This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including definitions, branches, and a brief history. It discusses the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Key points include:
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. Its branches include bacteriology, virology, and parasitology.
- Important figures who contributed to microbiology include Van Leeuwenhoek, Jenner, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Ehrlich through discoveries like vaccines, germ theory, and staining techniques.
- Microorganisms are classified based on features like cell structure, morphology, staining, and whether they are prokaryotic or e
1 bio265 introduction to microbiology_dr di bonaventura_instructorShabab Ali
This document provides an overview of key topics in microbiology discussed in a Bio 265 lecture. It begins with Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and his discovery of microorganisms in the late 1600s using microscopes. Next, it discusses the early debates around spontaneous generation versus biogenesis. Major figures from the Golden Age of Microbiology are then outlined, including Louis Pasteur's experiments disproving spontaneous generation and Robert Koch's work establishing the germ theory of disease. Other topics covered include staining techniques, taxonomy, identifying microbes, case studies of disease, and the importance of handwashing in hospitals.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in the MICI 1100 Health Sciences Microbiology course at QE II HSC, including introductions to microbiology, bacterial structure and classification, growth and metabolism, pathogenicity, and control of microbial growth. Key topics covered include bacterial morphology, staining techniques, taxonomy, requirements for growth, phases of growth, and methods of sterilization and disinfection.
Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that lack chlorophyll and reproduce primarily through binary fission. They can take on a variety of shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, spiral or filamentous. Many plant pathogenic bacteria are motile using flagella and pili. Bacteria are classified based on cell structure and morphology. Important characteristics include whether they are gram positive or gram negative and their shape. Reproduction occurs through both asexual binary fission and occasionally through genetic exchange.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminthes. Key areas of study include bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, and immunology. Microorganisms play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, decomposition, and the production of food and chemicals through biotechnology. They also cause infectious diseases, which are monitored worldwide by organizations like the CDC and WHO.
morphology & structure of spirochete, fungi & protozoaSanskarVirmani
morphology & structure of spirochete, fungi & protozoa
Microbiology (Doctor of Medicine course) for Virology discipline in Medicine by Sanskar Virmani, at School of Medicine, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Presentation is free to use for non-monetary purposes if the author (i.e., me) is properly cited and given due credits.
LinkedIn Profile: bit.ly/SanskarV_LinkedIn
This document provides information on fundamental principles of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and medical microbiology focuses on pathogens that infect humans. The main types of microorganisms covered are bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and more. It provides details on the classification, structure, growth and diseases caused by different bacteria and fungi.
1 bio265 introduction to microbiology_dr di bonaventura_instructorShabab Ali
This document provides an overview of key topics in microbiology discussed in a Bio 265 lecture. It begins with Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and his discovery of microorganisms in the late 1600s using microscopes. Next, it discusses the early debates around spontaneous generation versus biogenesis. Major figures from the Golden Age of Microbiology are then outlined, including Louis Pasteur's experiments disproving spontaneous generation and Robert Koch's work establishing the germ theory of disease. Other topics covered include staining techniques, taxonomy, identifying microbes, case studies of disease, and the importance of handwashing in hospitals.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in the MICI 1100 Health Sciences Microbiology course at QE II HSC, including introductions to microbiology, bacterial structure and classification, growth and metabolism, pathogenicity, and control of microbial growth. Key topics covered include bacterial morphology, staining techniques, taxonomy, requirements for growth, phases of growth, and methods of sterilization and disinfection.
Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that lack chlorophyll and reproduce primarily through binary fission. They can take on a variety of shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, spiral or filamentous. Many plant pathogenic bacteria are motile using flagella and pili. Bacteria are classified based on cell structure and morphology. Important characteristics include whether they are gram positive or gram negative and their shape. Reproduction occurs through both asexual binary fission and occasionally through genetic exchange.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminthes. Key areas of study include bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, and immunology. Microorganisms play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, decomposition, and the production of food and chemicals through biotechnology. They also cause infectious diseases, which are monitored worldwide by organizations like the CDC and WHO.
morphology & structure of spirochete, fungi & protozoaSanskarVirmani
morphology & structure of spirochete, fungi & protozoa
Microbiology (Doctor of Medicine course) for Virology discipline in Medicine by Sanskar Virmani, at School of Medicine, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Presentation is free to use for non-monetary purposes if the author (i.e., me) is properly cited and given due credits.
LinkedIn Profile: bit.ly/SanskarV_LinkedIn
This document provides information on fundamental principles of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and medical microbiology focuses on pathogens that infect humans. The main types of microorganisms covered are bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and more. It provides details on the classification, structure, growth and diseases caused by different bacteria and fungi.
