This document discusses challenges to traditional state sovereignty such as integration and devolution. It defines integration as states pooling sovereignty to gain influence, and devolution as decentralizing decision making to regional governments. The document also differentiates between centripetal forces that bind a state together from centrifugal forces that destabilize it. It evaluates whether federalism could help address fragmentation in the Philippines by balancing power between central and regional authorities.

2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FACED TODAY BY TRADITIONAL STATE
SOVEREIGNTY?
2. WHAT DRIVES INTEGRATION: GLOBALIZATION OR FRAGMENTATION?
3.DIFFERENTIATE CENTRIPETAL FROM CENTRIFUGAL FORCES.
4. IS FEDERALISM THE ANSWER TO FRAGMENTATION BROUGHT ABOUT
BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES?

3. CHALLENGES TO
TRADITIONAL STATE SOVEREIGNTY
1. INTEGRATION
2.DEVOLUTION

5. INTEGRATION
•INTEGRATION, A PROCESS THAT ENCOURAGES STATES TO POOL
THEIR SOVEREIGNTY IN ORDER TO GAIN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,
AND SOCIAL CLOUT
•IT BLURS LINES BETWEEN STATES BY CREATING COMMON
POLICIES, RULES, AND TIGHTER CONNECTIONS

6. SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATION
•A SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATION IS CREATED BY POOLING
SOVEREIGNTY
•IT TRANSCENDS THE AUTHORITY OF THE NATION-STATE.

7. EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
•THE EU BEGAN AS A SMALL AGREEMENT AMONG A HANDFUL OF
COUNTRIES THAT DEALT PRIMARILY WITH THE PRODUCTION OF
STEEL AND COAL

9. EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
•STATELIKE INSTITUTIONS—THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, THE
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, AND THE
EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE

11. EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
•TWO RECENT PROJECTS SHOW THE GROWTH OF THE EU: THE
MONETARY UNION (THE EURO) AND MEMBERSHIP EXPANSION

12. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
•THESE ARE COOPERATING GROUPS OF NATIONS THAT OPERATE ON
EITHER A REGIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.
•EXAMPLES: UNITED NATIONS, ASEAN, NATO, APEC, WTO

13. GLOBALIZATION VS FRAGMENTATION
•GLOBALIZATION – FORCES THAT TIE THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
TOGETHER; THE INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL,
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF NATIONS
•FRAGMENTATION – FORCES THAT TEAR THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
APART; LOYALTIES BASED ON ETHNICITY LANGUAGE, RELIGION OR
CULTURAL IDENTITY

14. CENTRIPETAL VS CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
•CENTRIPETAL FORCES – BIND TOGETHER THE PEOPLE OF A STATE,
GIVING IT STRENGTH
•CENTRIFUGAL FORCES – OPPOSE CENTRIPETAL FORCES; THEY
DESTABILIZE THE GOVERNMENT AND ENCOURAGE THE COUNTRY
TO FALL APART.

15. CENTRIPETAL FORCES
1. NATIONALISM – THE USE OF SYMBOLS, SUCH AS FLAGS, RITUALS, AND
HOLIDAYS THAT REMIND CITIZENS OF WHAT THE COUNTRY STANDS FOR
2. INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS SCHOOLS, THE ARMED FORCES, AND RELIGION
3. FAST AND EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS

16. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
1. WEAK/STRONG INSTITUTIONS
2.NATIONALISM – MAY LEAD TO SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS
3.PERIPHERAL LOCATION
4.SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

18. DEVOLUTION
•ONE REACTION STATES HAVE HAD TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IS
DEVOLUTION, OR THE TENDENCY TO DECENTRALIZE DECISION
MAKING TO REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

19. DEVOLUTIONARY FORCES
1. ETHNIC FORCES – AN ETHNIC GROUP MAY TEND TO SEE ITSELF AS A
DISTINCT NATION (ETHNONATIONALISM)
2. ECONOMIC FORCES – ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES MAY ALSO
DESTABILIZE A NATION-STATE
3.SPATIAL FORCES – DISTANCE, REMOTENESS, AND PERIPHERAL
LOCATION

20. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
1. UNITARY SYSTEM
2.CONFEDERAL SYSTEM
3.FEDERAL SYSTEM

21. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
•A UNITARY SYSTEM IS ONE THAT CONCENTRATES ALL
POLICYMAKING POWERS IN ONE CENTRAL GEOGRAPHIC PLACE,
AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST
POLICY AREAS.

22. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
•A CONFEDERAL SYSTEM SPREADS THE POWER AMONG MANY
SUB-UNITS (SUCH AS STATES), AND HAS A WEAK CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT.

23. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
•A FEDERAL SYSTEM DIVIDES THE POWER BETWEEN THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT AND SUB-UNITS, AND REGIONAL BODIES HAVE
SIGNIFICANT POWERS, SUCH AS TAXATION, LAWMAKING, AND
KEEPING ORDER.

24. FEDERALISM

25. ADVANTAGES OF FEDERAL SYSTEM
1. LOCALS DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES
2.MORE POWER OVER FUNDS AND RESOURCES
3.PROMOTES SPECIALIZATION
4.ENCOURAGES COMPETITION

26. “
26

27. “
27

28. 28
PROPOSED
STATES

29. ADVANTAGES OF FEDERAL SYSTEM
5.PROVIDES ROOM FOR INNOVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
6.DECONGESTION OF METRO MANILA
7. POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THE MINDANAO CONFLICT

30. 30
PROPOSED
STATES

31. 31

32. 32

33. DISADVANTAGES OF FEDERAL SYSTEM
1. POSSIBLY DIVISIVE
2.UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AMONG STATES
3.CONFUSING OVERLAPS IN JURISDICTION
4.MAY NOT SATISFY SEPARATISTS IN MINDANAO
5.EXPENSIVE COST

38. EVALUATION
1. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FACED TODAY BY TRADITIONAL STATE
SOVEREIGNTY?
2. WHAT DRIVES INTEGRATION: GLOBALIZATION OR FRAGMENTATION?
3.DIFFERENTIATE CENTRIPETAL FROM CENTRIFUGAL FORCES.
4. IS FEDERALISM THE ANSWER TO FRAGMENTATION BROUGHT ABOUT
BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES?

39. REFERENCES
1. ETHEL WOOD, AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS:
AN ESSENTIAL COURSEBOOK 7TH EDITION, WOODYARD
PUBLICATIONS, 2015
2.PATRICK H. O’NEIL, ESSENTIALSOF COMPARATIVE POLITICS3RD
EDITION, W.W. NORTON & COMPANY, 2010

40. REFERENCES
3.AASTHA DOGRA. AN IN-DEPTHLOOK AT THE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGESOF FEDERALISM.
HTTPS://WWW.BUZZLE.COM/ARTICLES/ADVANTAGES-AND-
DISADVANTAGES-OF-FEDERALISM.HTML [ACCESSED MAY 7,
2018]

41. REFERENCES
4.RANADA & VILLARETE. WILL FEDERALISMADDRESSPH WOES?
PROS AND CONSOF MAKINGTHE SHIFT.
HTTPS://WWW.RAPPLER.COM/NATION/POLITICS/ELECTIONS/
2016/120166-FEDERALISM-PROS-CONS-EXPLAINER
[ACCESSED MAY 7, 2018]