CIRCULATION: HEART AND AORTIC ARCHES
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This document discusses the evolution of the circulatory system and heart in chordates. It begins by defining open and closed circulatory systems. It then describes the heart structure in various chordate groups, starting with a single-chambered heart in primitive chordates. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and most reptiles have a three-chambered heart, while crocodilians have a four-chambered heart. Birds and mammals also have a four-chambered heart that allows for complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood via double circulation. References are provided at the end.
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01
NAME: ANSARI KAUSAR MOHD
KHALID
ID NO: 7763
CLASS: MSc-I
PAPER-1 [CHORDATE]
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Heart in vetrebrates
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates
Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Circulatory System Of The Vertebrates
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
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The document compares the heart structure of humans, reptiles, and fish. It notes that while the human heart has four chambers, reptile hearts typically have three chambers except for crocodiles which have four chambers like humans. Fish have the simplest heart structure with only two chambers. The document also discusses differences in circulatory systems, the presence of septums between ventricles, and the role of the sinus venosus between the species.
Heart .
The document discusses the structure and function of hearts in humans, reptiles, and fish. It describes that the human heart has four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles separated by a septum. Reptiles typically have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one partially divided ventricle, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart like mammals and birds. Fish have the simplest heart consisting of only two chambers, one atrium and one ventricle, without a septum.
Circulatory system
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Circulatory sysem of vertebrates
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Heart in vertebrates
A comparative account of heart in different vertebrates such Reptiles, birds, mammals, where number heart chamber is varied to different vertebrates
Recommended
Heart in vetrebrates
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Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Circulatory System Of The Vertebrates
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
Heart .
The document compares the heart structures of humans, reptiles, and fish. It notes that while the human heart has four chambers, reptile hearts typically have three chambers except for crocodiles which have four chambers like humans. Reptiles also have an incomplete ventricular septum allowing for some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. In contrast, fish have the simplest heart structure with only two chambers and no septum.
Heart .
The document compares the heart structure of humans, reptiles, and fish. It notes that while the human heart has four chambers, reptile hearts typically have three chambers except for crocodiles which have four chambers like humans. Fish have the simplest heart structure with only two chambers. The document also discusses differences in circulatory systems, the presence of septums between ventricles, and the role of the sinus venosus between the species.
Heart .
The document discusses the structure and function of hearts in humans, reptiles, and fish. It describes that the human heart has four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles separated by a septum. Reptiles typically have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one partially divided ventricle, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart like mammals and birds. Fish have the simplest heart consisting of only two chambers, one atrium and one ventricle, without a septum.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system transfers absorbed nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and more throughout the body. It has two main parts - the blood vascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood, and the lymphatic system including lymph vessels and lymph fluid. The evolution of the vertebrate heart is traced from single-chambered hearts in primitive chordates to modern four-chambered hearts with separate pulmonary and systemic circulation in birds and mammals.
Circulatory sysem of vertebrates
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Heart in vertebrates
A comparative account of heart in different vertebrates such Reptiles, birds, mammals, where number heart chamber is varied to different vertebrates
circulatory-system-of-the-vertebrates.pptx
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There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. In an open system, found in invertebrates like mollusks and arthropods, blood is pumped into body cavities and diffuses between cells. A closed system, present in vertebrates and some invertebrates, keeps blood enclosed in vessels at all times. Hearts vary in structure from simple contractile blood vessels in insects to four-chambered organs in mammals. Crayfish have a single-chambered heart that pumps hemolymph through arteries, while human hearts have four chambers separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow.
Human heart
The human heart is a muscular organ that provides continuous blood circulation through the cardiac cycle. It is located in the middle of the chest behind the sternum. The heart is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows through the heart via heart valves which allow blood to flow in one direction. The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial node which generates electrical signals to coordinate contractions. The cardiac cycle consists of diastole where chambers fill with blood and systole where ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The circulatory system transports blood from the heart to tissues and back again via different circulatory routes.
独中高中生物Chapter 9 transportation in animals
This document provides an overview of circulatory systems in animals. It begins by explaining the objectives and importance of understanding circulation. There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. Open systems have blood that flows freely in the body cavity, while closed systems keep blood within vessels. Examples of open and closed systems from different animal groups are described. The human circulatory system uses a double closed circulatory system, with pulmonary and systemic circulation. Key structures of the heart and pathways of blood flow are outlined for pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal, and coronary circulation.