10- Funnnnngi and Their Pathogenesis.pptDiptiPriya6
This lecture introduces fungi and their pathogenesis. The objectives are to describe fungi characteristics, terminology, classification, reproduction and identification. Mycology is the study of fungi, which are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking chlorophyll. Fungi can be saprobic, symbiotic, or parasitic. Morphologically, fungi include yeasts, filamentous fungi consisting of hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi that change form depending on environment. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation or spore formation, and sexually through fusion and meiosis. Spores disseminate fungi in the air. While usually saprobic, some fungi can cause diseases by being thermotol
This lecture introduces fungi and their pathogenesis. The objectives are to describe fungi characteristics, terminology, classification, reproduction and identification. Mycology is the study of fungi, which are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking chlorophyll. Fungi can be saprobic, symbiotic, or parasitic. Morphologically, fungi include yeasts, filamentous fungi consisting of hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi that change form depending on environment. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation or spore formation, and sexually through fusion and meiosis. Spores disseminate fungi in the air. While usually saprobic, some fungi can cause diseases by being thermotol
1. The document provides instructions for reviewing a digital proof of a book on general microbiology. It recommends reviewing the proof three times, focusing on formatting, grammar, and design each time.
2. Once satisfied, the proof can be approved to move to the next step in the publishing process. Scaling the PDF to fit printer paper is also recommended for printing.
3. Aspects to review include formatting, headers/footers, page numbers, spacing, table of contents, index, images/graphics, and grammar/typos.
1. A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring. Species are classified based on similar DNA, morphology, and ecology. Strains are genetic variants within a species.
2. Microorganisms are classified into six major types - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. They are identified using techniques like DNA sequencing, microscopy, and growth kinetics.
3. Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems through decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic relationships. They are also used in industrial processes like fermentation which requires sterilization of equipment and growth media.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
The document provides information about viruses including their structure, classification, life cycles, and how they cause disease. It begins by describing the characteristics of viruses and explaining that they are not living or nonliving but exhibit traits of both. It then discusses the discovery of viruses and describes the structures of representative viruses like bacteriophage, influenza, and HIV. The modes of viral classification including Baltimore classification are explained. The document also covers the parasitic nature of viruses and how they depend on host cells for replication and survival. It describes the general steps in the viral life cycle including adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly and release. The lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages are explained in detail.
- The document discusses the classification of living organisms from the initial two kingdom system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus to the modern five kingdom system.
- It provides details on the key groups within the five kingdom system - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists like amoeba. Examples of important species within each group are mentioned along with their characteristics and effects.
- The five kingdom system improved upon the two kingdom system by separating prokaryotes from eukaryotes, unicellular from multicellular organisms, and autotrophs from heterotrophs, allowing for a more accurate classification of life on Earth.
The document provides a detailed history and overview of mycology, the study of fungi. It discusses important figures and their contributions to the field from 1500 to present day. It also covers general fungal characteristics, types of reproduction, spore structures, taxonomic classifications proposed over time, and specialized characteristics of different fungi. The document is an extensive review of the history and major topics in the field of mycology.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Microbiology presentation MEDICAL COLLEGEdmfrmicro
The document provides an overview of a laboratory presentation on medical microbiology. It discusses several key areas:
1. The introduction defines a laboratory and lists its main departments including clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and blood bank.
2. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease causative agents.
3. The various fields of medical microbiology covered include bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. Common laboratory procedures in each field like microscopy, staining, culture and biochemical testing are summarized.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. There are several branches of microbiology including bacteriology, mycology, virology and parasitology.
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their characteristics such as their cell structure, genetics and role in causing disease. Bacteria can be classified based on their shape, cell wall composition, mode of nutrition and respiration. They reproduce through binary fission.
Mycology is the study of fungi which have cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are classified based on their sexual reproduction and morphology. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through budding or hyphal growth.
Viro
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some algae. Bacteria were first observed in the 1670s and microbiology has since developed into a field that utilizes biochemistry, genetics, and other disciplines to study microbes. While much is now known, only about 1% of microbes have been studied so far. Microbiology is divided into subdisciplines that examine topics like microbial physiology, genetics, roles in medicine/veterinary science, and more. Bacteria are classified based on traits like their cell structure, metabolism, habitat, and more.
1. The first discovery of bacteria was in 1676 by Dutch biologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who observed microscopic organisms through a microscope and reported them to the Royal Society of London in 1683.
2. Christian G. Ehrenberg formally named the organisms "bacteria" in 1828. Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation in the 1850s renewed significance of bacteria. Robert Koch's studies on disease-causing bacteria in the late 1800s established the germ theory of disease.
3. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. They can exist in various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spir
This document provides an overview of general microbiology, including the structure and classification of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and phages. It discusses the basic morphology and types of bacteria, how they reproduce, and how they are classified. Key points covered include the basic structure of bacterial cells, different shapes and arrangements of bacteria, staining methods to identify bacteria, and the life cycles of phages.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. It discusses the binominal nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms. It also describes Woese's three domain system that divides organisms into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Finally, it provides details on the classification and characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria.
Bacteria can be classified in several ways based on their morphological, anatomical, staining, pathogenic, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. The main classifications are:
1) Shape - cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla, etc.
