This document discusses various linkage institutions that connect governments to citizens such as political parties, interest groups, elections, and mass media. It provides examples and descriptions of different types of political parties, electoral systems, interest groups, and discusses how mass media and participatory journalism can influence politics. The document also contains discussion questions about which systems or institutions might be best suited for the Philippines.

1. LINKAGE
INSTITUTIONS
Prepared by:
MR. ANTONIO T. DELGADO
Faculty, Social Science Department
General De Jesus College
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2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What are linkage institutions? Give some examples.
2. Differentiate elections from electoral systems.
3. Identify and describe the different types of electoral
systems.
4. Identify and describe the different types of interest
groups.
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3. LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS
Groups that connect the government to its citizens

4. LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS
▪ Political parties
▪ Interest groups
▪ Elections
▪ Mass media
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5. Political Parties
Groups of persons organized to acquire
and exercise political power (britannica.com)

6. FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
▪ They help bring different people and ideas together to
establish the means by which the majority can rule.
▪ They provide labels for candidates that help citizens
decide how to vote.
▪ They hold politicians accountable to the electorate and
other political elites.
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7. PARTY SYSTEM
▪ It refers to the array of political parties operating in a
particular country and the nature of the relationships
among them is party system.
▪ Types of party systems:
1. Multi-party system
2. Two-party system
3. One-party system
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QUESTION #1:
Which party system do you think
is best for the Philippines?

12. Election
The formal process of selecting a person for public office or of
accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting (britannica.com)

13. ELECTIONS
▪ Types of elections:
1. Election of public officials
2. Referendum – a ballot called by the government on a
policy issue
3. Initiative - a vote on a policy that is initiated by the
people
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14. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
▪ These refer to the rules that decide how votes are cast,
counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.
▪ Types of electoral systems:
1. Plurality system
2. Proportional representation
3. Mixed system
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PLURALITY/
SMD SYSTEM
PROPORTIONAL
REPRESENTATION
MIXED SYSTEM
Individual candidates
run in single-member
districts
Voting is arranged in
multimember districts
Voting is arranged in
combination of MMDs
and SMDs
Voters cast votes for
individual candidates
Voters cast votes for
parties
Voters cast votes for
individuals and parties
Candidates with more
votes than other
candidates win the seats
Seats are divided
among parties on the
basis of percentage of
overall vote
Some seats are filled by
winners in plurality
races; others are filled
by party.
Result: two (or few)-
party system
Result: multi-party
system
Result: an in-between
number of parties

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QUESTION #2:
Which type of electoral system
is used in the Philippines?

17. POLITICAL ELITES AND RECRUITMENT
▪ Political elites are leaders who have a disproportionate
share of policy-making power
▪ Recruitment refers to ways to identify and select people
for future leadership positions
▪ Succession refers to the process that determines the
procedure for replacing leaders when they resign, die, or
are no longer effective
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QUESTION #3:
Why is succession important
in a stable government?

19. Interest Groups
Organizations of like-minded people whose main political goal
is to influence and shape public policy

20. INTEREST GROUPS
▪ Groups may be based on almost any type of common
interest – occupation, labor, business interests,
agriculture, community action, ethnic identities, or
advocacy for a cause.
▪ Types of interest groups:
1. Interest groups as “transmission belts”
2. Corporatism
3. Interest group pluralism
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INTEREST GROUPS
AS TRANSMISSION
BELTS
CORPORATISM
INTEREST GROUP
PLURALISM
No autonomy from state State and interest group
autonomy mixed
Autonomy from the state
Only government-
recognized groups exist.
Few groups compete;
usually one for each
interest sector.
Many rival groups
compete for influence
over state policies
Used by the party elite
to shape the views of
the citizens
There are two forms of
corporatism:
1. state corporatism
2. societal corporatism
(or neocorporatism)
They pressure the
government to make
policies in favor of their
interests

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QUESTION #4:
How do interests groups function
in the Philippines?

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25. Lobbying
▪ Lobbying refers to any attempt by individuals or private
interest groups to influence the decisions of government.
▪ Lobbying in some form is inevitable in any political
system.
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26. Mass Media
Mass media means technology that is intended
to reach a mass audience.

27. Mass media
▪ It is the primary means of communication used to reach
the vast majority of the general public.
▪ Types of mass media: Newspaper, radio, magazines, the
Internet, and television
▪ Influence of mass media: Mass media has influenced
public opinion, education, popular culture, and the
depiction of society.
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28. FRAMING OF NEWS
▪ Framing refers to the basic line of a news story.
▪ It means setting up a frame of reference, which for a
while dominates news stories on a given topic.
▪ Framing is a necessary narrowing that allows reporters,
editors, and readers to make sense of the news.
▪ Politically, framing gives great power: whoever frames a
problem guides public discourse.
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30. 1987 Philippine Constitution
▪ Article XVI, Section 11. (1):
The ownership and management of mass media shall be
limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations,
cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed by
such citizens.
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QUESTION #5:
Should we allow foreigners
to own media outlets
in the Philippines?

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33. MEDIA-POLITICS INTERACTIONS
Five aspects of media-politics interactions:
1. Media relations illustrate both the sweep and the
unevenness of globalization.
2. Media relations continue to be shaped by government
structures.
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34. MEDIA-POLITICS INTERACTIONS
3. Media’s relation to political events can be
multidimensional, with media coverage appearing
sometimes to shape and other times to be shaped by
events.
4. Reliance on different media outlets can affect what
viewers perceive as newsworthy and relevant.
5. The simplicity of posting so-called news on social media
has given rise “participatory journalism.”
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QUESTION #6:
Is participatory journalism a
reliable source of information?

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THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?
You can find me at:
▪ Facebook.com/kazekage15

39. REFERENCES
1. Ethel Wood, AP Comparative Government and Politics: An Essential
Coursebook 7th Edition, WoodYard Publications, 2015
2. Patrick H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics 3rd Edition, W.W.
Norton & Company, 2010
3. Roskin et al, Political Science: An Introduction 14th Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc., 2017
4. Ellen Grigsby, Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science
5th Edition, Wadsworth-Cengage Learning, Inc., 2012
5. Steven Coleman, What Is Mass Media? - Definition, Types, Influence &
Examples, https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-mass-media-
definition-types-influence-examples.html [accessed September 19, 2018]
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