ppt on circulation chapter 1st year by aziz ullah

1. Transport in plant
 The processes involved for getting materials into and out of the
cells are difusion, facilitated difusion, osmosis, active transport,
endocytosis, exocytosis etc.
In plants the processes of respiration, transportation,
photosynthesis, absorption by roots, conduction of water, and the
nutrients are involved in movement of the materials into, within and
out of the body.
Transport in animals
 In animals, the materials move into, within and out of the body, in
respiratory circulatory, digestive and excretory systems.

2. • Atrial systole:
• 1. A is pressure wave in left atria. Mitral valve open, aortic closed.
2. depolarzation come to left ventrical. Until the aortic valve is closed. Then ventrical contract pressure increse, mitral
closed due pressure difference, closeer pf mitral produced sound called 1st heart sound. Ventrical pressure increase
, the mitral valve closed and ventrical don’t yet produce pressure to open the aortic valve its called isovolumic
contration.the amount of blood the same is left side of the hearts. C wave = ventrical contraction,
3. Rapid ventricular Ejection phase: the ventrical pressure increase the aortic valve open. Pressure is more than
arotita. Aorta recived blood from ventrical. Pressure in ventrical icrese up to peak. 120mmhg, when the ventrical
contraction , then the atrial still work as reservior,

3. NEED FOR TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS:
1. Need for survival of organisms .
2. If there is no transport most of the cells of the body of a
complex multicellular organism,would not be able to get the
required materials and dispose of their wastes.
3. The distribution of minerals and nutrition.
Circulatory sytem:
• Most of the cells are not exposed to the external environment
directly and it becomes very dificult to transport materials by
simple difusion.
• Complex animals have evolved transport systems in the form of
blood vascular system or circulatory system.

5. •Cardiac cycle:
One diastolic and one systolic.Take 0.8 second per cycle.

6. The conduction of impulse

7. THE PATHWAY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN HEARTS
• SA NODE: The SA
(sinoatrial)
•Node start an electrical
signal that causes (atria)
to contract.
AV NODE:
• Atrioventricular node
•Electrical gatekeeper
between the atria and
ventricles
•Delay
•Allowing for efficient
ventricular filling.

8. ECG:
“The electrical activity of hearts on graph”

9. Blood vessels:
•The circulatory system consist three types of blood vessels.
1. Arteries:
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
• The arteries are vessels which carry the blood away from
the hearts.
• All arteries have oxygenated blood except pulmonary one.
• They very elastic and pushed the blood during ventricles
contraction.
• The wall arteries have three layer.

10. The arteries is made of three layer
1. Tunica externa
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica interna
Tunica externa
• They are made up areolar tissue.
• Having elastic fiber withstand against the blood pressure.
• The tunica externa have small arteries called vasa vasorum.
Tunica media
• Having smooth circular smooth muscles.
• Few elastic fiber
Tunica interna
• This is also called the endothelial layer is thin.
• Consist of squamous epithelium and areolar connective
tissue.

11. •The arteries is further divided into small vessels which
diameter is about 3mm- 10um called arterioles.
•The smaller arterioles have two layer called endothelial and
surrounded by smooth muscles fiber.
Importance of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction:
Vasodilatation:
• increase the blood to capillaries and decrease the BP.
Vasoconstriction:
• Perform the opposite function.

12. Capillaries:
General characteristic:
1. Smallest vessles 8-10um
2. One cell Thick wall very permeable
3. They are permeable to O2 water and nutrient waste product.
Function of Capillaries:
• The exchange of materials between blood and tissue occur
through capillaries.

13. Structure Capillaries:

14. Veins:
•Its brings blood away from hearts.
•Having three layer tunica externa, media and interna
•They are less elastic and don’t have ability of systolic
pressure .
•The vein works as reservoir of blood so extend to accumulate
additional of blood.
•Low pressure of blood as compare to arteries.
•Its have valve keep which transmit the blood in one direction.
•There are two large veins called superior vena cava and
inferiors.

15. Pulmonary and systematic circuit or circulation:

16. Exchange of materials: (function of circulation)
•The exchange of materials of oxygen and nutrient and remove
the waste from tissue to organ and excrete them.
•The alveoli of lungs oxygen bind to RBCs and transport them.
•Nutrient from intestine absorbed toward body through blood.
Control of capillary bed:
•Capillaries are grouped together in capillary beds, which are
simply a network of capillaries.
•Body contains miles of arteries and arterioles, yet these
structures are nothing more than the vascular highways that
provide a pathway for your blood.

17. •when your blood reaches the tiny capillaries that nutrients and
wastes can be exchanged.
•Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that connect the
arterioles with the venules.
•The rate of blood flow within a capillary bed is slow because
there are so many different alleyways through which blood can
travel.
•Capillary bed are ideal place where the materials exchange
occur between the blood and tissue.
•The blood flow to capillary bed is depend up on exercise.

19. Blood pressure:
•The force per unit area that blood exerts on the inside wall of
blood vessels is called BP.
•The blood pressure is generated due contraction of left
ventricle.
•The BP should easily felt through radial artery and instrument
called sphygmomanometer.
•TWO TYPES OF BP:
1. SYSTOLIC BP 2. DIASTOLIC BP
• Ventricular contraction ventricular relaxation
• High BP = 120mmhg low BP=80mmhg

20. • The blood pressure high in aorta and gradually decrease
toward body periphery.
• the blood is low in, superior and inferior vena cava.
Mechanism of blood pressure sensing:
• Some BP sensor which located in the blood vessels its
normalized the blood pressure.
• They are under the control of autonomic nervous system.

22.  Two types of baroreceptores:
1. High pressure arterial baroreceptor:
 Present on aortic arch and carotid sinuses of the left and
right internal carotid arteries.
 The baro which present on aortic arch, they examine the BP
of systematic circulation.
 The baro on the carotid arteries being normalized the blood
flow to brain.
2. Low pressure arterial baroreceptor:
• Found on vena caval vein and wall of right atrium. control
the venous BP. Effect on both circulatory and renal system.

23. Cardiovascular disorder:
• Thrombosis: (blood clot)
• Disorder in which blood clot in any vessels of the circulatory
system.
• Symtoms:
1. Very painful, blood vessels stop subsequently cause tissue
death.
1. Thrombosis 3. Arterosclorosis 5.Hypertension
2. Atherosclerosis 4. Cyanosis 6. Angina pectoris

24. Cardiovascular disorder:
2. Cause the arterial fibrillation, heart attack.
Causes: the people keep standing for long period of time.
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