2) Arrangement - singles, pairs, chains, clusters
3) Cell wall structure - Gram positive, Gram negative
4) Disease-causing ability - pathogens, non-pathogens, commensals
5) Metabolism - autotrophs, heterotrophs
Bacteria are also classified by other factors like temperature ranges, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and motility. Proper classification helps determine pathogenic potential and identify
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases and their management. Key pathogens that cause plant diseases include fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, algae, protozoa and mollicutes. Some historic examples of serious plant diseases that caused famines include the Irish potato famine caused by late blight of potato by Phytophthora infestans, and Bengal and Sri Lankan famines caused by fungal diseases of rice and coffee, respectively. Fungi are important plant pathogens and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. Their somatic structures include septate or non-septate hyphae that make up the mycelium and can form specialized structures like sclerotia or rh
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notesWani Insha
definition of calibration
importance of calbration
accuracy and reliability purpose of calibration
calibration curve
importance of calibration curve
straight line calibration
nonlinear calibration graph
techniques for preparing calibration curve
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.pdfWani Insha
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is useful for the following purposes:
To start antiviral drugs for those viral infections for which specific drugs are available such as herpes, CMV, HIV, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Screening of blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C-helps in prevention of transfusion transmitted infections
Surveillance purpose: To assess the disease burden in the community by estimating the prevalence and incidence of viral infections
For outbreak or epidemic investigation, e.g. influenza epidemics, dengue outbreaks-to initiate appropriate control measures
To start post-exposure prophylaxis of antiretroviral drugs to the health care workers following needle stick injury.
To initiate certain measures: For example,
If rubella is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended
If newborn is diagnosed to have hepatitis B infection, then immunoglobulins (HBIG) should be started within 12 hours of birth.
10- Funnnnngi and Their Pathogenesis.pptDiptiPriya6
This lecture introduces fungi and their pathogenesis. The objectives are to describe fungi characteristics, terminology, classification, reproduction and identification. Mycology is the study of fungi, which are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking chlorophyll. Fungi can be saprobic, symbiotic, or parasitic. Morphologically, fungi include yeasts, filamentous fungi consisting of hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi that change form depending on environment. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation or spore formation, and sexually through fusion and meiosis. Spores disseminate fungi in the air. While usually saprobic, some fungi can cause diseases by being thermotol
This lecture introduces fungi and their pathogenesis. The objectives are to describe fungi characteristics, terminology, classification, reproduction and identification. Mycology is the study of fungi, which are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking chlorophyll. Fungi can be saprobic, symbiotic, or parasitic. Morphologically, fungi include yeasts, filamentous fungi consisting of hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi that change form depending on environment. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation or spore formation, and sexually through fusion and meiosis. Spores disseminate fungi in the air. While usually saprobic, some fungi can cause diseases by being thermotol
1. The document provides instructions for reviewing a digital proof of a book on general microbiology. It recommends reviewing the proof three times, focusing on formatting, grammar, and design each time.
2. Once satisfied, the proof can be approved to move to the next step in the publishing process. Scaling the PDF to fit printer paper is also recommended for printing.
3. Aspects to review include formatting, headers/footers, page numbers, spacing, table of contents, index, images/graphics, and grammar/typos.
1. A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring. Species are classified based on similar DNA, morphology, and ecology. Strains are genetic variants within a species.
2. Microorganisms are classified into six major types - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. They are identified using techniques like DNA sequencing, microscopy, and growth kinetics.
3. Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems through decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic relationships. They are also used in industrial processes like fermentation which requires sterilization of equipment and growth media.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
The document provides information about viruses including their structure, classification, life cycles, and how they cause disease. It begins by describing the characteristics of viruses and explaining that they are not living or nonliving but exhibit traits of both. It then discusses the discovery of viruses and describes the structures of representative viruses like bacteriophage, influenza, and HIV. The modes of viral classification including Baltimore classification are explained. The document also covers the parasitic nature of viruses and how they depend on host cells for replication and survival. It describes the general steps in the viral life cycle including adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly and release. The lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages are explained in detail.
- The document discusses the classification of living organisms from the initial two kingdom system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus to the modern five kingdom system.
- It provides details on the key groups within the five kingdom system - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists like amoeba. Examples of important species within each group are mentioned along with their characteristics and effects.
- The five kingdom system improved upon the two kingdom system by separating prokaryotes from eukaryotes, unicellular from multicellular organisms, and autotrophs from heterotrophs, allowing for a more accurate classification of life on Earth.
The document provides a detailed history and overview of mycology, the study of fungi. It discusses important figures and their contributions to the field from 1500 to present day. It also covers general fungal characteristics, types of reproduction, spore structures, taxonomic classifications proposed over time, and specialized characteristics of different fungi. The document is an extensive review of the history and major topics in the field of mycology.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Microbiology presentation MEDICAL COLLEGEdmfrmicro
The document provides an overview of a laboratory presentation on medical microbiology. It discusses several key areas:
1. The introduction defines a laboratory and lists its main departments including clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and blood bank.
