1. China has a population of over 1.3 billion people and is governed by the Communist Party of China with a single-party political system.
2. China has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades and has the world's second largest economy, with a focus on industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, technology, and infrastructure development.
3. Chinese society is complex with divisions between rural and urban populations, as well as policies around the one-child policy and social stratification, while the government maintains tight control over media and political dissent.
Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Ayub Khan Zia ul Haq Pervaiz Musharaf, Un-elected institutions are more powerful then Representative Parliament, Martial Law in Pakistan, Democracy in Pakistan, Governance in Pakistan, Dictatorship in Pakistan, Impact on Economy in Dictatorship.
Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Un-elected institutions are more powerful then Representative Parliament, Martial Law in Pakistan, Democracy in Pakistan, Governance in Pakistan, Dictatorship in Pakistan, Impact on Economy in Dictatorship.
Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Ayub Khan Zia ul Haq Pervaiz Musharaf, Un-elected institutions are more powerful then Representative Parliament, Martial Law in Pakistan, Democracy in Pakistan, Governance in Pakistan, Dictatorship in Pakistan, Impact on Economy in Dictatorship.
Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Un-elected institutions are more powerful then Representative Parliament, Martial Law in Pakistan, Democracy in Pakistan, Governance in Pakistan, Dictatorship in Pakistan, Impact on Economy in Dictatorship.
Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution (granting special status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir) represented a curse on Kashmir by limiting its growth and development and fostering unmitigated trouble for all the common people, apart from a small minority of Kashmiris who flourished. The Indian parliament abrogated these provisions on 5 August 2019 by a Presidential Ordinance, which was later ratified by both houses of parliament (the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha) with more than a two-thirds majority.
It was a bold initiative by a government which had decided to bring an end to the imbroglio in Kashmir, which had been simmering for more than seven decades, and it surprised most of those who had some connection with the situation in Kashmir.
Nobody had any inkling as to what was happening. It was a constitutional coup executed with
consummate skill
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate how the United Arab Emirates (UAE) can better utilize the existing Multilateral Trade System provided by the World Trade Organization, as well as its current bilateral and plurilateral trade treaties, to alleviate its food supply constraints. Given the UAE’s outstanding development during the last few decades and its ambitious economic vision for the future, it is of great importance to find a strategy that would allow the country’s continuous and sustainable growth assuring the food supply needed to satisfy the needs of its population across all social levels, as well as of visiting tourists. By doing so, this analysis will also illustrate the UAE’s needs, opportunities, and effective policies currently implemented in the areas of agriculture, food supply, development strategies, and international trade. Recommendations include: Trade Facilitation, Reduction of Tariffs and Leveraging WTO benefits
Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution (granting special status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir) represented a curse on Kashmir by limiting its growth and development and fostering unmitigated trouble for all the common people, apart from a small minority of Kashmiris who flourished. The Indian parliament abrogated these provisions on 5 August 2019 by a Presidential Ordinance, which was later ratified by both houses of parliament (the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha) with more than a two-thirds majority.
It was a bold initiative by a government which had decided to bring an end to the imbroglio in Kashmir, which had been simmering for more than seven decades, and it surprised most of those who had some connection with the situation in Kashmir.
Nobody had any inkling as to what was happening. It was a constitutional coup executed with
consummate skill
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate how the United Arab Emirates (UAE) can better utilize the existing Multilateral Trade System provided by the World Trade Organization, as well as its current bilateral and plurilateral trade treaties, to alleviate its food supply constraints. Given the UAE’s outstanding development during the last few decades and its ambitious economic vision for the future, it is of great importance to find a strategy that would allow the country’s continuous and sustainable growth assuring the food supply needed to satisfy the needs of its population across all social levels, as well as of visiting tourists. By doing so, this analysis will also illustrate the UAE’s needs, opportunities, and effective policies currently implemented in the areas of agriculture, food supply, development strategies, and international trade. Recommendations include: Trade Facilitation, Reduction of Tariffs and Leveraging WTO benefits
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
I made this PowerPoint presentation for my International Marketing class in 2006. It was the first part of a semester wide project in which we researched a foreign country and came up with a marketing plan to sell a particular product to that country. This is part 1/2 where we examined the country of India itself.
I attempt to explain the complex set up of the Chinese Communist Party. From its inspiration from the Russian counterpart, to Mao and up to Xi's current time. Its a quick stop for those wanting a quick recap of the biggest political party on earth.