Reptlia Heart 1.pptx
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Blood-circulation.pdf
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Assignment on Circulation of blood
IT WILL BE HELPFUL FOR IRREGULAR STUDENTS LIKE ME. YOU MAY COPY AND PASTE IT.
The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.
This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which returns excess filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to get returned to the blood.
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The document summarizes the arterial system and circulation of frogs. It describes that frogs have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle, unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals. Blood flows through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. Major arteries include the carotid, systemic, and pulmonary arches that distribute blood from the heart. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and oxygenated blood is circulated throughout the body.
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The document discusses circulatory systems in animals. It explains that many invertebrates do not have a circulatory system and instead rely on diffusion. Animals have either open or closed circulatory systems. In open systems, hemolymph is pumped through sinuses and pores while in closed systems blood remains within vessels. The human circulatory system is a closed four-chambered system with oxygenated and deoxygenated sides. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins, loading oxygen in the lungs and delivering it to the body before returning to the heart.
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The circulatory system transports fluids like blood and lymph through vessels and channels. The blood vascular system is a closed system in vertebrates with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart receives blood via veins and pumps it into arteries to transport blood to organs like the lungs. Fish hearts have two chambers, an auricle and ventricle. Amphibian hearts have two auricles and one ventricle. Reptile hearts show improvement over amphibians with separated auricles and a partially divided ventricle. Bird hearts are large and four-chambered with separated pulmonary and systemic circulation. Mammal hearts are fully four-chambered.
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Demo Presentation
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers and is located slightly left of center in the chest. The two upper chambers are called atria, which receive blood, and the two lower chambers are called ventricles, which pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Valves ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart.
Hemodynamics lect notes
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other materials throughout the body. It consists of the cardiovascular system, which circulates blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries and returns to the heart through veins. The lymphatic system returns filtered blood plasma from tissues as lymph. Hemodynamics refers to the study of blood flow and circulation. Key factors that influence blood flow include blood pressure, vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and respiration.
Presentation1
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The document describes the circulatory system of frogs, noting that frogs have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria that receive blood and a single ventricle. It explains that unlike human hearts, frog hearts have a single ventricle so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix together before being pumped out of the heart. The circulatory system is then described in more detail including the heart chambers, blood vessels, and flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and body.
Circulatory Syatem - Frog 1.pptx
The document describes the circulatory system of frogs, noting that frogs have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria that receive blood and a single ventricle. It explains that unlike human hearts, frog hearts have a single ventricle and mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, while human hearts are four-chambered and have separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow. The document provides details on the structure and functioning of the frog heart, including its chambers, veins and arteries involved in blood flow.
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Bio report
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circulatory-system-of-the-vertebrates.pptx
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through the body. Components include blood, heart and blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries and veins. Early vertebrates had simpler hearts but over time hearts evolved to have more chambers and septa to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts with complete septation allowing for dual circulation.
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Assignment on Circulation of blood
IT WILL BE HELPFUL FOR IRREGULAR STUDENTS LIKE ME. YOU MAY COPY AND PASTE IT.
The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.
This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which returns excess filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The more primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to get returned to the blood.
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The document summarizes the arterial system and circulation of frogs. It describes that frogs have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle, unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals. Blood flows through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. Major arteries include the carotid, systemic, and pulmonary arches that distribute blood from the heart. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and oxygenated blood is circulated throughout the body.
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The circulatory system transports fluids like blood and lymph through vessels and channels. The blood vascular system is a closed system in vertebrates with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart receives blood via veins and pumps it into arteries to transport blood to organs like the lungs. Fish hearts have two chambers, an auricle and ventricle. Amphibian hearts have two auricles and one ventricle. Reptile hearts show improvement over amphibians with separated auricles and a partially divided ventricle. Bird hearts are large and four-chambered with separated pulmonary and systemic circulation. Mammal hearts are fully four-chambered.
Hemodynamics lect notes (1)
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, blood cells, and removes waste through the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Blood circulates through arteries and veins, carrying oxygen to tissues and waste away. Lymph circulates through lymph vessels, returning excess fluid to blood. The cardiovascular system comprises the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood which circulates through two loops - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and factors influencing circulation like blood pressure, volume, and vessel resistance.
Demo Presentation
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers and is located slightly left of center in the chest. The two upper chambers are called atria, which receive blood, and the two lower chambers are called ventricles, which pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Valves ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart.