2. Microbiology is defined as the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease causative agents.
3. The various fields of medical microbiology covered include bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology. Common laboratory procedures in each field like microscopy, staining, culture and biochemical testing are summarized.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. There are several branches of microbiology including bacteriology, mycology, virology and parasitology.
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their characteristics such as their cell structure, genetics and role in causing disease. Bacteria can be classified based on their shape, cell wall composition, mode of nutrition and respiration. They reproduce through binary fission.
Mycology is the study of fungi which have cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are classified based on their sexual reproduction and morphology. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through budding or hyphal growth.
Viro
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some algae. Bacteria were first observed in the 1670s and microbiology has since developed into a field that utilizes biochemistry, genetics, and other disciplines to study microbes. While much is now known, only about 1% of microbes have been studied so far. Microbiology is divided into subdisciplines that examine topics like microbial physiology, genetics, roles in medicine/veterinary science, and more. Bacteria are classified based on traits like their cell structure, metabolism, habitat, and more.
1. The first discovery of bacteria was in 1676 by Dutch biologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who observed microscopic organisms through a microscope and reported them to the Royal Society of London in 1683.
2. Christian G. Ehrenberg formally named the organisms "bacteria" in 1828. Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation in the 1850s renewed significance of bacteria. Robert Koch's studies on disease-causing bacteria in the late 1800s established the germ theory of disease.
3. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. They can exist in various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spir
This document provides an overview of general microbiology, including the structure and classification of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and phages. It discusses the basic morphology and types of bacteria, how they reproduce, and how they are classified. Key points covered include the basic structure of bacterial cells, different shapes and arrangements of bacteria, staining methods to identify bacteria, and the life cycles of phages.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. It discusses the binominal nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms. It also describes Woese's three domain system that divides organisms into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Finally, it provides details on the classification and characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria.
Bacteria can be classified in several ways based on their morphological, anatomical, staining, pathogenic, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. The main classifications are:
1) Shape - cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla, etc.
2) Arrangement - singles, pairs, chains, clusters
3) Cell wall structure - Gram positive, Gram negative
4) Disease-causing ability - pathogens, non-pathogens, commensals
5) Metabolism - autotrophs, heterotrophs
Bacteria are also classified by other factors like temperature ranges, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and motility. Proper classification helps determine pathogenic potential and identify
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases and their management. Key pathogens that cause plant diseases include fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, algae, protozoa and mollicutes. Some historic examples of serious plant diseases that caused famines include the Irish potato famine caused by late blight of potato by Phytophthora infestans, and Bengal and Sri Lankan famines caused by fungal diseases of rice and coffee, respectively. Fungi are important plant pathogens and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. Their somatic structures include septate or non-septate hyphae that make up the mycelium and can form specialized structures like sclerotia or rh
Calibration and Calibration Curve. lecture notesWani Insha
definition of calibration
importance of calbration
accuracy and reliability purpose of calibration
calibration curve
importance of calibration curve
straight line calibration
nonlinear calibration graph
techniques for preparing calibration curve
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.pdfWani Insha
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is useful for the following purposes:
To start antiviral drugs for those viral infections for which specific drugs are available such as herpes, CMV, HIV, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Screening of blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C-helps in prevention of transfusion transmitted infections
Surveillance purpose: To assess the disease burden in the community by estimating the prevalence and incidence of viral infections
For outbreak or epidemic investigation, e.g. influenza epidemics, dengue outbreaks-to initiate appropriate control measures
To start post-exposure prophylaxis of antiretroviral drugs to the health care workers following needle stick injury.
To initiate certain measures: For example,
If rubella is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended
If newborn is diagnosed to have hepatitis B infection, then immunoglobulins (HBIG) should be started within 12 hours of birth.
Aspergillosis is caused by the mold Aspergillus, which commonly grows on decaying plants. Inhalation of airborne spores can cause invasive or allergic diseases. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of acute pulmonary and allergic aspergillosis. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic hyphae in specimens through microscopy or culturing, and detecting antigens or antibodies. Treatment depends on the specific type of aspergillosis and may involve antifungal drugs, surgery, or prevention with prophylaxis in high risk patients.
PHLEBOTOMY
The process of collecting a blood sample is called
phlebotomy
This procedure is also known as Venipuncture
A person who performs phlebotomy is called a
phlebotomist, although doctors nurses, and medical
laboratory scientists.
BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
The first step in acquiring a quality lab. Test result for any
patient is the specimen collection procedure.
Blood specimen are obtained through capillary skin puncture
(finger, toe, heel), arterial , venous sampling.
VENIPUNCTURE
Venipuncture is the process of obtaining blood samples from veins
for lab testing
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
STEP 1:- Preparation of specimen collection material:
Following material should be readily available in the specimen
collection section-
Disposable syringes and needles or vacutainer systems.
