The document provides a comprehensive comparison between India and China, covering their historical backgrounds, geographic locations, demographics, government structures, and economic statistics. Key differences include China's transition to a market-oriented economy and significant population figures compared to India, which has a larger rural population and different demographic challenges. The analysis reveals varying issues such as environmental concerns, military rankings, and economic growth rates, highlighting the distinct paths both countries have taken in recent history.

1. Country Comparison
Between India and China
Presented By
Sarwar Jahan Talukder
Md. Saiful Islam
R. M Shafiullah Khan Dept. of Geography and Environment
Md. Inzamul Haque Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Sylhet – 3114, Bangladesh

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Earliest orgin: The Indus Valley Civilization
• Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent
about 1500 B.C; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants
created the classical Indian culture.
• Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries
A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture.
• In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India
and established the Delhi Sultanate
• In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the
Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries
• By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant
political power on the subcontinent
• Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas
GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian
independence, which was granted in 1947.
• Earliest origin: Chinise Civilization
• For centuries China stood as a leading civilization,
outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and
sciences
• The country was beset by civil unrest, major famines,
military defeats, and foreign occupation in the 19th
and early 20th century.
• After World War II, the communists under MAO
Zedong established an autocratic socialist system
• After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and
other leaders focused on market-oriented economic
development and by 2000 output had quadrupled.

3. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Coordinates-
India: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
China: 35 00 N, 105 00 E

4. GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON
INDIA CHINA
Location Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and
the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay,
Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North
Korea and Vietnam
Area Total: 3,287,263 sq km (one-third the size of the US)
Land: 2,973,193 sq km
Water: 314,070 sq km
Total: 9,596,960 sq km (slightly smaller than the US)
Land: 9,326,410 sq km
Water: 270,550 sq km
Terrain upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to
rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west,
Himalayas in north
mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west;
plains, deltas, and hills in east
Climate Varies from tropical monsoon in south to
temperate in north
Extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in
north
Land Use Arable land: 47.87%
Permanent crops: 3.74%
Other: 48.39% (2011)
Arable land: 11.62%
Permanent crops: 1.53%
Other: 86.84% (2011)

5. INDIA CHINA
Natural Hazards Droughts; flash floods, monsoon flood; severe
thunderstorms; earthquakes
volcanism: Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the
Andaman Sea has been active in recent years
frequent typhoons (about five per year along
southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods;
tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence
volcanism: Active Changbaishan (also known as
Baitoushan), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most
have been relatively inactive in recent centuries
Environment -
current issues
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing;
desertification; air pollution from industrial
effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural
pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout
the country; huge and growing population is
overstraining natural resources
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide
particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain;
China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon
dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water
shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution
from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss
of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil
erosion and economic development; desertification;
trade in endangered species
GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON

6. DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON
Indices China India
Population 1,355,692,576 (Sex Ratio: 1.05) (2014) 1,236,344,631 (Sex Ratio: 1.08) (2014 est.)
Growth Rate 0.44% (2014) 1.25% (2014)
Birth Rate 12.17 births/1,000 population (2014) 19.89 births/1,000 population (2014)
Death Rate 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2014) 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2014)
Net Migration Rate -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014) -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Infant Mortality Rate 14.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2014) 43.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)
Life Expectancy 75.15 years (2014) 67.8 years (2014)
Total Fertility Rate 1.55 children born/woman (2014) 2.51 children born/woman (2014)
Maternal Mortality Rate 37 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) 200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
Contraceptive Users 84.6% (2006) 54.8% (2007)
Literacy 95.1% (2010) 62.8% (2006)
Urbanization 50.6% of total population (2011) 31.3% of total population (2011)

7. DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON
Age Structure
China India
0-14 years: 17.1%
15-24 years: 14.7%
25-54 years: 47.2%
55-64 years: 11.3%
65 years + : 9.6%
0-14 years: 28.5%
15-24 years: 18.1%
25-54 years: 40.6%
55-64 years: 7%
65 years + : 5.8%
Population Pyramid (age sex ratio)

8. DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON
Dependency Ratio
Indices China India
Total Dependency 37.4% 51.8 %
Youth Dependency 24.9 % 43.6 %
Elderly Dependency 12.5 % 8.1 %
Potential Support 8 12.3
Rural-Urban
Indices China India
Rural Population 622million 876million
Rural Pop. growth -2.18% 0.68%
Urban Population 722million 401million
Urban pop. growth 2.93% 2.38%
Population Density

9. DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON

10. China India
Religion
Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%,
Folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < .1%, Jewish < .1%, other
0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2%
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%,
Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%
Language
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua,
based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu
(Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-
Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, other minority
languages.
Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%,
Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%,
Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese
1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%
Ethnic Group
Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other 7.1 %
(includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan,
Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li,
Kazakh, Dai and other nationalities).
Indo-Aryan 72%,
Dravidian 25%,
Mongoloid and other 3%
DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON

11. Government type: Federal Republic
Capital: New Delhi
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from the UK)
Legal system: common law system based on the
English model; separate personal law codes
apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus;
judicial review of legislative acts.
GOVERNMENT COMPARISON
Republic of India People's Republic of China
Government type: Communist state
Capital: Beijing
Independence: 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China
established)
Legal System: civil law influenced by Soviet and continental
European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret
statutes; note - criminal procedure law revised in early 2012.
• three equal horizontal bands of saffron-white, and green,
with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white
band;
• saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of
renunciation;
• white signifies purity and truth;
• green stands for faith and fertility;
• the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and
death in stagnation
Flag Discription
• red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller
yellow five-pointed stars in the upper hoist-side corner.
• the color red represents revolution, while the stars
symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the
peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national
bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party
of China.

12. GOVERNMENT COMPARISON
GOVERNMENT OF CHINA
EXECUTIVELEGISLATIVE JUDICIARY
State Council
 Functional Center of State
power
 Headed by premier
NPC Standing
Committee
 Headed by Chairman
 160 members
National Peoples
Congress(NPC) Body
 3000 delegates
 Forum of debeting ideas
within the CPC/govt
Chief of State:
 President
 Vice President
Head of Government:
 Primier
 Executive Vice
Premier
Supreme People's
Court
Higher People's Courts
Intermediate People's
Courts
District and County
People's Courts
Political Parties:
India- India has dozens of national and regional political parties. E.g. Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP,
Indian National Congress or INC, Aam Aadmi Party or AAP
China-Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping] and eight nominally independent small parties
ultimately controlled by the CCP.

13. ECONOMIC COMPARISON
 Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally
planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a
major global role - in 2010 China became the world's largest
exporter.
 Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts
for price differences, China in 2013 stood as the second-largest
economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in
2001.
 Economic development has progressed further in coastal
provinces than in the interior, and by 2011 more than 250 million
migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban
areas to find work.
 China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and
economic development.
 India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past
autarkic policies remain.
 India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern
agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a
multitude of services.
 Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation,
privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign
trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate
the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to
2011.
 India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in
investment, caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor
pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic
reforms and about the global situation.
 However, investors' perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a
reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election
economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and
stabilization of the rupee.
Economic Overview of China Economic Overview of India