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The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other materials throughout the body. It consists of the cardiovascular system, which circulates blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries and returns to the heart through veins. The lymphatic system returns filtered blood plasma from tissues as lymph. Hemodynamics refers to the study of blood flow and circulation. Key factors that influence blood flow include blood pressure, vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and respiration.
Presentation1
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Bio report
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins, circulating oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste. It has four chambers and valves to ensure one-way blood flow. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. The circulatory system has three circuits: pulmonary, systemic, and coronary. Diseases can affect the heart and blood vessels. The document provides details on the structure and function of the circulatory system and common circulatory problems.
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CIRCULATION: HEART AND AORTIC ARCHES
- 2. PAGE 01 NAME: ANSARI KAUSAR MOHD KHALID ID NO: 7763 CLASS: MSc-I PAPER-1 [CHORDATE] DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
- 3. PAGE 02 TOPIC: CIRCULATION : HEART AND AORTIC ARCHES
- 4. PAGE 04 PAGE 03 CIRCULATION: Circulatory system refers to the heart and a network of blood vessels that move blood, nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, capillaries, arteries and veins. While arteries carry blood away from the heart, the veins carry blood back to the heart.
- 5. PAGE 06 PAGE 05 TYPES OF CIRCULATION: OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: In an open circulatory system, blood vessels transport all fluids into a cavity. When the animal moves, the blood inside the cavity moves freely around the body in all directions. The blood bathes the organs directly, thus supplying oxygen and removing waste from the organs. Most invertebrates (crabs, insects, snails etc.) have an open circulatory system. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS Closed circulatory systems are different to open circulatory systems because blood never leaves the blood vessels. Instead, it is transferred from one blood vessel to another continuously without entering a cavity. Blood is transported in a single direction, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
- 6. PAGE 08 PAGE 07 HEART: - A Muscular pump (Cardiac Muscle) - Contain a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
- 7. PAGE 10 PAGE 09 SINGLE CHAMBERED HEART: In Amphioxus (primitive chordate), a true heart is not found. A part of ventral aorta beneath the pharynx is muscular and contractile and acts as heart. PRIMITIVE CHORDATE
- 8. PAGE 12 PAGE 11 TWO CHAMBERED HEART: • Except Dipnoi, the circulatory system in fishes from teleosts to cartilaginous fishes, only unoxygenated blood goes to the heart, from there it is pumped to the gills, aerated and then distributed to the body. • They are sinus venosus and atrium for receiving venous blood, and a ventricle and conus arteriosus for pumping this blood. • The heart is enclosed within pericardial cavity separated from body cavity by a transverse septum. • The heart is, thus, 2-chambered with a single circulation of blood. PIECES [FISH] HEART
- 9. PAGE 14 PAGE 13 THREE CHAMBERED HEART: • In diphoans a septum divides the atrium into a right and left chamber. • This is correlated with the use of the swim- bladder as an organ of respiration and represents the first step toward the development of the double-type circulatory system whereby both oxygenated and unoxygenated blood enter the heart and are kept separate. • Generally, in amphibians with functional lungs, the heart includes a sinus venosus, right and left atria divided by an anatomically complete interatrial septum, a trabeculate ventricle lacking any internal subdivision AMPHIBIANS HEART
- 10. PAGE 16 PAGE 15 THREE CHAMBERED HEART: • In reptiles, the heart is further advanced. The atrium is always completely separated into a right and left chamber. • The ventricle is also partly divided by a septum in most reptiles, and in the alligators and crocodiles is completely two-chambered. • This means that oxygenated blood coming from the lungs to the left side of the heart is essentially separated from the non-oxygenated blood from the body to the right side. • Thus, in crocodilians, the two types of blood is completely separated, and nearly complete in other reptiles, but some mixing does occur in other parts of the circulatory system. REPTILIANS HEART
- 11. PAGE 18 PAGE 17 FOUR CHAMBERED HEART: • In birds and Mammals, the ventricle is completely divided into two, so that the heart is four chambered (2 auricles and 2 ventricles). • There is complete separation of venous and arterial blood. • The systemic aorta leaves the left ventricle and carries blood to the head and body. • While the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle and carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. AVIANS HEART
- 12. PAGE 20 PAGE 19 FOUR CHAMBERED HEART: • Thus, there is double circulation in which there is no mixing of blood at any place. • The sinus venosus is completely incorporated into right auricle, which receives two precaval and a postcaval. • The left auricle receives oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins. • the pulmonary aorta arises from the right ventricle, and single systemic aorta arises from the left ventricle, and both have valves at their bases. MAMMAL HEART