequencing.pdf
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For the investment situation below. Identify the annual Interest rate.pdf
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Annual estimates of the population in a Hawaiian county from 1999 (t .pdf
Acid rain negatively affects plants byA. reducing the photosynthet.pdf
Acid rain negatively affects plants byA. reducing the photosynthet.pdf
A random variable X is exponentially distributed with a mean of 0.14.pdf
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What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt a.pdf
What kind of bond would form between NH_4 and Cl^- to make the salt a.pdf
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at.pdf
Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomesWhi.pdf
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https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdYour Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Recently uploaded (20)
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
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Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by.pdf
- 1. A protein, called pRb (protein for retinoblastoma) is synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome 13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent review, see H. Liu et al. (2004), "Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor." Current Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55–64. When retinoblastoma occurs in families, the disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic (spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only). Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb+/Rb– and may get retinoblastoma by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele.Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One would expect the Rb–/Rb– genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to be characterized as: a.lethal (inviable or lasting a relatively short time) b.completely normal c.having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma d.having unilateral retinoblastoma only Solution A. the Rb-/Rb- genotype B. the Rb+/Rb- genotype C. the Rb+/Rb+ genotype So answer is A