Disposable lancets
Gauze pads or cotton
Tourniquet
70% (V/V) ethanol
Clean and dry wide mouth bottles
Leak- proof transportation bags and containers
A puncture-resistant sharp container
Blood collection tubes
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
STEP 1: Preparation of specimen collection material:
Sterile glass or plastic tubes with rubber caps
Vacuum-extraction blood tubes
Glass tubes with screw caps
Sterile glass or bleeding pack (collapsible) if large
quantities of blood are to be collected
well-fitting, non-sterile gloves
Laboratory specimen labels
Writing equipment
Laboratory forms
ORDER OF DRAW
To avoid cross-contamination, blood must be drawn and collected in
tubes in a specific order. This is known as the Order of Draw.
Blood culture
Blue tube for coagulation (Sodium Citrate)
Red No Gel
Gold SST (Plain tube w/gel and clot activator additive)
Green and Dark Green (Heparin, with and without gel)
Lavender (EDTA)
Pink - Blood Bank (EDTA)
Gray (Oxalate/Fluoride)
Black ( ESR)
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
Step 2:- Patient preparation:
Following instruction is given to the patient
patient should be on balanced diet at least for 2 to 3 days prior
to the test.
The day before sample collection, the patient should not drink
intoxicating substance, esp. alcoholic drinks and eat tobacco.
Patient should report to the lab. After fasting for 8-12 hrs.
Patient should not drink tea, or coffee or any other drinks
except one glassful of water.
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
Step 2 – Identify and prepare the patient
Where the patient is adult and conscious, follow the steps
outlined below.
Introduce yourself to the patient, and ask the patient to state their
full name.
Check that the laboratory form matches the patient’s identity (i.e.
match the patient’s details with the laboratory form, to ensure
accurate identification).
Ask whether the patent has allergies, phobias or has ever fainted
during previous injections or blood draws.
If the patient is anxious or afraid, reassure the person and ask what
would make them more comfortable.
capillary method
aretial method
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
OR HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INTECTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INFECTION ACQUIRED IN THE HOSPITAL BY A PATIENT:
WHO WAS ADMITTED FOR A REASON OTHER THAT INFECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HAIS
SOURCES OF INFECTION
MICRORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFECTION
TYPES OF HAIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PREVENTION OF HAIS
The document defines key immunological concepts such as antigen, immunogen, epitope, hapten, and different types of antigens. It describes the properties of immunogenicity and antigenicity. Antigens can induce immune responses and bind to antibodies/T-cell receptors. The size, structure, and foreignness of an antigen influence its immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as self, non-self, and superantigens based on their relationship to the host and ability to activate immune responses. Adjuvants can enhance antigen immunogenicity.
The complement system comprises over 30 proteins that augment the immune response. It has three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent and initiates with C1 binding to antigen-antibody complexes. The lectin pathway involves mannose-binding lectin and is antibody-independent. The alternative pathway is also antibody-independent and initiates with C3 binding directly to pathogens. All three pathways form C3 and C5 convertases and the membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse target cells. Complement effectors also mediate inflammation and opsonization. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can increase susceptibility to infection.
Semen examination is performed on patients with fertility issues or who have undergone vasectomy to check for the presence of sperm. Patients are asked to abstain from ejaculation for 2-5 days prior to collecting a semen sample via masturbation into a clean, dry tube within 15 minutes of collection. The sample is examined only after liquefaction occurs within 30-60 minutes.
This document discusses the process of phlebotomy and blood specimen collection. Phlebotomy, also known as venipuncture, involves collecting a blood sample from veins using a needle. It describes the steps of the venipuncture procedure, which includes preparing materials, positioning the patient, selecting a vein, applying a tourniquet, cleansing the skin, inspecting needles/syringes, performing the puncture, and handling the collected blood samples appropriately based on testing requirements. Performing venipuncture properly is important for obtaining quality lab test results.
Blood is composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma contains water, proteins, and other substances. The main cellular elements are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, WBCs help fight infection, and platelets aid in blood clotting. Blood is produced through hematopoiesis, where stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into the various blood cell types through specific maturation processes like erythropoiesis (RBC production) and thrombopoiesis (platelet production). Granulocytes are a type of WBC that contain granules and are involved in immune responses.
The document discusses different types of anticoagulants that are commonly used in hematology. The top five anticoagulants listed are double oxalate, EDTA, heparin, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride. EDTA is the most commonly used anticoagulant for complete blood count testing as it prevents clotting by chelating calcium ions while maintaining cell morphology. Sodium citrate is used for coagulation testing as it prevents clotting through precipitation of calcium ions. Heparin prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin.
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease infects the urinary tract and intestines through parasite eggs. There are several species of Schistosoma that cause disease in humans, including S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the species and stage of infection, but often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool or urine. Diagnosis is made by detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Treatment involves praziqu
The document discusses the origin and definition of entomology. It is the study of arthropods including insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. Medical entomology focuses on arthropods that affect human and animal health, many acting as vectors that transmit pathogens. Examples of major vector groups are discussed like mosquitoes, flies, bugs, ticks and mites. Life cycles and modes of transmission of vector-borne diseases are described. The roles of arthropods as disease vectors and causes of injury are highlighted. Control methods for arthropods including environmental, chemical, biological and genetic approaches are briefly outlined.