ChinaThe Third RevolutionXi Jinping and the New Chinese Sta.docxbissacr
China:
The Third Revolution
Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State
Elizabeth Economy
Elizabeth Economy, PhD
Council on Foreign Relations:
C. V. Starr senior fellow
Director for Asia studies
Hoover Institution of Stanford University
Visiting Fellow
She is an acclaimed author and expert on Chinese domestic and foreign policy, writing on topics ranging from China's environmental challenges to its role in global governance.
BA – Swarthmore; MA – Stanford; PhD – University of Michigan
Primary Theses
1. Xi Jinping has steered politics and economics towards repression, state control, and confrontation
Xi Jinping has used his power to reassert dominance of the Communist Party and of his own position within it
As part of the campaign against corruption, he has purged potential rivals
He has executed sweeping reorganization of the People’s Liberation Army to ensure loyalty of the military to the party and to him personally
Mr. Xi has imprisoned supporters of Western liberal reform and stamped out criticism of the party and government in the media and online
He has created a surveillance state to monitor discontent and deviance.
China increasingly controls business as an arm of state power
Made in China 2025 plan uses subsidies and protection to create world leadership in ten industries including aviation, tech & energy
Belt and Road Initiative subsidizes infrastructure development in Asia and Africa in return for Chinese trade agreements
c. Regional production chains or production networks are the mechanism by which China influences Asian economies and integrates itself with the global economy.
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates exploitation of scale and scope economies
Ideologically, Chinese path is captured in the “Chinese Dream”
The Third Revolution
The Rejuvenation of the Great Chinese Nation
Common Factors that Explain Takeoff
Openness to trade and investment – higher than rest of world
Strong Export Demand in advanced industrial economy
Increasing intra-regional trade
High Domestic Savings & Investment Rates
Strengthened physical and digital infrastructure
Improved quality of human capital
Active Government Involvement in Economy
Openness to trade
Share of Asian trade as % total world trade increasing at expense of European and Russian trade
North American trade relatively stable.
China: export partners in 2016, by export value
(in billion yuan)
United States
“…other than trade and FDI (foreign direct investment), regional production chains or production networks became a mechanism by which Asian economies tangibly influenced each other as well as integrated in a market-led manner. As barriers to the movement of goods, services and factors of production are dropped further, Asian economies would integrate more with each other as well as with the global economy.” Das, p. 13
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates .
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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2. Area : 9,596,961 sq. km
Regional borders: Hong Kong, Macau
3.
4. Population: 1,343,239,923
Age structure:
25-54 years: 46.5% (male 319,710,444/female
305,378,723)
Median age:
Total : 35.9 years
male : 35.2 years
female: 36.6 years
Population growth rate: 0.481%
Birth rate : 12.31 births/1,000 population
Death rate: 7.17 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: -0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population
5. Science and Technology
Infrastructure
Agriculture
Foreign Relations
Trade Relations(top 4 banks are Chinese)
Superpower Status
Intellectual Property Rights
Legal System
6. Agriculture: China is a country with a large
population but less arable land
Township enterprises
Now China leads the world in output of grain, cotton,
oil plants, fruit, meat, eggs, aquatic products and
vegetables.
Type 1978 1990 2000 2003 2004
Grain 30,477 44,624 46,218 43,070 46,947
Cotton 216.7 450.8 441.7 486.0 632.4
Oil-bearing
crops
521.8 1,613.2 2,954.8 2,811.0 3,065.9
Sugarcane 2,111.6 5,762.0 6,828.0 9,023.5 8,984.9
Beet 270.2 1,452.5 807.3 618.2 585.7
Cured
tobacco
105.2 225.9 223.8 201.5 216.3
Tea 26.8 54.0 68.3 76.8 83.5
Fruit 657.0 1,874.4 6,225.1 14,517.4 15,340.9
Meat 856.3 2,513.5 6,125.4 6,932.9 7,244.8
Aquatic
products
465.4 1,237.0 4,278.5 4,704.5 4,901.8
7. 1. Medicine
2. Telecommunications
3. Energy and power
4. Real estate
5. Automobile
6. Computer and software
7. Petrochemical Industry
8. Consumer Products
9. Iron and Steel
10. Transportation
8. 400 kinds of daily newspapers were published
in China, their circulation reaching 80 million,
the highest figure of any country in the world
Between 1950 and 2000, the number of Chinese
newspapers increased nearly ten-fold.
Radio-CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting
time and languages in the world.
9. The Central People's Broadcasting Station, the
nation's official radio station, has eight
channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 200
hours per day via satellite.
China Central Television (CCTV), China's
largest and most powerful national television
station, has established business relations with
more than 250 television organizations in over
130 countries and regi
Altogether there are 3,000 television stations
across the country
10. China will have over 50 million Internet-
connected computers, and over 200 million
users of data, multi-media and the Internet,
with about 15 percent of the population having
access to the Internet.
