This document discusses several theories on the origin of the state, including the natural theory that humans are social beings who form groups, the patriarchal theory that states evolved from enlarged families, and the force theory that states formed through conquest. It also covers the divine right theory of rulers having ordained power from God and the social contract theory of people establishing governments. The document then examines different forms of government based on the number of rulers (monarchy, aristocracy, democracy) and whether power is centralized (unitary) or distributed (federal).

1. Origin of state
Origin of state
These are the theories on the origin of state as have been
formed and developed as a result of the political thought and
philosophy in the ancient time until the enlightenment
period in Europe.
1. Natural Theory.
The social urge of the human being to be within a group of
people in the community as in sociology describes that
“man is a social being.” The social group provides the political
development to stay and work together with common
standard law in the community later on transform as a
state.
2. Patriarchal Theory.
The origin of the state evolves from the enlargement of
family under the authority of the parents or the elders.
Later on, it will develop into a tribe, kingdom then state.
3. Force Theory.
The creation of the state through the constant war and
invasion of the great warriors in the ancient time
dominated the weak that later on formed a state.
4. Divine Right Theory.
The rulers of the past advocated the political dominance of
authority and power through their own ordained mandate
that they represented the state as on the basis of the
divine right ( as God created the state).It was in this nature
that the divine rights of kings has the absolute power and
influence over the subjects.
5. Social Contract Theory.

2. This is the right of the people to have the deliberate and
voluntary contract on the right to overthrow the kings and
rulers against corrupt governance to organize a new
government with common interest for all the people.
The forms of government
The forms of government discusses the sovereign powers along the political rulers as
to the number of persons in power; the distribution of political powers of the
government; and the relationships of the branches of government.
1. According to the Number of Persons Exercising SovereignPowers:
Usually, the sovereign powers are exercised by the rulers
who are being called “King”, “Emperor”, “President” or
“Prime Minister” to lead in the administration of the
government. The common classifications under the
number of persons are monarchy, aristocracy, and
democracy.
a) Monarchy.
There is only one ruler who exercises the supreme
authority with the basis on the divine rights and
constitution to handle governmental affairs. The ruler of
the monarchical form is called “king” or “emperor” which
has been on the basis of royal blood or dynastic rule of
governance. There are two classifications of monarchy as
evolved in the history of Europe:
1) Absolute Monarchy.
The Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Chinese, Persian and
European civilization followed this system of governance
under the rules of divine rights. The emperors and kings
were believed to be the representative of god as the
source of political authority and powers to administer the
affairs of the government.
2) Limited Monarchy.

3. This was the transformation of the absolute monarchy in
Europe that “kings” and “emperors’ were no longer
presented by the doctrine of the divine rights but must rule
in accordance of the constitution. Therefore, the political
power is usually limited in accordance with the established
constitution. It is nominal and symbolic as to the
governmental functions in the executive and legislative
branch of government.
b) Aristocracy.
The government that hold by the few privileged class. The
social stratification of the society only those with wealth
has the political power to hold the governmental affairs of
the state .They are considered as the powerful class with
enough money to hold political position and influence to
the people. This form of government has been called the
“oligarch” and “aristocrat” who controlled the economic
power as they controlled the wealth of the nation.
Unitary state:
A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which the central
government is supreme and any administrative divisions (sub national units) exercise
only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. Many states in the
world have a unitary system of government.
Unitary states are contrasted with federal
states (federations):
In a unitary state, sub national units are created and abolished
and their powers may be broadened and narrowed, by the central
government. Although political power in unitary states may be
delegated through devolution to local government by statute, the
central government remains supreme; it may abrogate the acts of
devolved governments or curtail their powers.
Federal state (federalism)
A federal is one in which the supreme powers in the state are disturbed by the

4. constitution between a central government and the governments of the federating
units, making each government supreme within its own sphere of powers. As
distinguished from a unitary government, a federation is a dual government, with two
sets of governments, each of which exercises supreme and original authority within its
sphere of powers as defined by the constitution. According to Hamilton, a federation
is an association of States forming a new one. “ In the opinion of Dicey, it is “ a
political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity with the maintenance of state
rights.”