This seminar presentation summarizes the general characteristics and classification of viruses. It defines viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that are too small to be seen by optical microscopes and must replicate inside host cells. Viruses do not have cellular organization and contain either DNA or RNA, but not both. They lack the enzymes for protein and nucleic acid synthesis and are dependent on host cell machinery for replication. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes and have capsids made of protein that surround their nucleic acid cores. Their capsids exhibit different symmetries and some viruses have envelopes. Viruses are cultivated using techniques like animal inoculation, embryonated egg culture, and cell culture.
The document provides an overview of microscopy through a seminar presentation. It defines microscopy, discusses the history and properties including magnification, resolution, and contrast. It describes the main parts of a microscope and different types such as brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, transmission electron, scanning electron, scanning tunneling, and inverted microscopes. Applications of each microscope type are also outlined.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. O Microbiology is the study of living organisms of
microscopic size.
O Medical microbiology is the subdivision concerned
with the causative agents of infectious disease of
man, the response of the host to infection and various
methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
What is Microbiology?
4. General microbiology: Study of general properties of
microorganisms, such as bacterial morphology,
sterilization and disinfection, culture identification
methods, bacterial genetics, etc.
Immunology: study of the immune system
Bacteriology: study of bacteria
virology: study of viruses
Mycology: study of fungi
Parasitology: study of parasites; it has two arms
Protozoology: study of protozoa ,
Helminthology: study of helminths.
Branches of Microbiology
5. O Antoine Philips van
Leeuwenhoek (1676)
O First scientist who
observed bacteria and other
microorganisms, using a
single-lens microscope
constructed by him and he
named those small
organisms as' Little
animalcules.
History
6. O Edward Jenner 1796
O Developed the first vaccine of
the world, the smallpox
vaccine. He used the cowpox
virus (Variolae vaccinae) to
immunize children against
smallpox from which the term
‘vaccine' has been derived.
History
7. O Louis Pasteur
O Microbiology developed as a scientific discipline from
the era of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).He is also
known as father of microbiology.
O Principles of fermentation for preservation of food.
O He introduced the sterilization techniques and
developed steam sterilizer, hot air oven and autoclave.
O He described the method of pasteurization of milk.
History
8. O Contributed for the vaccine
development against several diseases,
such as anthrax, fowl cholera and
rabies.
O Disproved the Theory of spontaneous
generation of disease and postulated
the 'germ theory of disease: He stated
that disease cannot be caused by bad
air or vapor, but it is produced by the
microorganisms present in air
O Liquid media concept: He used
nutrient broth to grow
microorganisms.
History
9. O Joseph Lister (1867)
O Father of antiseptic surgery.
O He had observed that
postoperative infections were
greatly reduced by using
disinfectants such as diluted
carbolic acid during surgery
to sterilize the instruments
and to clean the wounds.
History
10. O Robert Koch
O He introduced solid media
for culture of bacteria,
O He also introduced methods
for isolation of bacteria in
pure culture.
O He described hanging drop
method for testing motility.
O He discovered bacteria such
as the anthrax bacilli,
tubercle bacilli and cholera
bacilli.
History
11. O Paul Ehrlich (1854- 1915)
O Father of chemotherapy.
O Report the acid-fast nature of
tubercle bacillus.
O Developed techniques to stain
tissues and blood cells.
O Proposed a toxin-antitoxin
interaction called Ehrlich
phenomenon and also introduced
methods of standardizing toxin
and antitoxin
History
13. Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Major groups Bacteria ,blue green
algae
Fungi, parasites, plants
animals
Nucleus Diffuse Well defined
Nuclear membrane Absent Present
Nucleolus Absent Present
Ribionucleoprotein Absent present
Cell division Binary fission Mitosis ,meiosis
Chromosome One, circular Many, linear
Extra chromosomal DNA Found in plasmid Found in mitochondria
Cell membrane Does not control sterols Contain sterols
Cellular organelles Absent Present
Site of respiration Mesosome Mitochondria
Ribosome 70S 80S
14. O Shape of bacteria
O Depending on their shape, bacteria are classification
into:
O Cocci (singular coccus, from; kokkos, meaning
berry) - oval or spherical cells
O Bacilli or rods (singular bacillus, meaning rod
shaped).
Morphology of bacteria
15. O Cocci are arranged in groups (clusters), pair or
chains.
O Similarly, bacilli can be arranged in chain, pair, and
some bacilli are curved, comma shaped, or
cuneiform shaped
Morphology of bacteria
16. O Both cocci and bacilli are further classified based on
Gram staining property into
O Gram-positive cocci
O Gram-negative cocci
O Gram-positive bacilli
O Gram- negative bacilli
Morphology of bacteria
17. O Gram stained and hence need special stains for their
demonstration, such as:
O Spirochetes (Trepnonema and Leptospira)-thin
spirally coiled bacilli.