11. In 2011 China's railways carried 2,947 billion
ton-kilometers of freight and 961.23 billion
Passenger-km, both traffic volumes are the
highest in the world.
China has the world's third largest rail
network, as of 2010 it is 91,000 km (56,545 mi)
long, an increase of some 5,000 km (3,107 mi) of
track from 2009. About 47% of the network is
electrified
12. Car ownership is still low in comparison to the
other members of the BRIC group of countries.
By 2007, electric bicycles were thought to make
up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles
on the streets of many major cities.
The total number of planes of all mainland
Chinese carriers combined will be near 1,580 by
2010, up from 863 in 2006. By 2025, the figure is
estimated to be 4,000
13. 26 Ethnic groups-Han
Traditional social structure
Social stratification
Dowry, female oppression
Iron fist campaign
One child policy
30 million more men than women in 2020
14. THEN:
Iron rice bowl
"Security and equality“
Work units
NOW:
Functionally specialized
Obedience
Skill
15. Communist form of Government.
1 January 1912- Republic of China replaces Qing
Dynasty
1 October 1949- People’s Republic of China formed
Suffrage- 18 Years
16. The government of the People’s Republic of China can
be divided among the following bodies:
1.Communist Party of China(Political)
2.State Council(Executive)
3.National People’s Congress(Legislative)
4.Supreme People’s Court(Judicial)
5.People’s Liberation Army(Military)
17. Founded - July,1921 in Shanghai.
Assumed full control of mainland china by 1949.
Practically, the only party in the country
Maintains a unitary government, centralizing the
state, military and media.
World’s largest political party(>80,000 members)
Current President of PRC- Xi Jingping
18. Central focus of power for the CPC.
Panel of 7 >> consisting of the top leaders of CPC
Ruled by the general secretary of the CPC
Currently the most powerful decision making body
in China.
selection criteria.
19. Highest state body in PRC with 2987 members
Still reckoned as Rubber-stamp
A forum for mediating policy differences
Controlled by CPC
20. Established on August 1, 1927.
World’s largest military force with approx. 2,285,000
personnel(0.59% of China’s population)
5 main branches---Ground Force, Navy, Air Force,
Second Artillery Force and Reserve Force
Command and control of PLA resides with the
Central Military Commission(CMC) which comes
under the CPC.
21. One child policy
Investment in Africa
Cheap labor is not cheap anymore
22. Foreign firms cannot engage in wholesaling activities
and cannot wholly retain retail outlets
Necessary to have a tie up with local firms
Special Economic Zones
23. Almost every bank is state owned
Media is entirely state owned to offer favorable
political coverage.
The country operates under the highly centralized,
single-party rule of the Communist Party.
2 sets of leadership – State and CCP leader
The top local leader must answer to the community
party leader.
24. Great Leap Forward ----1958-1961
Agrarian to Communism
Led to Great Leap Famine-> 30-45 million people died.
Cultural Revolution------1966-1976
25. First Stage(1978-84)
Agriculture,
Foreign Investment, SEZ
Second Stage(1984-93)
Decentralization , Shanghai Stock Exchange, Socialist
Market Economy
Third Stage(1993-2005)
1.Radical reforms- reduced tariff and regulations
2.Joined WTO
Fourth Stage(2005-Present)
1.Hu-wen administration
2.Egalitarian and Populist Policies- increase subsidy and
control
3.Halted Privatization and Loose monetary Policy
26. China is the second largest importer of raw
materials in the world.
China bought US$1.749 trillion worth of
imported products. That total is up by 54.4%
since 2008.
Electronics eqipment, oil, engines, pumps,
medical equipment, plastics, organic chemicals,
copper etc.
27. The threat of new entrants
The bargaining power of buyers/customers
The threat of substitute products
The amount of bargaining power suppliers
have
The amount of rivalry among competitors
28. S
TRENGTHS
W
EAKNESSES
O
PPORTUNITIES
T
HREATS
• Cheap Labour
• Biggest Population
• Stable Infrastructure
• Chinese Influence in Africa
• Natural Resources
• Strong government
• Academic and Scientific
misconduct in China
• Innovation
• Corruption
• Enforcement of Intellectual
property rights
• Wind and Solar energy
• Consumption boom in China
• Improving Economic
freedom.
• Huge opportunity in R&D
• Aging Population
• Real estate meltdown
• Economic disparity between
cities and countryside's.
• Neighboring countries.
Negative
Internal
factors
External
factors
Positive