14. ECONOMIC COMPARISON

15. ECONOMIC COMPARISON
Indices China India
GDP $13.39 trillion (2013 est.) $4.99 trillion (2013 est.)
GDP – Real Growth
Rate
7.7% (2013 est.) 3.2% (2013 est.)
Per Capita Income $9,800 (2013 est.) $4,000 (2013 est.)
GDP – Composition by
Sectors
Agriculture: 10%
Industries: 43.9%
Services: 46.1% (2013 est.)
Agriculture: 17.4%
Industries: 25.8%
Services: 56.9% (2013 est.)
Population Below
Poverty Line
6.1% (2013 est.) 29.8% (2010 est.)
Labor Force 797.6 million (2013 est.) 487.3 million (2013 est.)
Labor Force by
Occupation
Agriculture: 33.6%
Industries: 30.3%
Services: 36.1% (2012 est.)
Agriculture: 49%
Industries: 20%
Services: 31% (2012 est.)
Unemployment Rate 4.1% (2013 est.) 8.8% (2013 est.)
Budget Revenues: $2.118 trillion
Expenditures: $2.292 trillion
(2013)
Revenues: $181.3 billion
Expenditures: $281.6 billion
(2013)

16. ECONOMIC COMPARISON
Indices China India
IPG Rate 7.6% (2013 est.) 0.9% (2013 est.)
Exports $2.21 trillion (2013 est.) $313.2 billion (2013 est.)
Exports
Commodities
electrical and other machinery, including
data processing equipment, apparel,
radio telephone handsets, textiles,
integrated circuits.
petroleum products, precious
stones, machinery, iron and steel,
chemicals, vehicles, apparel.
Exports
Partners
Hong Kong 17.4%, US 16.7%, Japan 6.8%,
South Korea 4.1% (2013 est.)
UAE 12.3%, US 12.2%, China 5%,
Singapore 4.9%, Hong Kong 4.1%
(2012)
Imports $1.95 trillion (2013 est.) $467.5 billion (2013 est.)
Imports
Commodities
electrical and other machinery, oil and
mineral fuels; nuclear reactor, boiler, and
machinery components; optical and
medical equipment, metal ores, motor
vehicles; soybeans
crude oil, precious stones,
machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel,
chemicals
Imports
Partners
South Korea 9.4%, Japan 8.3%, Taiwan
8%, United States 7.8%, Australia 5%,
Germany 4.8% (2013 est.)
China 10.7%, UAE 7.8%, Saudi
Arabia 6.8%, Switzerland 6.2%, US
5.1% (2012)

17. MILITARY COMPARISON
INDIA CHINA
World
Rank: 4
World
Rank: 3
male: 12,1
51,065
female: 10,
745,891
(2010 est.)
male: 10,4
06,544
female: 9,1
31,990
(2010 est.)
Total Exp. :
2.43% of
GDP (2010)
Total Exp.:
1.99% of
GDP (2010)

18. ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON
Electricity, Petroleum, Natural Gas and Carbon Emission Scenario
Indices China India
Electricity Production 5.398 trillion kWh (2013) 871 billion kWh (FY11/12 est.)
Electricity Consumption 5.322 trillion kWh (2013) 698.8 billion kWh (2010 est.)
Oil Production 4.197 million bbl/day (2013 est.) 990,200 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Oil Imports 5.664 million bbl/day (2013 est.) 3.272 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
Oil Exports 33,000 bbl/day (2013 est.) 0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Natural Gas Reserves 3.1 trillion cu m (1 January 2013) 1.241 trillion cu m (1 January 2013)
Natural Gas Production 117.1 billion cu m (2013 est.) 40.38 billion cu m (2012 est.)
Natural Gas Consumption 150 billion cu m (2013 est.) 64.49 billion cu m (2010 est.)

19. ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON

20. ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON
 China: 10 billion Mt (2013 est.)  India: 1.726 billion Mt (2011 est.)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Consumption of Energy

21. CHINA-INDIA TRANSITIONAL ISSUES
India has been ranked
the fourth-biggest
source of black money
by a US-based think
tank, with $510 billion
worth of illicit financial
flows during 2004-
2013, or $51 billion
annually, on average.
China tops the
list for 2004-
2013, with $139
billion average
illicit financial
flow per annum
Border Issue
Black Money

22. CHINA-INDIA TRANSITIONAL ISSUES
Other Transitional Issues-
• Illicit Drug Issue
• Refugee Issue
• Nuclear Issue
• Missile Issue
Illiccit drug
Transport Route
India-China