O Mycoplasm as (cell wall deficient free living
bacteria)
O Rickettsiae and chlamydiae are obligate intracellular
bacteria.
Morphology of bacteria
18. Bacteria Examples
Gram positive cocci arranged in
Cluster Staphylococcus
Chain Streptococcus
Pair, lanceolates shaped Pneumococcus
Pair or in short chain, spectacle
shaped
Enterococcus
Octate
Tetrads
Sarcina
Micrococcus
19. Gram negative cocci arranged
in
Pairs, lens shaped Meningococcus
Pairs , kidney shaped Gonococcus
Gram positive bacilli arranged in
Chain (bamboo stick appearance) Bacillus anthracis
Chinese letter or cuneiform pattern Corynebacterium diphtheria
Branched and filamentous form Actinomycosis and nocardia
Palisade pattern Diphtheroids
20. Bacteria Example
Gram negative bacilli arranged in
Pleomorphic Haemophilus , proteus
Thumb print appearance Bordetella pertussis
Comma shaped ( fish in stream
appearance)
Vibrio cholerae
Curved Campylobacter( gull – wing shaped)
and helicobacter
Chain Streptobacillus
Spirally coiled, flexible Spirochetes
Bacteria that lacks cell wall Mycoplasma
21. O Medical mycology is the branch of medical science
that deals with the study of medically important
fungi.
O The name 'fungus' is derived from Greek' mykes'
meaning mushroom (a type of edible fungus).
Mycology
22. O Fungi differ from bacteria and other eukaryotes in many
ways.
O Fungi are eukaryotic and they possess all the eukaryotic
cell organelles such as mitochondria.
O They possess a rigid cell wall, composed of chitin,
glucans and other polysaccharides.
O Fungal cell membrane contains ergosterol instead of
cholesterol.
O Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
O They lack chlorophyll and divide by asexual and/or
sexual means by producing spores.
Mycology
23. O Morphological Classification
O 1. Yeast: They grow as round to oval cells.
O that reproduce by an asexual process called budding
in which cells form protuberances which enlarge and
eventually separate from the parent cells.
O Examples include:
O Cryptococcus neoformans (pathogenic)
O Saccharomyces cerevisiae (non-pathogenic)
Classification of fungi
24. O Morphological classification
O Yeast-like: In some yeasts (e.g. Candida), the bud
remains attached to the mother cell, elongates and
undergoes repeated budding to form chains of
elongated cells known as pseudo hyphae.
O They can be differentiated from true hyphae as they
have constrictions at the septa
Classification of fungi
25. O Molds: They grow as long branching filaments of 2-
10 µm width called hyphae.
O Hyphae are either septate (i.e. form transverse
walls) or nonseptate ( there are no transverse walls
and they are multinucleated, i.e. coenocytic)
O Hyphae grow continuously and form a branching
tangled mass of growth called mycelium
Classification of fungi
26. O Based on the growth pattern in culture medium, the
mycelia may be categorized into two types:
O Aerial mycelium: It is the part of the mycelium
which projects above the surface of culture medium.
O Vegetative mycelium: It is the part of the mycelium
that grows on the surface of the culture medium.
O Molds reproduce by formation of different types of
sexual and asexual spores
O Examples of true molds include-Dermatophytes,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.
Classification of fungi
27. O Dimorphic fungi: They exist as molds (hyphal form) in the
environment at ambient temperature (25°C) and as yeasts
in human tissues at body temperature (37°C).
O Several medically important fungi are thermally dimorphic
such as:
Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Penicillium marnejfei
Sporothrix schenckii.
Classification of fungi
29. O Taxonomical Classification
O Based on the production of sexual spores, the Kingdom
Fungi has been divided into four medically important
phyla. They are as follows:
O Phylum zygomycota: They are lower fungi, produce
sexual spores known as zygospores and possess aseptate
hyphae, e.g. Rhizopus and Mucor.
O Phylum ascomycota: They produce sexual spores known
as ascospores and possess septate hyphae, e.g.
Aspergillus.
Classification of fungi
30. O Phylum basidiomycota: They produce sexual spores
known as basidiospore e.g. Cryptococcus.
O Phylum deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti): In
majority of the medically important fungi, the sexual
state is either absent or unidentified yet. Hence, they
are traditionally grouped as fungi imperfecti.
Classification of fungi
31. O Medical Parasitology deals with the study of animal
parasites, which infect and produce diseases in
human beings.
Parasitology
32. O All parasites are classified under the following
taxonomic units—the kingdom, subkingdom,
phylum, subphylum, super class, class, subclass,
order, suborder, super family, family, genus and
species.
O The generic name of the parasite always begins
with an initial capital letter and species name with
an initial small letter, e.g., Entamoeba histolytica.
Parasitology
33. O Parasite is a living organism, which lives in or
upon another organism (host) and derives
nutrients directly from it, without giving any
benefit to the host.
Parasite
34. O Parasites may be classified as:
O Ectoparasite: They inhabit the surface of the body of
the host without penetrating into the tissues.
O They are important vectors transmitting the
pathogenic microbes.
O The infection by these parasites is called as
infestation, e.g ., fleas or ticks
O Endoparasite: They live within the body of the host
(e.g., Leishmania). Invasion by the endoparasite is
called as infection.
Parasite
35. O The endoparasites are of following types:
O Obligate parasite: They cannot exist without a parasitic
life in the host (e.g., Plasmodium species)
O Facultative parasite: They can live a parasitic life or free-
living life, when the opportunity arises (e.g.,
Acanthamoeba)
O Accidental parasite: They infect an unusual host (e.g.,
Echinococcus granulosus infect humans accidentally)
O Aberrant parasite or wandering parasite: They infect a host
where they cannot live or develop further (e.g., Toxocara
in humans).
Parasite
36. O Host is defined as an organism, which harbors the
parasite and provides nourishment and shelter.
O Hosts may be of the following types:
O Definitive host: The host in which the adult parasites
replicate sexually (e.g., anopheles species), is called as
definitive host. The definitive hosts may be human or
nonhuman living things
Host
37. O Intermediate host: The host in which the parasite under
goes asexual multiplication is called as intermediate host.
O (e.g., in malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the
intermediate hosts)
O Intermediate hosts are essential for the completion of the
life cycle for some parasites
O Some parasites require two intermediate hosts to complete
their different larval stages.
O These are known as the first and second intermediate
hosts respectively (e.g., Amphibian snails are the first
intermediate host and aquatic plants are the second inter
mediate host for Fasciola hepatica)
Host
38. O Reservoir host: It is a host, which harbours the parasites and
serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible
hosts. (e.g., dog is the reservoir host for cystic
echinococcosis)
O Paratenic host: It is the host, in which the parasite lives but it
cannot develop further and not essential for its life cycle is
known as paratenic host (e.g., fresh water prawn for
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, big suitable fish for
plerocercoid larva of Diphyllobothrium latum and freshwater
fishes for Gnathostoma spinigerum).
O It functions as a transport or carrier host
O Amplifier host: It is the host, in which the parasite lives and
multiplies exponentially.
Host
39. O The relationship between the parasite and the host,
may be divided into the following types:
O Symbiosis: It is the close association between the
host and the parasite.
O Both are interdependent upon each other that one
cannot live without the help of the other.
O None of them suffer any harm from each other
Host parasite relationship
40. O Commensalism: It is an association in which the
parasite only derives the benefit without causing any
injury to the host.
O A commensal is capable of living an independent life
O Parasitism: It is an association in which the parasite
derives benefit from the host and always causes some
injury to the host. The host gets no benefit in return.
Host parasite relationship
41. O It depends upon:
O Source or reservoir of infection
O Mode of transmission.
O Sources of Infection
O Man: Man is the source or reservoir for a majority of
parasitic infections (e.g., amoebiasis, enterobiasis,
etc.) The infection transmitted from one infected man
to another man is called as anthroponoses
Transmission of parasite
42. O Animal: The infection which is transmitted from
infected animals to humans is called as zoonoses.
O The infection can be transmitted to humans either
directly or indirectly via vectors. (e.g., cystic
echinococcosis from dogs and toxoplasmosis from
cats)
O Vectors: Vector is an agent, usually an arthropod that
transmits the infection from one infected human
being to another.
O Vector can be biological or mechanical.
Source of infection
43. O Contaminated soil and water:
O Soil polluted with human excreta containing
eggs of the parasites can act as an important
source of infection, e.g., hookworm, Ascaris
species, Strongyloides species and Trichuris
species. Water contaminated with human
excreta containing cysts of E. histolytica or
Giardia lamblia, can act as source of infection
Source of infection
44. O Raw or under cooked meat: Raw beef containing
the larvae of Cysticercus bovis and pork containing
Cysticercus cellulosae are some of the examples
where undercooked meat acts as source of infection
O Other sources of infection: Fish, crab or aquatic
plants, etc.
Source of infection
45. O The infective stages of various parasites may be
transmitted from one host to another in the following
ways:
O Oral or feco-oral route:
O Penetration of the skin and mucous membranes:
O Sexual contact:
O Bite of vectors:
O Vertical transmission:
O Blood transfusion:
Mode of transmission
46. O The life cycle of the parasite may be direct (simple) or
indirect (complex).
O Direct/simple life cycle: When a parasite requires only one
host to complete its development, it is referred as
direct/simple life cycle
O Indirect/complex life cycle: When a parasite requires two
hosts (one definitive host and another intermediate host) to
complete its development, it is referred as indirect/complex
life cycle .
O Some of the helminths require three hosts (one definitive
host and two intermediate
Life cycle of Parasite